1
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Zhang S, Yuan Q, Li G. New multiple-layered 3D polymers showing aggregation-induced emission and polarization. RSC Adv 2024; 14:13342-13350. [PMID: 38660524 PMCID: PMC11040433 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02128b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
An exceptional achiral and chiral multilayer 3D polymer has been created and controlled by uniform and distinct aromatic chromophore units that are multiply sandwiched by naphthyl berths. In order to put together this assembly, it was necessary to search for new catalytic Suzuki-Miyaura polycouplings among various catalytic systems, monomers, and catalysts. Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) was able to verify the presence of many framework layers. The resulting achiral and chiral polymers displayed notable optical characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University Changzhou Jiangsu 213164 China
| | - Qingkai Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas 79409-1061 USA
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas 79409-1061 USA
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2
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Zhang S, Chen D, Wang JY, Yan S, Li G. Four-layer folding framework: design, GAP synthesis, and aggregation-induced emission. Front Chem 2023; 11:1259609. [PMID: 37638105 PMCID: PMC10450629 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1259609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a type of [1 + 4 + 2] four-layer framework have been conducted by taking advantage of Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling and group-assisted purification (GAP) chemistry. The optimized coupling of double-layer diboronic esters with 1-bromo-naphth-2-yl phosphine oxides resulted in a series of multilayer folding targets, showing a broad scope of substrates and moderate to excellent yields. The final products were purified using group-assisted purification chemistry/technology, achieved simply by washing crude products with 95% EtOH without the use of chromatography and recrystallization. The structures were fully characterized and assigned by performing X-ray crystallographic analysis. UV-vis absorption, photoluminescence (PL), and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) were studied for the resulting multilayer folding products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhang
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Daixiang Chen
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Yin Wang
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenghu Yan
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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3
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Tang Y, Zhang S, Xu T, Yuan Q, Wang JY, Jin S, Wang Y, Pan J, Griffin I, Chen D, Li G. Aggregation-Induced Polarization (AIP): Optical Rotation Amplification and Adjustment of Chiral Aggregates of Folding Oligomers and Polymers. Front Chem 2022; 10:962638. [PMID: 36034657 PMCID: PMC9413080 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.962638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of aggregation-induced polarization (AIP) was observed showing optical rotation amplification and adjustment. The relationship between optical rotations of chiral aggregates of multilayered chiral folding oligomers and polymers with water% in THF (fw) has been established accordingly. New multilayered chiral oligomers were synthesized under the asymmetric catalytic systems established by our laboratory recently. These products were well-characterized by UV-vis, NMR, and MALDI-TOF spectra. Absolute stereochemistry (enantio- and diastereochemistry) was assigned by comparison with similar asymmetric induction by the same catalyst in our previous reactions. The present AIP work can serve as a new tool to determine chiral aggregates, especially for those that cannot display emission. AIP would also complement AIE-based CPL since AIP serves as a new tool providing enhanced right- or left-hand polarized lights with individual wavelengths. It will find many applications in chemical and materials science in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingkai Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Jia-Yin Wang
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengzhou Jin
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyi Pan
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Isaac Griffin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Daixiang Chen
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Guigen Li,
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4
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Qu C, Deng S, Cheng Q, Jiao Y, Tang Z, Liu W. Theoretical study on aggregation-induced emission of new multi-layer 3D chiral molecules. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2068800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinchun Jiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zilong Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanqiang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Organic Chemistry and Functional Molecular, Ministry of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Controllable Preparation and Functional Application of Fine Polymers, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Jin S, Wang JY, Tang Y, Rouh H, Zhang S, Xu T, Wang Y, Yuan Q, Chen D, Unruh D, Li G. Central-to-Folding Chirality Control: Asymmetric Synthesis of Multilayer 3D Targets With Electron-Deficient Bridges. Front Chem 2022; 10:860398. [PMID: 35433628 PMCID: PMC9010227 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.860398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
New multilayer 3D chiral molecules have been designed and synthesized asymmetrically through the strategy of center-to-multilayer folding chirality control and double Suzuki couplings. Individual diastereoisomers were readily obtained and separated via flash column chromatography. The key diastereoisomer was further converted into corresponding enantiomers. These enantiomers possess electron-deficient aromatic bridges layered with top and bottom aromatic scaffolds. X-ray structural analysis has unambiguously confirmed the configuration, and intermolecular packing results in regular planar patterns in solid crystals. The synthesis was achieved in a total of ten steps starting from commercially available starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhou Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Hossein Rouh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingkai Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Daixiang Chen
- Continuous Flow Engineering Laboratory of National Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Daniel Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Guigen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Guigen Li,
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6
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Tang Y, Jin S, Zhang S, Wu GZ, Wang JY, Xu T, Wang Y, Unruh D, Surowiec K, Ma Y, Wang S, Katz C, Liang H, Li Y, Cong W, Li G. Multilayer 3D Chiral Folding Polymers and Their Asymmetric Catalytic Assembly. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9847949. [PMID: 35265849 PMCID: PMC8873952 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9847949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel class of polymers and oligomers of chiral folding chirality has been designed and synthesized, showing structurally compacted triple-column/multiple-layer frameworks. Both uniformed and differentiated aromatic chromophoric units were successfully constructed between naphthyl piers of this framework. Screening monomers, catalysts, and catalytic systems led to the success of asymmetric catalytic Suzuki-Miyaura polycouplings. Enantio- and diastereochemistry were unambiguously determined by X-ray structural analysis and concurrently by comparison with a similar asymmetric induction by the same catalyst in the asymmetric synthesis of a chiral three-layered product. The resulting chiral polymers exhibit intense fluorescence activity in a solid form and solution under specific wavelength irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA
| | - Shengzhou Jin
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA
| | - Guan-Zhao Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA
| | - Jia-Yin Wang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Daniel Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA
| | - Kazimierz Surowiec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA
| | - Yanzhang Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA
| | - Shiren Wang
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Courtney Katz
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6551, USA
| | - Hongjun Liang
- Department of Cell Physiology and Molecular Biophysics, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-6551, USA
| | - Yunze Li
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3061, USA
| | - Weilong Cong
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-3061, USA
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA.,Institute of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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7
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Li G, Wang JY, Tang Y, Wu GZ, Zhang S, Rouh H, Xu T, Wang Y, Unruh D, Surowiec K, Ma Y. Asymmetric Catalytic Assembly of Triple-Columned and Multiple-Layered Chiral Folding Polymers Showing Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE). Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104102. [PMID: 34962686 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The first chiral multi-layer 3D folding polymers have been assembled and regulated by both uniformed and differentiated aromatic chromophoric units between naphthyl piers. Screening catalysts, catalytic systems and monomers was proven to be crucial for asymmetric catalytic Suzuki-Miyaura poly-couplings for this assembly. X-ray crystallography of corresponding dimers and trimers revealed the absolute stereochemistry and the intermolecular packing pattern. Up to 61,960 M w /41,900 M n and m / z = 4317 for polymers and oligomers as confirmed by GPC and MALDI-TOF MS indicated that the present frameworks were composed of multiple layers stacked. The resulting multiple π-assemblies exhibited remarkable optical properties in aggregated states (PL in solids and AIE in solutions), as well as reversible redox properties in electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guigen Li
- Texas Tech University, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chemistry and Biochemistry, 79409-1061, Lubbock, UNITED STATES
| | - Jia-Yin Wang
- Nanjing University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Yao Tang
- Texas Tech University, Chemistry & Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Guan-Zhao Wu
- Texas Tech University, Chemistry & Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Sai Zhang
- Texas Tech University, Chemistry & Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Ting Xu
- Nanjing University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Yu Wang
- Nanjing University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | | | | | - Yanzhang Ma
- Texas Tech University, Mechanical Engineering, UNITED STATES
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8
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Rouh H, Tang Y, Zhang S, Ali AIM, Surowiec K, Unruh D, Li G. Asymmetric [4 + 2] cycloaddition synthesis of 4 H-chromene derivatives facilitated by group-assisted-purification (GAP) chemistry. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39790-39796. [PMID: 35494146 PMCID: PMC9044656 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08323f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present a strategy for the preparation of functionalized 4H-chromene derivatives via a Cs2CO3-catalyzed [4 + 2] cycloaddition of enantiopure chiral salicyl N-phosphonyl imines with allenoates. Fifteen examples were achieved in excellent yields and diastereoselectivity. The products were purified simply by washing the crude mixture with hexanes following the Group-Assisted Purification (GAP) chemistry/technology to bypass traditional separation methods. The absolute configuration was unambiguously determined by X-ray structure analysis. A new asymmetric method for the synthesis of highly functionalized 4H-chromenes was developed via Group-Assisted Purification (GAP) chemistry and shown in good to high yield and excellent diastereoselectivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Rouh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas 79409-1061 USA
| | - Yao Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas 79409-1061 USA
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas 79409-1061 USA
| | - Ahmed I M Ali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas 79409-1061 USA
| | - Kazimierz Surowiec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas 79409-1061 USA
| | - Daniel Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas 79409-1061 USA
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas 79409-1061 USA
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9
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Yang M, Wang J, Lv W, Ba D, Cheng G, Wang L. Synthesis of 2‐Alkenyl‐4
H
‐3,1‐Benzoxazin‐4‐Ones through HFIP‐Mediated Decarboxylative [4+2]‐Annulation of Isatoic Anhydrides with Cyclopropenones under Silver Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yang
- School of Medicine Huaqiao University Quanzhou 362021 People's Republic of China
| | - Jixin Wang
- School of Medicine Huaqiao University Quanzhou 362021 People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Lv
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Ba
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 People's Republic of China
| | - Guolin Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Huaqiao University Xiamen 361021 People's Republic of China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- School of Medicine Huaqiao University Quanzhou 362021 People's Republic of China
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10
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Wu G, Liu Y, Rouh H, Ma L, Tang Y, Zhang S, Zhou P, Wang JY, Jin S, Unruh D, Surowiec K, Ma Y, Li G. Asymmetric Catalytic Approach to Multilayer 3D Chirality. Chemistry 2021; 27:8013-8020. [PMID: 33830589 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The first asymmetric catalytic approach to multilayer 3D chirality has been achieved by using Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings. New chiral catalysts were designed and screened under various catalytic systems that proved chiral amide-phosphines to be more efficient ligands than other candidates. The multilayer 3D framework was unambiguously determined by X-ray structural analysis showing a parallel pattern of three layers consisting of top, middle and bottom aromatic rings. The X-ray structure of a catalyst complex, dichloride complex of Pd-phosphine amide, was obtained revealing an interesting asymmetric environment nearby the Pd metal center. Three rings of multilayer 3D products can be readily changed by varying aromatic ring-anchored starting materials. The resulting multilayer products displayed strong luminescence under UV irradiation and strong aggregation-induced emission (AIE). In the future, this work would benefit not only the field of asymmetric synthesis but also materials science, in particular polarized organic electronics, optoelectronics and photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanzhao Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.,Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yangxue Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Hossein Rouh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Liulei Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Yao Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Sai Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Peng Zhou
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Ying Wang
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Shengzhou Jin
- Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Daniel Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Kazimierz Surowiec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Yanzhang Ma
- Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Guigen Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.,Institute of Chemistry and BioMedical Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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