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Burratti L, Sgreccia E, Bertelà F, Galiano F. Metal nanostructures in polymeric matrices for optical detection and removal of heavy metal ions, pesticides and dyes from water. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142636. [PMID: 38885767 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Water pollutants such as heavy metal ions, pesticides, and dyes pose a worldwide issue. Their presence in water resources interferes with the normal growth mechanisms of living beings and causes long or short-term diseases. For this reason, research continuously tends to develop innovative, selective, and efficient processes or technologies to detect and remove pollutants from water. This review provides an up-to-date overview on metal nanoparticles loaded in polymeric matrices, such as hydrogels and membranes, and employed as optical sensors and as removing materials for water pollutants. The synthetic pathways of nanomaterials loading into polymeric matrices have been analyzed, particularly focusing on noble metal nanoparticles, noble metal nanoclusters, and metal oxide nanoparticles. Moreover, the sensing properties of modified matrices towards water pollutants have been discussed in addition to the interaction mechanisms between the sensors and the toxic compounds. The last part of the review has been devoted to illustrating the separation mechanism and removal performance of membranes loaded with nanomaterials in the treatment and purification of water streams from different contaminants (heavy metals, dyes and pesticides).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Burratti
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Innovation of the University "Mercatorum", Piazza Mattei 10, 00186, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Emanuela Sgreccia
- Industrial Engineering Department, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Federica Bertelà
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University of Rome, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146, Rome (RM), Italy
| | - Francesco Galiano
- Institute on Membrane Technology, ITM-CNR, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 17/C, 87036, Rende (CS), Italy.
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Zheng T, Wang P, Hu B, Wang X, Ma J, Liu C, Li D. Gross yield driving the mass fluxes of fishery drugs: Evidence of occurrence from full aquaculture cycle in lower Yangtze River Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166581. [PMID: 37634728 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Expanding aquaculture has generated pollutants like fishery drugs in wastewater, which affects the aquatic environments and hinders sustainable development of aquaculture. To evaluate the occurrence, mass fluxes and production factors of fishery drugs in aquaculture, full-aquaculture-cycle monitoring in finfish and crustacean wastewater was conducted in the lower Yangtze River Basin, and 28 pesticides and 15 antibiotics were detected. The results showed that individual fishery drugs varied from ppt to ppb levels. Among them, sulfonamides were dominant with a mean concentration of 105.95 ± 4.13 ng·L-1 in finfish aquacultural wastewater, and insecticides were prevailing in crustacean aquacultural wastewater with a content of 146.56 ± 0.66 ng·L-1. Since the susceptibility to finfish disease determined the aquaculture practice, there were significant differences between two types of aquacultural wastewater. Finfish aquacultural wastewater contained more drugs and reached peak earlier in rapid-growth period, yet crustacean aquacultural wastewater peaked at the harvest period, to prevent against disease. Meanwhile, higher ecological risk, especially for florfenicol, were found in finfish wastewater. With 6 production factors from Good Aquaculture Practice, the gross yield was the most influential factor of drug mass flux, explaining 98 % variance by stepwise regression. Apart from increasing concentrations of fishery drugs in wastewater, regional high-yield aquaculture also significantly impacted the corresponding mass flux. As estimated by linear regression, 1.63 tons of target drugs would be discharged by 1 Mt. aquatic products, and 7.77 tons were discharged from aquaculture in the lower Yangtze River Basin in 2021. This is the first report to quantify mass fluxes of fishery drugs and to highlight gross yield as the most influential factor, which provides guidance for the supervision and regulation of sustainable aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Peifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jingjie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Chongchong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Dingxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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Mohammed S, Koekkoek J, Hodgson IOA, de Boer J, Lamoree M. Silicone wristband as a sampling tool for insecticide exposure assessment of vegetable farmers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:117094. [PMID: 37683782 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of passive sampling devices (PSDs) as an appropriate alternative to conventional methods of assessing human exposure to environmental toxicants was studied. One-time purposive sampling by a silicone wristband was used to measure insecticide residues in 35 volunteer pepper farmers in the Vea irrigation scheme in the Guinea savannah and the Weija irrigation scheme in the coastal savannah ecological zones of Ghana. A GC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for quantifying 18 insecticides used by farmers in Ghana. Limits of detection (LODs) and quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.64 to 67 and 2.2-222 ng per wristband, respectively. The selected insecticides showed a range of concentrations in the various silicone wristbands from not detected to 27 μg/wristband. The concentrations of 13 insecticides were above their LOQs. Chlorpyrifos had the highest detection frequencies and concentrations, followed by cyhalothrin and then allethrin. This study shows that silicone wristbands can be used to detect individual insecticide exposures, providing a valuable tool for future exposure studies. Ghanaian vegetable farmers are substantially exposed to insecticides. Hence, the use of appropriate personal protective equipment is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saada Mohammed
- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; CSIR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 38, Achimota, Ghana.
| | - Jacco Koekkoek
- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jacob de Boer
- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Bai B, Wu N, Yang H, Liu H, Jin X, Chen L, Huang Z, Zhou C, Wang S, Si W. Development of a Zeolite H-ZSM-5-Based D-μSPE Method for the Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Tea Beverages. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11041027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (D-μSPE) technique with H-ZSM-5 zeolite as an adsorbent was developed for the determination of 21 trace pesticides in tea beverages. The adsorption and desorption of H-ZSM-5 zeolites were investigated based on structural characteristics and adsorption properties similar to those of H-beta zeolites. In combination with the properties of the adsorbates, it was explained that the adsorption reaction occurred on the microporous surface and mesopores of H-ZSM-5. Based on optimal parameters, the beverage samples were extracted by 50 mg of zeolite within 1 min. The zeolite was eluted with 2 mL of an acetonitrile-water mixture after separation, and the eluent was filtered prior to HPLC-MS/MS analysis. The D-μSPE protocol demonstrated acceptable accuracy and precision, with recoveries between 62.1% and 106.6% and relative standard deviations of 1.4% to 12.6%, as validated by analytical reliability. The correlation coefficient in the linear range of 0.2–50 ng·mL−1 was greater than 0.98, with limits of detection of 0.05–0.1 ng·mL−1 and limits of quantification of 0.1–0.2 ng·mL−1. The matrix effects ranged from 76.2% to 112.7%. The results indicate that the novel D-μSPE technique based on H-ZSM-5 is a rapid, simple, green and economical method for the determination of pesticide residues in tea beverages. The proposed method achieved simultaneously low adsorbent dosage, 20-fold enrichment factor, rapid pre-concentration in 12 min, minimal organic wastes, and effective reduction of matrix interference.
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Bimetallic Mn/Fe MOF modified screen-printed electrodes for non-enzymatic electrochemical sensing of organophosphate. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1202:339676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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An Alternative Strategy for Screening and Confirmation of 330 Pesticides in Ground- and Surface Water Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061872. [PMID: 35335236 PMCID: PMC8950376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of pesticide residues in water is a huge worldwide concern. In this paper we described the development and validation of a new liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for both screening and quantification of pesticides in water samples. In the sample preparation stage, the samples were buffered to pH 7.0 and pre-concentrated on polymeric-based cartridges via solid-phase extraction (SPE). Highly sensitive detection was carried out with mobile phases containing only 5 mM ammonium formate (pH of 6.8) as an eluent additive and using only positive ionization mode in MS/MS instrument. Hence, only 200-fold sample enrichment was required to set a screening detection limit (SDL) and reporting limit (RL) of 10 ng/L. The confirmatory method was validated at 10 and 100 ng/L spiking levels. The apparent recoveries obtained from the matrix-matched calibration (5–500 ng/L) were within the acceptable range (60–120%), also the precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) was not higher than 20%. During the development, 480 pesticides were tested and 330 compounds fulfilled the requirements of validation. The method was successfully applied to proficiency test samples to evaluate its accuracy. Moreover, the method robustness test was carried out using higher sample volume (500 mL) followed by automated SPE enrichment. Finally, the method was used to analyze 20 real samples, in which some compounds were detected around 10 ng/L, but never exceeded the assay maximum level.
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Li N, Li R, Wang GL, Zhu H, Li Z. Nickel oxide@nickel-graphene quantum dot self-healing hydrogel for colorimetric detection and removal of lambda-cyhalothrin in kumquat. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01122k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Detection and removal of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetable are important to ensure human health, but the current methods face challenges in sensitivity, specificity and convenience of use. The...
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Tölgyesi Á, Korozs G, Tóth E, Bálint M, Ma X, Sharma VK. Automation in quantifying phenoxy herbicides and bentazon in surface water and groundwater using novel solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131927. [PMID: 34418651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of phenoxy herbicides is a financial and regulatory concern for drinking water treatment plants. This paper presents a new method of quantification for nine phenoxy-acids and bentazon in different water samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method is based on an automated solid phase extraction (SPE) process that applied hydrophilic modified polystyrene and divinylbenzene cartridges at low pH (<2.0). Main advantages of the presented method include the reduced consumption of organic solvent in extraction and the fully automated sample pre-concentration. The method is thus more environmentally-friendly. In the quantification step, five stable isotopically labelled analogues were used as internal standards to account for the losses during sample preparation and to calibrate the ion source response under the mass spectrometric detection. The method was optimized in terms of sample preparation and subsequent LC-MS/MS separation to obtain reliable measurement of the analyte concentration during real sample analysis. The method quantification limit was between 1.5 and 10.0 ng/L for target compounds in surface water and groundwater samples. The method was validated at three fortification levels between 10.0 and 1000 ng/L, and the results showed fit-for-purpose recovery with appropriate precision at low concentration levels. The method was also utilized to analyse thirty-two actual water samples from different sources. Forty percent of the analysed samples contained detectable level of herbicides, ranging from 1.91 to 40.5 ng/L. The concentrations of targeted herbicides in our study were comparable to those found in water samples in other regions of world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Tölgyesi
- Bálint Analitika Ltd, Fehérvári út 144, 1116, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gerda Korozs
- Bálint Analitika Ltd, Fehérvári út 144, 1116, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edgár Tóth
- Bálint Analitika Ltd, Fehérvári út 144, 1116, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Bálint
- Bálint Analitika Ltd, Fehérvári út 144, 1116, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Xingmao Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, 212 Adriance Lab Rd., 1266, TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Optimization of a Multiresidue Analysis of 65 Pesticides in Surface Water Using Solid-Phase Extraction by LC-MS/MS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216627. [PMID: 34771036 PMCID: PMC8588539 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An analytical method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantitation of 65 pesticides, including one single solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure in surface water by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectroscopy. Different parameters that have an influence on extraction efficiency were evaluated in this research. Different types of cartridges, elution solvents, and sorbent drying time were investigated, and the most appropriate one was selected. Moreover, various pretreatment techniques were applied to remove sediments from water without the loss of pesticides. Centrifugation was introduced as the best option at the beginning of sample preparation to resolve the clogging of the sorbent cartridges. The recoveries of all pesticides ranged from 70% to 120%, with a relative standard deviation of less than 13.7%. The feasibility of the method was evaluated on 10 surface water samples with different concentrations of sand, sediment, and particles.
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Campanale C, Massarelli C, Losacco D, Bisaccia D, Triozzi M, Uricchio VF. The monitoring of pesticides in water matrices and the analytical criticalities: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Nana L, Ruiyi L, Qinsheng W, Yongqiang Y, Xiulan S, Guangli W, Zaijun L. Colorimetric detection of chlorpyrifos in peach based on cobalt-graphene nanohybrid with excellent oxidase-like activity and reusability. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125752. [PMID: 34088207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt nanocrystal has been widely used as nano-enzyme for sensing and catalysis due to its high stability and low cost, but poor catalytic activity limits its applications in bioanalysis. The study reports one strategy for synthesis of cobalt-graphene nanohybrid. Histidine-functionalized graphene quantum dot (His-GQD) was bound to graphene sheet via π-π stacking and then combined with cobalt ions in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride to form stable complex and finally reduced under nitrogen to obtain Co-His-GQD-G. The as-synthesized nanohybrid offers well-defined three-dimensional structure and quasi-superparamagnetism. The cobalt nanoparticles were well dispersed on graphene sheets. The unique structure improves oxidase-like activity of Co-His-GQD-G. Further, Co-His-GQD-G was used as the nanozyme for colorimetric detection of chlorpyrifos. Co-His-GQD-G catalyzes oxidization of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine into blue product. Thiocholine produced by hydrolysis of acetylthiocholine under catalysis of acetylcholinesterase inhibits catalytic activity of Co-His-GQD-G and leads to a reduced oxidization rate. Chlorpyrifos inhibits activity of acetylcholinesterase and brings an enhanced absorbance of blue product. The absorbance at 652 nm linearly increases with increasing chlorpyrifos concentration in the range of 2-20 ng mL-1 with detection limit of 0.57 ng mL-1 (S/N = 3). The method was successfully applied in determination of chlorpyrifos in peach by preparing Co-His-GQD-G magnetic gel sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Nana
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Li Ruiyi
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wang Qinsheng
- National Graphene Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Jiangsu), Jiangsu Province Special Equipment Safety Supervision Inspection Institute·Branch of Wuxi, Wuxi 214174, China
| | - Yang Yongqiang
- National Graphene Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Jiangsu), Jiangsu Province Special Equipment Safety Supervision Inspection Institute·Branch of Wuxi, Wuxi 214174, China
| | - Sun Xiulan
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wang Guangli
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Li Zaijun
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Si WS, Wang SY, Zhang YD, Kong C, Bai B. Pesticides and risk assessment in Shanghai fruit and raw eaten vegetables. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2021; 14:245-255. [PMID: 34193010 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2021.1941300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A database of 392 pesticides established by an Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem Q/Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometer (UPLC-Q/Orbitrap-HRMS) was used to screen multiple residues of pesticides in fruit and raw eaten vegetables from planting farms in Shanghai. Risk assessment was conducted with the screened results of the determined pesticides as to evaluate food safety. In 95% of the samples, one or more pesticides had a content below the maximum residue limits (MRLs) as set in the national Chinese standard. The co-occurrence of multi-residues of pesticides was more severe in peach and muskmelon, when compared with other food. All hazard index values of different groups were in the range of 0.19% to 12.3%, demonstrating that chronic dietary risk of studied fruits and raw eaten vegetables is low and the studied food samples were safe for human consumption in terms of these detected pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shuai Si
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shou-Ying Wang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-Dan Zhang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Kong
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Beech sawdust based adsorbents for solid-phase extraction of pesticides and pharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF THE SERBIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.2298/jsc210614051v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbonaceous solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent, efficient in isolation and
enrichment of multiclass pesticides and pharmaceuticals from water, was
synthesized starting from cheap waste beech sawdust and using KOH as the
activated agent. The first step in carbon material preparation was
hydrothermal carbonization of the waste beech sawdust. Following
hydrothermal treatment, the obtained material was activated, using different
amounts of KOH. It was found that applied activation leads to changes in
material structure, an increase in specific surface area, and a decrease in
the number of surface oxygen groups compared to carbonized sample. SPE
procedure of multiclass pesticides and pharmaceuticals from water using
activated carbonized beech sawdust (AcSD) was optimized by selecting the
appropriate elution solvents, the sample pH, and the sample volume to obtain
the highest enrichment efficiency. The optimized SPE procedure was applied
for water analysis using different AcSD samples as a sorbent for analyte
preconcentration. Activated carbon sorbent, obtained with the highest amount
of KOH, showed the highest recoveries regarding the most analytes, which
were comparable with the recoveries obtained by commercial cartridges.
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