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Kiuno K, Kato T, Otsubo H, Kibe R, Kataoka Y, Hayama SI. Epidemiological Study of Pathogenic Leptospira in Raccoons ( Procyon lotor) in a Suburb of Tokyo, Japan. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010021. [PMID: 36611631 PMCID: PMC9817791 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that affects humans and animals worldwide. Raccoons (Procyon lotor), adopted in urban environments, may act as potential reservoirs of Leptospira. We investigated the prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira in the kidney and urine samples of raccoons living in Tokyo, as well as anti-leptospiral antibodies in their serum, and aimed to examine the factors that expose raccoons to Leptospira. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect leptospiral DNA and anti-leptospiral antibodies, respectively. Thirty-six of 156 raccoons (23.1%) were positive by PCR, and 16 of 165 raccoons (9.7%) were positive by ELISA. The prevalence and seroprevalence rates differed depending on the raccoon dispersal period. We used univariable logistic regression to estimate the environmental factors associated with pathogenic Leptospira and anti-leptospiral antibodies in raccoons. Significant differences were observed in the PCR results for the seasons (spring−summer) (p = 0.01), average monthly temperature (p < 0.01), and average monthly rainfall (p < 0.01). No significant difference was seen in the ELISA results, but raccoons in larger urban areas tended to have higher seroprevalence rates (p = 0.06). We identified a pattern of leptospiral spread in raccoon dispersal and environmental factors that expose raccoons to Leptospira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kiuno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-Cho, Musashino-Shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Takuya Kato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-Cho, Musashino-Shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Hiroko Otsubo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-Cho, Musashino-Shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Ryoko Kibe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-Cho, Musashino-Shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kataoka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-Cho, Musashino-Shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Hayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-Cho, Musashino-Shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Cruz-Romero A, Romero-Salas D, Alvarado-Félix ÁO, Aguilar-Domínguez M, Ochoa-Valencia JL, Alvarado-Esquivel D, Hernández-Tinoco J, Zamarripa-Barboza JA, Sánchez-Anguiano LF. Apparently high Leptospira antibody seropositivity in donkeys for slaughter in three municipalities in Durango, Mexico. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:929-932. [PMID: 30239293 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718800358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the seropositive percentage and the determinants of Leptospira exposure in domestic donkeys presented for slaughter in the State of Durango, Mexico. We examined 194 donkeys in 4 gathering premises. Sera of donkeys were analyzed for anti- Leptospira IgG antibodies using a microscopic agglutination assay with a panel of 7 Leptospira antigens. The association between Leptospira seropositivity and general characteristics of donkeys was assessed by bivariate and multivariate analyses. Antibodies against Leptospira (for at least 1 of the 7 Leptospira serovars examined) were found in 151 of 194 (77.8%) donkeys. Seropositive donkeys were found in all regions, municipalities, and premises examined. The predominant serovar was L. interrogans Icterohaemorrhagiae ( n = 117; 60.3%), followed by L. interrogans Sejroe ( n = 96; 49.5%), L. interrogans Canicola ( n = 10; 5.2%), L. kirschneri Grippotyphosa ( n = 6; 3.1%), L. borgpetersenii Ballum ( n = 5; 2.6 %), L. biflexa Semaranga ( n = 3; 1.5%), and L. noguchii Panama ( n = 2; 1%). Leptospira seropositivity was associated with gathering premises (OR = 2.64; 95% CI: 1.27-5.46; p = 0.009) and municipalities (OR = 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01-0.78; p = 0.02). Our results demonstrate an apparently high seropositive percentage of Leptospira infection in the donkeys studied in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Anabel Cruz-Romero
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Dora Romero-Salas
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Ángel Osvaldo Alvarado-Félix
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Mariel Aguilar-Domínguez
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - José Luis Ochoa-Valencia
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Domingo Alvarado-Esquivel
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Jesús Hernández-Tinoco
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - José Alfredo Zamarripa-Barboza
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
| | - Luis Francisco Sánchez-Anguiano
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition (C Alvarado-Esquivel, D Alvarado-Esquivel).,Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm" (Hernández-Tinoco, Sánchez-Anguiano).,Juárez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico; Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México (Cruz-Romero, Romero-Salas, Aguilar-Domínguez, Ochoa-Valencia).,Colegio Anglo-Español Durango, Durango, Mexico (Alvarado-Félix).,Healthcare Center No. 1 "Dr. Carlos León de la Peña", Secretary of Health, Durango, Mexico (Zamarripa-Barboza)
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Hernandez-Tinoco J, Sanchez-Anguiano LF, Ramos-Nevarez A, Cerrillo-Soto SM, Guido-Arreola CA. Leptospira Exposure and Gardeners: A Case-Control Seroprevalence Study. J Clin Med Res 2015; 8:25-8. [PMID: 26668679 PMCID: PMC4676342 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2377w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospira can be found in soil. However, it is unclear whether occupational exposure to soil may represent a risk for Leptospira infection in humans. Therefore, we sought to determine the association of Leptospira IgG seroprevalence with the occupation of gardener, and to determine the epidemiological characteristics of gardeners associated with Leptospira exposure. Methods We performed a case-control study in 168 gardeners and 168 age- and gender-matched control subjects without gardening occupation in Durango City, Mexico. The seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira IgG antibodies in cases and controls was determined using an enzyme immunoassay. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used to assess the association of Leptospira exposure and the characteristics of the gardeners. Results Anti-Leptospira IgG antibodies were found in 10 (6%) of 168 gardeners and in 15 (8.9%) of 168 control subjects (odds ratio (OR): 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28 - 1.48; P = 0.40). Multivariate analysis showed that Leptospira seropositivity was positively associated with female gender (OR: 5.82; 95% CI: 1.11 - 30.46; P = 0.03), and negatively associated with eating while working (OR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.05 - 0.87; P = 0.03). In addition, multivariate analysis showed that high anti-Leptospira levels were associated with consumption of boar meat (OR: 28.00; 95% CI: 1.20 - 648.80; P = 0.03). Conclusions This is the first case-control study of Leptospira exposure in gardeners. Results do not support an association of Leptospira exposure with the occupation of gardener. However, further studies to confirm the lack of this association are needed. The potential role of consumption of boar meat in Leptospira infection deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juarez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico
| | - Jesus Hernandez-Tinoco
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juarez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico
| | | | - Agar Ramos-Nevarez
- Clinica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Predio Canoas S/N, 34079 Durango, Mexico
| | - Sandra Margarita Cerrillo-Soto
- Clinica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Predio Canoas S/N, 34079 Durango, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto Guido-Arreola
- Clinica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Predio Canoas S/N, 34079 Durango, Mexico
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Alvarado-Esquivel C, Hernandez-Tinoco J, Sanchez-Anguiano LF, Ramos-Nevarez A, Cerrillo-Soto SM, Guido-Arreola CA. Leptospira Exposure and Waste Pickers: A Case-Control Seroprevalence Study in Durango, Mexico. J Clin Med Res 2015; 7:637-40. [PMID: 26124911 PMCID: PMC4471752 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2217w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Leptospira may occur by contact with Leptospira-infected animals. Waste pickers are in contact with rodents and dogs while picking in the garbage. Whether waste pickers are at risk for Leptospira infection is largely unknown. This study was aimed to determine the association of Leptospira IgG seroprevalence with the occupation of waste picking, and to determine the epidemiological characteristics of the waste pickers with Leptospira exposure. Methods Through a case-control study, we determined the seroprevalence of anti-Leptospira IgG antibodies in 90 waste pickers and 90 age- and gender-matched control subjects in Durango City, Mexico using an enzyme immunoassay. Data were analyzed by bivariate and multivariate analyses. Results The prevalence of anti-Leptospira IgG antibodies was similar in waste pickers (4/90: 4.4%) to that in control subjects (5/90: 5.6%) (P = 1.00). Bivariate analysis showed that Leptospira exposure in waste pickers was associated with increasing age (P = 0.009), no education (P = 0.008), and consumption of rat meat (P = 0.04). However, these associations were no longer found by multivariate analysis. Leptospira exposure in waste pickers was not associated with health status, duration in the activity, wearing hand gloves and facemasks, history of injuries with sharp material of the garbage, or contact with animals or soil. Conclusions This is the first study about Leptospira exposure in waste pickers. Results suggest that waste pickers are not at increasing risk for Leptospira exposure in Durango City, Mexico. Further research with a larger sample size to elucidate the association of Leptospira exposure with waste picking activity is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juarez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico
| | - Jesus Hernandez-Tinoco
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juarez University of Durango State, Durango, Mexico
| | | | - Agar Ramos-Nevarez
- Clinica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Predio Canoas S/N, 34079 Durango, Mexico
| | - Sandra Margarita Cerrillo-Soto
- Clinica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Predio Canoas S/N, 34079 Durango, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alberto Guido-Arreola
- Clinica de Medicina Familiar, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Predio Canoas S/N, 34079 Durango, Mexico
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