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Figueiredo C, Grilo TF, Oliveira R, Ferreira IJ, Gil F, Lopes C, Brito P, Ré P, Caetano M, Diniz M, Raimundo J. Gadolinium ecotoxicity is enhanced in a warmer and acidified changing ocean as shown by the surf clam Spisula solida through a multibiomarker approach. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 253:106346. [PMID: 36327686 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Humans have exhaustively combusted fossil fuels, and released pollutants into the environment, at continuously faster rates resulting in global average temperature increase and seawater pH decrease. Climate change is forecasted to exacerbate the effects of pollutants such as the emergent rare earth elements. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the combined effects of rising temperature (Δ = + 4 °C) and decreasing pH (Δ = - 0.4 pH units) on the bioaccumulation and elimination of gadolinium (Gd) in the bioindicator bivalve species Spisula solida (Surf clam). We exposed surf clams to 10 µg L-1 of GdCl3 for seven days, under warming, acidification, and their combination, followed by a depuration phase lasting for another 7 days and investigated the Gd bioaccumulation and oxidative stress-related responses after 1, 3 and 7 days of exposure and the elimination phase. Gadolinium accumulated after just one day with values reaching the highest after 7 days. Gadolinium was not eliminated after 7 days, and elimination is further hampered under climate change scenarios. Warming and acidification, and their interaction did not significantly impact Gd concentration. However, there was a significant interaction on clam's biochemical response. The augmented total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation values show that the significant impacts of Gd on the oxidative stress response are enhanced under warming while the increased superoxide dismutase and catalase values demonstrate the combined impact of Gd, warming & acidification. Ultimately, lipid damage was greater in clams exposed to warming & Gd, which emphasizes the enhanced toxic effects of Gd in a changing ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Figueiredo
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET, Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal; Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA, Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, Algés 1495-165, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica 2819-516, Portugal.
| | - Tiago F Grilo
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET, Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Rui Oliveira
- Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA, Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, Algés 1495-165, Portugal
| | - Inês João Ferreira
- Chemistry Department, LAQV-REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Fátima Gil
- Aquário Vasco da Gama, Rua Direita do Dafundo, Cruz Quebrada 1495-718, Portugal
| | - Clara Lopes
- Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA, Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, Algés 1495-165, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal
| | - Pedro Brito
- Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA, Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, Algés 1495-165, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal
| | - Pedro Ré
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ARNET, Aquatic Research Network, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Miguel Caetano
- Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA, Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, Algés 1495-165, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Avenida General Norton de Matos S/N, Matosinhos 4450-208, Portugal
| | - Mário Diniz
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Life Sciences, School of Science and Technology, UCIBIO, Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica 2819-516, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB, Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, Caparica 2819-516, Portugal
| | - Joana Raimundo
- Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, IPMA, Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, Algés 1495-165, Portugal; Aquário Vasco da Gama, Rua Direita do Dafundo, Cruz Quebrada 1495-718, Portugal
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