1
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Simões R, Rodrigues J, Neto V, Monteiro T, Gonçalves G. Carbon Dots: A Bright Future as Anticounterfeiting Encoding Agents. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311526. [PMID: 38396215 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Counterfeit products and data vulnerability present significant challenges in contemporary society. Hence, various methods and technologies are explored for anticounterfeiting encoding, with luminescent tracers, particularly luminescent carbon dots (CDs), emerging as a notable solution. CDs offer promising contributions to product security, environmental sustainability, and the circular economy. This critical review aims to highlight the luminescence responsiveness of CDs to physical and chemical stimuli, achieved through nanoengineering their chemical structure. The discussion will delve into the various tunable luminescence mechanisms and decay times of CDs, investigating preferential excitations such as up-conversion, delayed fluorescence, fluorescence, room temperature phosphorescence, persistent luminescence, energy and charge transfer, as well as photo-chemical interactions. These insights are crucial for advancing anticounterfeiting solutions. Following this exploration, a systematic review will focus on the research of luminescent CDs' smart encoding applications, encompassing anticounterfeiting, product tracing, quality certification, and information encryption. Finally, the review will address key challenges in implementing CDs-based technology, providing specific insights into strategies aimed at maximizing their stability and efficacy in anticounterfeiting encoding applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Simões
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory (LASI), Guimarães, Portugal., LASI, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Joana Rodrigues
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Victor Neto
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory (LASI), Guimarães, Portugal., LASI, Guimarães, 4800-058, Portugal
| | - Teresa Monteiro
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Gil Gonçalves
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- i3N, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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2
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Wang B, Wang H, Hu Y, Waterhouse GIN, Lu S. Matrix-Free Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Carbon Dots-Based Electroluminescent Light-Emitting Diodes Exceeding 5.6% External Quantum Efficiency. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2904-2911. [PMID: 38385631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are promising luminescent emission layer materials for next generation electroluminescent light emitting diodes (EL-LEDs) due to their many advantages, such as environmental friendliness, low cost, and high stability. However, limited by the spin-forbidden properties of the triplet transition, it is difficult to improve the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of fluorescent CDs-based EL-LEDs. Meanwhile, traditional thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) CDs prepared using coating strategies are difficult to utilize in EL-LEDs due to the nonconductivity of the coating agent. Herein, we successfully developed matrix-free TADF CDs with yellow emission and achieved a device EQE of 5.68%, which is the highest value reported in CDs-based EL-LEDs. In addition, we also developed white EL-LEDs with an EQE of 1.70%. This study highlights the importance of interactions between precursors in modulating the electroluminescence properties of TADF emitters and provides an effective design principle for matrix-free TADF CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yongsheng Hu
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | | | - Siyu Lu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
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3
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He X, Zheng Y, Hu C, Lei B, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhuang J. The afterglow of carbon dots shining in inorganic matrices. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:113-133. [PMID: 37856234 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a new type of quasi-spherical and zero-dimension carbon nanomaterial with a diameter less than 10 nm. They exhibit a broad absorption spanning from the ultraviolet (UV) to visible light regions and inspire growing interests due to their excellent performance. In recent years, it was identified that the CDs embedded in various inorganic matrices (IMs) can effectively activate afterglow emission by suppressing the nonradiative transitions of molecules and protecting the triplet excitons of CDs, which hold broad application prospects. Herein, recent advances in CDs@IMs are reviewed in detail, and the interaction and luminescence mechanisms between CDs and IMs are also summarized. We highlight the synthetic strategies of constructing composites and the roles of IMs in facilitating the applications of CDs in diverse areas. Finally, some directions and challenges of future research in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan He
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yihao Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Chaofan Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Bingfu Lei
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Yingliang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jianle Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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4
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Kang C, Tao S, Yang F, Zheng C, Qu Z, Yang B. Enabling Carbonized Polymer Dots with Color-tunable Time-dependent Room Temperature Phosphorescence through Confining Carboxyl Dimer Association. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316527. [PMID: 37983665 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Developing a facile strategy to realize fine-tuning of phosphorescence color in time-dependent room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials is essential but both theoretically and practically rarely exploited. Through simultaneously confining carboxyl dimer association and isolated carboxyl into the particle via a simple hydrothermal treatment of polyacrylic acid, a dual-peak emission of red phosphorescence (645 nm) and green phosphorescence (550 nm) was observed from carbonized polymer dots (CPDs). The ratio of the two luminescent species can be well regulated by hydrochloric acid inhibiting the dissociation of carboxyl to promote hydrogen bond. Due to comparable but different lifetimes, color-tunable time-dependent RTP with color changing from yellow to green or orange to green were obtained. Based on the crosslinking enhanced emission effect, the phosphorescence visible time was even extended to 7 s through introducing polyethylenimide. This study not only proposes a novel and facile method for developing CPDs with color-tunable time-dependent RTP, but also provides a bran-new non-conjugated red phosphorescence unit and its definite structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyuan Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 (P. R. China)
| | - Songyuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 (P. R. China)
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 (P. R. China)
| | - Chengyu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 (P. R. China)
| | - Zexing Qu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P. R. China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Changchun 130012 (P. R. China)
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5
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Zhang L, Chen X, Hu Y. Pyrolysis of Al-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks to Carbon Dot-Porous Al 2 O 3 Composites With Time-Dependent Phosphorescence Colors for Advanced Information Encryption. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305185. [PMID: 37649162 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorescent materials with time-dependent phosphorescence colors (TDPCs) have great potential in advanced optical applications. Synthesis of such materials is attractive but challenging. Here, a series of carbon dot-porous Al2 O3 composites exhibiting distinctive TDPC characteristics is prepared by high-temperature pyrolysis of Al-based metal-organic frameworks NH2 -MIL-101(Al). The composite synthesized at 700 °C (CDs@Al2 O3 -700) shows an obvious change in phosphorescence color from blue to green after removing the excitation light of 280 nm. Photophysical analysis reveals that two emission centers in CDs, namely carbon core and surface states, are responsible for the short-lived blue phosphorescence (96 ms) and long-lived green phosphorescence (911 ms), respectively. The combination of blue and green phosphorescence with different decay rates triggering the interesting TDPC phenomenon. CDs@Al2 O3 -700 has a significantly high phosphorescence quantum yield of up to 41.7% and possesses an excellent optical stability against water, organic solvents, and strong oxidants, which benefits from the multi-confinement of CDs by the porous Al2 O3 matrix through rigid network, strong space constraint, and stable covalent bonding. Based on the TDPC property, multilevel coding patterns composed of CDs@Al2 O3 are successfully fabricated for advanced dynamic information encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Xipao Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Yaoping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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Cui X, Li X, Peng C, Qiu Y, Shi Y, Liu Y, Fei JF. Beyond External Light: On-Spot Light Generation or Light Delivery for Highly Penetrated Photodynamic Therapy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20776-20803. [PMID: 37874930 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
External light sources, such as lasers, light emitting diodes (LEDs) and lamps, are widely applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT); however, their use is severely limited by the nature of shallow tissue penetration depth. The recent exploration of light delivery or local generation on tumor sites has attracted much attention, owing to the fact that these systems are significantly endowed with high tissue penetration. In this review, we briefly introduced the principle of "on-spot light generation or delivery systems" in PDT. These systems are divided into different categories: (1) implantable luminescence, (2) mechanoluminescence, (3) electrochemiluminescence, (4) Cerenkov luminescence, (5) chemiluminescence, and (6) bioluminescence. Finally, their applications, advantages, and disadvantages in PDT will be appropriately summarized and further discussed in detail. We believe that this review will provide general guidance for the further design of light generation or delivery systems and clinical studies for PDT-mediated cancer treatments with unparalleled merits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cui
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhui Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences, Ministry of Education, China, Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Feng Fei
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, People's Republic of China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, People's Republic of China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, People's Republic of China
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7
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Chen X, Wang Y, Peng C, Hu W, Wu Z, Xu W, Wu S, Luo Z, Suh YD, Atabaev TS, Li X, Liu X, Huang W. Pseudomorphic Synthesis of Monodisperse Afterglow Carbon Dot-Doped SiO 2 Microparticles for Photonic Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2307198. [PMID: 37821358 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Synthesizing monodisperse afterglow microparticles (MPs) is crucial for creating photonic crystal (PC) platforms with multiple optical states for optoelectronics. However, achieving high uniformity in both size and morphology is challenging for inorganic afterglow MPs using conventional methods. In this contribution, a novel approach for the synthesis of carbon dot (CD)-doped SiO2 MPs with tunable afterglow properties and size distributions is reported. These mechanism studies suggest that the pseudomorphic transformation of SiO2 MPs enables CD doping, providing a hydrogen bond-enriched environment for triplet state stabilization, which generates green afterglow while retaining the uniformity in size and morphology of the parent SiO2 MPs. Furthermore, the utility of CD-doped SiO2 MPs in the fabrication of rationally designed PC patterns is shown using a combined consecutive dip-coating and laser-assisted etching strategy. The pattern displays multiple optical responses under different lighting conditions, including angle-dependent structural colors and blue luminescence under daylight and upon 365-nm irradiation, respectively, as well as time-dependent green afterglow after ceasing UV excitation. The findings pave the way for further controlling the dynamics of spontaneous emissions by PCs to enable complicated optical states for advanced photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2nd Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chenxi Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Wenbo Hu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Zhongbin Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Weidong Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Suli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2nd Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yung Doug Suh
- Department of Chemistry and School of Energy and Chemical Engineering UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of South Korea
| | - Timur Sh Atabaev
- Department of Chemistry, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Xiyan Li
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Solar Energy Conversion Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaowang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts &Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE), Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
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8
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Santos N, Valenzuela S, Segura C, Osorio-Roman I, Arrázola MS, Panadero-Medianero C, Santana PA, Ahumada M. Poly(ethylene imine)-chitosan carbon dots: study of its physical-chemical properties and biological in vitro performance. DISCOVER NANO 2023; 18:129. [PMID: 37847425 PMCID: PMC10581970 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have been quickly extended for nanomedicine uses because of their multiple applications, such as bioimaging, sensors, and drug delivery. However, the interest in increasing their photoluminescence properties is not always accompanied by cytocompatibility. Thus, a knowledge gap exists regarding their interactions with biological systems linked to the selected formulations and synthesis methods. In this work, we have developed carbon dots (CDs) based on poly (ethylene imine) (PEI) and chitosan (CS) by using microwave irradiation, hydrothermal synthesis, and a combination of both, and further characterized them by physicochemical and biological means. Our results indicate that synthesized CDs have sizes between 1 and 5 nm, a high presence of amine groups on the surface, and increased positive ζ potential values. Further, it is established that the choice and use of different synthesis procedures can contribute to a different answer to the CDs regarding their optical and biological properties. In this regard, PEI-only CDs showed the longest photoluminescent emission lifetime, non-hemolytic activity, and high toxicity against fibroblast. On the other hand, CS-only CDs have higher PL emission, non-cytotoxicity associated with fibroblast, and high hemolytic activity. Interestingly, their combination using the proposed methodologies allow a synergic effect in their CDs properties. Therefore, this work contributes to developing and characterizing CD formulations based on PEI and CS and better understanding the CD's properties and biological interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Santos
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Santiago Valenzuela
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Segura
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Región de los Ríos, Chile
| | - Igor Osorio-Roman
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja S/N, Valdivia, Región de los Ríos, Chile
| | - Macarena S Arrázola
- Centro de Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Concepción Panadero-Medianero
- Centro de Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, RM, Chile
| | - Paula A Santana
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Manuel Ahumada
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, RM, Chile.
- Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, RM, Chile.
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9
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Shi Z, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Yang D, Gan L, Huang J. Triply Hiding Optical Information via Excitation-Dependent Allochroic Photoluminescence Based on Cellulose Derivates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205697. [PMID: 36408922 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optical encryption technologies are widely used in information security, whereas the technology with one single optical secret key can be easily cracked. Here, a triple encryption is reported, which hides patterned information in excitation-dependent allochroic materials with long afterglow, enhancing the security level. The allochroic materials are based on a uniaxial co-assembly structure of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and silica. The assembled CNCs present blue emission with quantum yield of 19.8% under 367 nm UV radiation. The blue emission is maintained in the inverse structure when CNCs are calcinated and converted to carbon dots (CDs). The inverse uniaxial-assembly structure improves the CD emission by 6.7 times. The assembly structure can even improve the phosphorescence of CDs, leading to excellent excitation-dependent allochroic properties. Specifically, the materials maintain a cyan long afterglow luminescence at 480 nm after removing 365 nm UV light, whose lifetime is 0.492 s. Changing the excitation wavelength to 254 nm, a UV emission at 343 nm can be obtained, alongside a blue long afterglow luminescence of 420 nm, whose lifetime is 1.574 s. Combining with blue afterglow materials, optical encryption labels are prepared, which hide different patterned information in three scenarios: natural light, UV light, and afterglow luminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, and Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bintuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, and Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bintuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Dimei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, and Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bintuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Lin Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, and Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bintuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, and Chongqing, Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bintuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
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10
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Zhao T, Busko D, Richards BS, Howard IA. Limitation of room temperature phosphorescence efficiency in metal organic frameworks due to triplet-triplet annihilation. Front Chem 2022; 10:1010857. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1010857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) on the room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is studied in benchmark RTP MOFs based on Zn metal centers and isophthalic or terephthalic acid linkers (ZnIPA and ZnTPA). The ratio of RTP to singlet fluorescence is observed to decrease with increasing excitation power density. Explicitly, in ZnIPA the ratio of the RTP to fluorescence is 0.58 at 1.04 mW cm−2, but only 0.42 at (the still modest) 52.6 mW cm−2. The decrease in ratio is due to the reduction of RTP efficiency at higher excitation due to TTA. The density of triplet states increases at higher excitation power densities, allowing triplets to diffuse far enough during their long lifetime to meet another triplet and annihilate. On the other hand, the shorter-lived singlet species can never meet an annihilate. Therefore, the singlet fluorescence scales linearly with excitation power density whereas the RTP scales sub-linearly. Equivalently, the efficiency of fluorescence is unaffected by excitation power density but the efficiency of RTP is significantly reduced at higher excitation power density due to TTA. Interestingly, in time-resolved measurements, the fraction of fast decay increases but the lifetime of long tail of the RTP remains unaffected by excitation power density. This may be due to the confinement of triplets to individual grains, leading decay to be faster until there is only one triplet per grain left. Subsequently, the remaining “lone triplets” decay with the unchanging rate expressed by the long tail. These results increase the understanding of RTP in MOFs by explicitly showing the importance of TTA in determining the (excitation power density dependent) efficiency of RTP. Also, for applications in optical sensing, these results suggest that a method based on long tail lifetime of the RTP is preferable to a ratiometric approach as the former will not be affected by variation in excitation power density whereas the latter will be.
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Shen S, Sun Y, Wang D, Zhang Z, Shi YE, Wang Z. Efficient blue TADF-type organic afterglow material via boric acid-assisted confinement. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11418-11421. [PMID: 36128803 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04544c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A heat treatment method is developed to produce blue afterglow materials, achieving a photoluminescence quantum yield of 65% and an emission lifetime of 0.18 s (afterglow: >2 s). The afterglow is attributed to TADF of norfloxacin, activated by the confinement effect of boric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Yuena Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Donghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Yu-E Shi
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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Guo J, Lu Z, Li C, Miao Y, Zhang B, Lam JWY, Shi YE, Wang Z, Tang BZ. Long-Lived Afterglow from Elemental Sulfur Powder: Synergistic Effects of Impurity and Structure. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:30582-30589. [PMID: 36061658 PMCID: PMC9435047 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Elemental sulfur is not traditionally considered as an afterglow material, even though it can be endowed with fluorescence properties through processing it into nanodots. Herein, we discovered that elemental sulfur powder could emit room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) with a lifetime of 3.7 ms. A long-lived (>12 s) afterglow emission at 77 K could also be observed by the naked eye. Detailed investigations suggested that such a special phenomenon was attributed to impurity-related traps coupled with conduction and valence bands. After the sulfur is processed into nanodots, the rigid environment formed by the cross-linking of the surface ligands could stabilize the excited charges from quenching. This results in the promotion of RTP intensity and lifetime to achieve an emission lifetime of 200 ms. These results confirm the unique RTP of elemental sulfur powder, and also suggest the potential of sulfur-based materials as versatile components for the development of RTP materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province Key Laboratory of
Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education
College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Zhangdi Lu
- Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research
Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional
Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science
and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chenmin Li
- Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province Key Laboratory of
Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education
College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Yuming Miao
- Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province Key Laboratory of
Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education
College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province Key Laboratory of
Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education
College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Jacky W. Y. Lam
- Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research
Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional
Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science
and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yu-e Shi
- Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province Key Laboratory of
Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education
College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province Key Laboratory of
Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis, Ministry of Education
College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department
of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research
Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction and Guangdong-Hong
Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Magnetic Functional
Materials, The Hong Kong University of Science
and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Shenzhen
Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and
Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong
Kong, Shenzhen City, Guangdong 518172, China
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Carbon dots from eco-friendly precursors for optical sensing application: an up-to-date review. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are zero-dimensional quasi-spherical nanoparticles endowed with excellent advantages including good luminescence features, photostability, low cytotoxicity, remarkable aqueous solubility, favourable biocompatibility, low risk to environment and great flexibility in surface modification. Fluorescent CDs that can selectively respond to specific inorganic/organic target molecules in environmental and biological samples are of prime significance amongst the new generation intelligent sensors due to the critical involvement of different ions/molecular species in not only human health, but also in environment processes. In this context, preparation of CDs from bioprecursors has immense significance due to the involvement of green principles, inexpensive, clean, nontoxic, easily accessible, renewable and large-scale production can be realized. This article aims at exploring different types of green raw materials including plant biomass, animal products, food items and waste materials as carbon sources for the synthesis of both undoped and doped CDs. The emphasis is given on different synthetic approaches adopted for improving the quantum yield without any chemical modification, the characterization techniques, mechanistic origin of photoluminescence and fluorescence response mechanisms involved in the sensing action towards various analytes. The significant benefits and limitations of CDs obtained from eco-friendly precursors through green approaches are summarized. Various challenges and the future prospects of these carbonaceous nanomaterials as sensors are also discussed.
Graphical abstract
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Liang P, Zheng Y, Zhang X, Wei H, Xu X, Yang X, Lin H, Hu C, Zhang X, Lei B, Wong WY, Liu Y, Zhuang J. Carbon Dots in Hydroxy Fluorides: Achieving Multicolor Long-Wavelength Room-Temperature Phosphorescence and Excellent Stability via Crystal Confinement. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5127-5136. [PMID: 35700100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have aroused widespread interest in the construction of room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials. However, it is a great challenge to obtain simultaneous multicolor long-wavelength RTP emission and excellent stability in CD-based RTP materials. Herein, a novel and universal "CDs-in-YOHF" strategy is proposed to generate multicolor and long-wavelength RTP by confining various CDs in the Y(OH)xF3-x (YOHF) matrix. The mechanism of the triplet emission of CDs is related to the space confinement, the formation of hydrogen bonds and C-F bonds, and the electron-withdrawing fluorine atoms. Remarkably, the RTP lifetime of orange-emissive CDs-o@YOHF is the longest among the reported single-CD-matrix composites for emission above 570 nm. Furthermore, CDs-o@YOHF exhibited higher RTP performance at long wavelength in comparison to CDs-o@matrix (matrix = PVA, PU, urea, silica). The resulting CDs@YOHF shows excellent photostability, thermostability, chemical stability, and temporal stability, which is rather favorable for information security, especially in a complex environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihao Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Haopeng Wei
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaokai Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Yang
- Analytical and Testing Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihong Lin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou 521041, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofan Hu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejie Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingfu Lei
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai-Yeung Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong People's Republic of China
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingliang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianle Zhuang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education/Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Optical Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, People's Republic of China
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