Spatial Heterogeneity and Driving Factors of Soil Moisture in Alpine Desert Using the Geographical Detector Method

Differential responses of ground-active arthropod abundance and diversity to shrub afforestation in heterogeneous textured soils in desertified grassland ecosystems, North China

Shrub afforestation is an effective way for restoration of soil communities and desertification control in desertified regions. However, little is unknown about how heterogeneous textured soils influence the effectiveness of shrub afforestation on the activities and diversity of ground-active arthropods. In the present study, ground-active arthropods were examined by pitfall trapping as well as by herbaceous performances and soil properties investigated in two shrub microhabitats (the shrub canopy and open spaces) in afforested sandy soil and sandy loam soil of northwestern China. The adjacent shifting sandy land, not covered by shrub plantations, served as a control. Total abundance in the open spaces in afforested sandy soil was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in the shrub canopy microhabitats in the same soil type and was also higher than those in both shrub microhabitats (open space and shrub canopy) in afforested sandy loam soil. A consistently (p < 0.05) greater taxa richness and the Shannon index as well as taxa richness of trophic groups (phytophages and predators) was found in shrub microhabitats in both soil types compared to the shifting sandy land. However, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in taxa richness, Shannon index, and the Simpson index of ground-active arthropods, and in the abundance and richness of both trophic groups among the four shrub microhabitats in both soil types. In conclusion, soil textural heterogeneity in terms of soil type had a significant effect on the abundance, but not on the biodiversity distribution and trophic relationship, of ground-active arthropods between shrub microhabitats. The facilitative effect of shrubs benefited a stable biodiversity distribution and thus a stable trophic relationship within ground-active arthropod communities through afforestation practices, regardless of soil type.