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Shu Y, Li B, Ma H, Liu J, Cheng YY, Li X, Liu T, Yang C, Ma X, Song K. Three-dimensional breast cancer tumor models based on natural hydrogels: a review. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2024; 25:736-755. [PMID: 39308065 PMCID: PMC11422793 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. According to the distribution of tumor tissue, breast cancer can be divided into invasive and non-invasive forms. The cancer cells in invasive breast cancer pass through the breast and through the immune system or systemic circulation to different parts of the body, forming metastatic breast cancer. Drug resistance and distant metastasis are the main causes of death from breast cancer. Research on breast cancer has attracted extensive attention from researchers. In vitro construction of tumor models by tissue engineering methods is a common tool for studying cancer mechanisms and anticancer drug screening. The tumor microenvironment consists of cancer cells and various types of stromal cells, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and immune cells embedded in the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix contains fibrin proteins (such as types I, II, III, IV, VI, and X collagen and elastin) and glycoproteins (such as proteoglycan, laminin, and fibronectin), which are involved in cell signaling and binding of growth factors. The current traditional two-dimensional (2D) tumor models are limited by the growth environment and often cannot accurately reproduce the heterogeneity and complexity of tumor tissues in vivo. Therefore, in recent years, research on three-dimensional (3D) tumor models has gradually increased, especially 3D bioprinting models with high precision and repeatability. Compared with a 2D model, the 3D environment can better simulate the complex extracellular matrix components and structures in the tumor microenvironment. Three-dimensional models are often used as a bridge between 2D cellular level experiments and animal experiments. Acellular matrix, gelatin, sodium alginate, and other natural materials are widely used in the construction of tumor models because of their excellent biocompatibility and non-immune rejection. Here, we review various natural scaffold materials and construction methods involved in 3D tissue-engineered tumor models, as a reference for research in the field of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hailin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuen Yee Cheng
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Xiangqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Tianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chuwei Yang
- Emergency Center, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China. ,
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Anesthesia, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China. ,
| | - Kedong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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2
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Zhou M, Yuan T, Shang L. 3D Printing of Naturally Derived Adhesive Hemostatic Sponge. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0446. [PMID: 39119591 PMCID: PMC11309851 DOI: 10.34133/research.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel hemostatic sponges have been recognized for its effectiveness in wound treatment due to its excellent biocompatibility, degradability, as well as multi-facet functionalities. Current research focuses on optimizing the composition and structure of the sponge to enhance its therapeutic effectiveness. Here, we propose an adhesive hydrogel made from purely natural substances extracted from okra and Panax notoginseng. We utilize 3-dimensional (3D) printing technology to fabricate the hemostatic hydrogel scaffold, incorporating gelatin into the hydrogel and refining the mixing ratio. The interaction between gelatin and okra polyphenols contributes to successful injectability as well as stability of the printed scaffold. The okra in the scaffold exhibits favorable adhesion and hemostatic effects, and the total saponins of Panax notoginseng facilitate angiogenesis. Through in vitro experiments, we have substantiated the scaffold's excellent stability, adhesion, biocompatibility, and angiogenesis-promoting ability. Furthermore, in vivo experiments have demonstrated its dual functionality in rapid hemostasis and wound repair. These features suggest that the 3D-printed, natural substance-derived hydrogel scaffolds have valuable potential in wound healing and related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyu Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Spine Surgery,
Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, the International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences,
Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Angelopoulou A. Nanostructured Biomaterials in 3D Tumor Tissue Engineering Scaffolds: Regenerative Medicine and Immunotherapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5414. [PMID: 38791452 PMCID: PMC11121067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of nanostructured biomaterials and medicines is associated with 2D cultures that provide insight into biological mechanisms at the molecular level, while critical aspects of the tumor microenvironment (TME) are provided by the study of animal xenograft models. More realistic models that can histologically reproduce human tumors are provided by tissue engineering methods of co-culturing cells of varied phenotypes to provide 3D tumor spheroids that recapitulate the dynamic TME in 3D matrices. The novel approaches of creating 3D tumor models are combined with tumor tissue engineering (TTE) scaffolds including hydrogels, bioprinted materials, decellularized tissues, fibrous and nanostructured matrices. This review focuses on the use of nanostructured materials in cancer therapy and regeneration, and the development of realistic models for studying TME molecular and immune characteristics. Tissue regeneration is an important aspect of TTE scaffolds used for restoring the normal function of the tissues, while providing cancer treatment. Thus, this article reports recent advancements in the development of 3D TTE models for antitumor drug screening, studying tumor metastasis, and tissue regeneration. Also, this review identifies the significant opportunities of using 3D TTE scaffolds in the evaluation of the immunological mechanisms and processes involved in the application of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Angelopoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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4
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Khiari Z. Recent Developments in Bio-Ink Formulations Using Marine-Derived Biomaterials for Three-Dimensional (3D) Bioprinting. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:134. [PMID: 38535475 PMCID: PMC10971850 DOI: 10.3390/md22030134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
3D bioprinting is a disruptive, computer-aided, and additive manufacturing technology that allows the obtention, layer-by-layer, of 3D complex structures. This technology is believed to offer tremendous opportunities in several fields including biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Several bioprinting processes and bio-ink materials have emerged recently. However, there is still a pressing need to develop low-cost sustainable bio-ink materials with superior qualities (excellent mechanical, viscoelastic and thermal properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability). Marine-derived biomaterials, including polysaccharides and proteins, represent a viable and renewable source for bio-ink formulations. Therefore, the focus of this review centers around the use of marine-derived biomaterials in the formulations of bio-ink. It starts with a general overview of 3D bioprinting processes followed by a description of the most commonly used marine-derived biomaterials for 3D bioprinting, with a special attention paid to chitosan, glycosaminoglycans, alginate, carrageenan, collagen, and gelatin. The challenges facing the application of marine-derived biomaterials in 3D bioprinting within the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields along with future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zied Khiari
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
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5
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Li J, Zhu T, Jiang Y, Zhang Q, Zu Y, Shen X. Microfluidic printed 3D bioactive scaffolds for postoperative treatment of gastric cancer. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100911. [PMID: 38188649 PMCID: PMC10770549 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor recurrence and tissue regeneration are two major challenges in the postoperative treatment of cancer. Current research hotspots are focusing on developing novel scaffold materials that can simultaneously suppress tumor recurrence and promote tissue repair. Here, we propose a microfluidic 3D-printed methacrylate fish gelatin (F-GelMA@BBR) scaffold loaded with berberine (BBR) for the postoperative treatment of gastric cancer. The F-GelMA@BBR scaffold displayed a significant killing effect on gastric cancer MKN-45 cells in vitro and demonstrated excellent anti-recurrence efficiency in gastric cancer postoperative models. In vitro experiments have shown that F-GelMA@BBR exhibits significant cytotoxicity on gastric cancer cells while maintaining the cell viability of normal cells. The results of in vivo experiments show that F-GelMA@BBR can significantly suppress the tumor volume to 49.7 % of the control group. In addition, the scaffold has an ordered porous structure and good biocompatibility, which could support the attachment and proliferation of normal cells to promote tissue repair at the tumor resection site. These features indicated that such scaffold material is a promising candidate for postoperative tumor treatment in the practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiante Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Tianru Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Qingfei Zhang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
- The Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Yan Zu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Xian Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
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6
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Lv J, Du X, Wang M, Su J, Wei Y, Xu C. Construction of tumor organoids and their application to cancer research and therapy. Theranostics 2024; 14:1101-1125. [PMID: 38250041 PMCID: PMC10797287 DOI: 10.7150/thno.91362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a severe public health burden worldwide. One of the challenges hampering effective cancer therapy is that the existing cancer models hardly recapitulate the tumor microenvironment of human patients. Over the past decade, tumor organoids have emerged as an in vitro 3D tumor model to mimic the pathophysiological characteristics of parental tumors. Various techniques have been developed to construct tumor organoids, such as matrix-based methods, hanging drop, spinner or rotating flask, nonadhesive surface, organ-on-a-chip, 3D bioprinting, and genetic engineering. This review elaborated on cell components and fabrication methods for establishing tumor organoid models. Furthermore, we discussed the application of tumor organoids to cancer modeling, basic cancer research, and anticancer therapy. Finally, we discussed current limitations and future directions in employing tumor organoids for more extensive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xuan Du
- Biopharma Industry Promotion Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Institute of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Zhongye Hospital, Shanghai, 200941, China
| | - Jiacan Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan Wei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Organoid Research Center, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Can Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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7
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Zhang Q, Kuang G, Wang L, Duan P, Sun W, Ye F. Designing Bioorthogonal Reactions for Biomedical Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0251. [PMID: 38107023 PMCID: PMC10723801 DOI: 10.34133/research.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal reactions are a class of chemical reactions that can be carried out in living organisms without interfering with other reactions, possessing high yield, high selectivity, and high efficiency. Since the first proposal of the conception by Professor Carolyn Bertozzi in 2003, bioorthogonal chemistry has attracted great attention and has been quickly developed. As an important chemical biology tool, bioorthogonal reactions have been applied broadly in biomedicine, including bio-labeling, nucleic acid functionalization, drug discovery, drug activation, synthesis of antibody-drug conjugates, and proteolysis-targeting chimeras. Given this, we summarized the basic knowledge, development history, research status, and prospects of bioorthogonal reactions and their biomedical applications. The main purpose of this paper is to furnish an overview of the intriguing bioorthogonal reactions in a variety of biomedical applications and to provide guidance for the design of novel reactions to enrich bioorthogonal chemistry toolkits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Zhang
- Wenzhou Institute,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Gaizhen Kuang
- Wenzhou Institute,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Li Wang
- Wenzhou Institute,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Ping Duan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Weijian Sun
- Wenzhou Institute,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Fangfu Ye
- Wenzhou Institute,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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8
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Kuang G, Zhang Q, Yu Y, Shang L, Zhao Y. Cryo-shocked cancer cell microgels for tumor postoperative combination immunotherapy and tissue regeneration. Bioact Mater 2023; 28:326-336. [PMID: 37346097 PMCID: PMC10279695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Prevention of recurrence/metastasis and tissue regeneration are critical for post-surgery treatment of malignant tumors. Here, to address these needs, a novel type of microgel co-loading cryo-shocked cancer cells, immunoadjuvant, and immune checkpoint inhibitor is presented by microfluidic electrospray technology and liquid nitrogen treatment. Owing to the encapsulation of cryo-shocked cancer cells and immunoadjuvant, the microgels can recruit dendritic cells and activate them in situ, and evoke a robust immune response. Moreover, with the combination of the immune checkpoint inhibitor, the antitumor immune response is further enhanced by inhibiting the interaction of PD1 and PDL1. With this, the excellent anti-recurrence and anti-metastasis efficacy of the microgels are demonstrated in an orthotopic breast cancer mouse model. Besides, because of the excellent biocompatibility and appropriate degradation performance, the microgels can provide support for normal cell adhesion and growth, which is beneficial to tissue reconstruction. These properties indicate the great value of the cryo-shocked cancer cell microgels for efficient tumor postoperative combination immunotherapy and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaizhen Kuang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
| | - Qingfei Zhang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
| | - Yunru Yu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
| | - Luoran Shang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Zhongshan-Xuhui Hospital, and the Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, The International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
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9
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Chen Y, Guo J, Wu X, Xu Y, Wang J, Ren H, Zhao Y. Microfluidic spinning of natural origin microfibers for breast tumor postsurgical treatment. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL 2023; 472:144901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.144901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
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10
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Xu D, Wang Y, Sun L, Luo Z, Luo Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y. Living Anisotropic Structural Color Hydrogels for Cardiotoxicity Screening. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15180-15188. [PMID: 37459507 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental toxins can result in serious and fatal damage in the human heart, while the development of a viable stratagem for assessing the effects of environmental toxins on human cardiac tissue is still a challenge. Herein, we present a heart-on-a-chip based on human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) cultured living anisotropic structural color hydrogels for cardiotoxicity screening. Such anisotropic structural color hydrogels with a conductive parallel carbon nanotube (CNT) upper layer, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) interlayer, and inverse opal bottom layer were fabricated by a sandwich replicating approach. The inverse opal structure endowed the anisotropic hydrogels with stable structural color property, while the parallel and conductive CNTs could induce the hiPSC-CMs to grow in a directional manner with consistent autonomous beating. Notably, the resultant hiPSC-CM-cultured hydrogel exhibited synchronous shifts in structural color, responding to contraction and relaxation of hiPSC-CMs, offering a visual platform for monitoring cell activity. Given these features, the hiPSC-CM-cultured living anisotropic structural color hydrogels were integrated into a heart-on-a-chip, which provided a superior cardiotoxicity screening platform for environmental toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Xu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Zhiqiang Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yongan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Southeast University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518071, China
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11
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Yaneva A, Shopova D, Bakova D, Mihaylova A, Kasnakova P, Hristozova M, Semerdjieva M. The Progress in Bioprinting and Its Potential Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:910. [PMID: 37627795 PMCID: PMC10451845 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The intensive development of technologies related to human health in recent years has caused a real revolution. The transition from conventional medicine to personalized medicine, largely driven by bioprinting, is expected to have a significant positive impact on a patient's quality of life. This article aims to conduct a systematic review of bioprinting's potential impact on health-related quality of life. A literature search was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was undertaken using the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases between 2019 and 2023. We have identified some of the most significant potential benefits of bioprinting to improve the patient's quality of life: personalized part production; saving millions of lives; reducing rejection risks after transplantation; accelerating the process of skin tissue regeneration; homocellular tissue model generation; precise fabrication process with accurate specifications; and eliminating the need for organs donor, and thus reducing patient waiting time. In addition, these advances in bioprinting have the potential to greatly benefit cancer treatment and other research, offering medical solutions tailored to each individual patient that could increase the patient's chance of survival and significantly improve their overall well-being. Although some of these advancements are still in the research stage, the encouraging results from scientific studies suggest that they are on the verge of being integrated into personalized patient treatment. The progress in bioprinting has the power to revolutionize medicine and healthcare, promising to have a profound impact on improving the quality of life and potentially transforming the field of medicine and healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoniya Yaneva
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biostatistics and eLearning, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Dobromira Shopova
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Medical University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Bakova
- Department of Healthcare Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (D.B.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (M.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Anna Mihaylova
- Department of Healthcare Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (D.B.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (M.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Petya Kasnakova
- Department of Healthcare Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (D.B.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (M.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Hristozova
- Department of Healthcare Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (D.B.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (M.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria Semerdjieva
- Department of Healthcare Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (D.B.); (A.M.); (P.K.); (M.H.); (M.S.)
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12
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Yang J, Wang X, Wu D, Yi K, Zhao Y. Yunnan Baiyao-loaded multifunctional microneedle patches for rapid hemostasis and cutaneous wound healing. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:178. [PMID: 37280566 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01936-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microneedle patches have been extensively employed for wound healing, while the lack of rapid hemostasis efficiency and multiple tissue-repair properties restrict their values in hemorrhagic wound applications. Herein, we propose a Yunnan Baiyao-loaded multifunctional microneedle patch, namely (BY + EGF)@MN, with deep tissue penetration, hemostasis efficiency and regenerative properties for hemorrhagic wound healing. The (BY + EGF)@MNs are designed with a BY-loaded Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) base for rapid hemostasis and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-loaded GelMA tips for subsequent wound healing. As the BSP base can be fastly dissolved and completely release BY in 6 min to promote platelet adhesion and activate coagulation system, while the EGF can achieve a controlled and sustained release behavior in 7 days with the gradual degradation of the GelMA tips, the (BY + EGF)@MNs exhibit strong pro-coagulability and satisfactory hemostatic effect in a rat hepatic hemorrhage wound model. Based on the multifunctional characteristics, we have verified that when applied in rat cutaneous wounds, the proposed MNs can accelerate the wound healing process by enhancing neovascularization, fibroblast density, and collagen deposition. Thus, we believe that such (BY + EGF)@MNs are promising candidates for rapid hemostasis and diverse wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaocheng Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kexin Yi
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Xiang D, Han X, Li J, Zhang J, Xiao H, Li T, Zhao X, Xiong H, Xu M, Bi W. Combination of IDO inhibitors and platinum(IV) prodrugs reverses low immune responses to enhance cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy for osteosarcoma. Mater Today Bio 2023; 20:100675. [PMID: 37304579 PMCID: PMC10250924 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, immune checkpoint blockades (ICBs) have made great progress in the treatment of cancer. However, most ICBs have not yet been observed to be satisfactory in the treatment of osteosarcoma. Herein, we designed composite nanoparticles (NP-Pt-IDOi) from a reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensitive amphiphilic polymer (PHPM) with thiol-ketal bonds in the main chain to encapsulate a Pt(IV) prodrug (Pt(IV)-C12) and an indoleamine-(2/3)-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor (IDOi, NLG919). Once NP-Pt-IDOi enter the cancer cells, the polymeric nanoparticles could dissociate due to the intracellular ROS, and release Pt(IV)-C12 and NLG919. Pt(IV)-C12 induces DNA damage and activates the cGAS-STING pathway, increasing infiltration of CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, NLG919 inhibits tryptophan metabolism and enhances CD8+ T cell activity, ultimately activating anti-tumor immunity and enhancing the anti-tumor effects of platinum-based drugs. NP-Pt-IDOi were shown to have superior anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo in mouse models of osteosarcoma, providing a new clinical paradigm for combining chemotherapy with immunotherapy for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongquan Xiang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, PR China
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, PR China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Xinli Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300074, PR China
| | - Jianxiong Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, PR China
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, PR China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Jiabing Zhang
- Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, PR China
- Graduate School of Medical School of Chinese PLA Hospital, Beijing, 100853, PR China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xuelin Zhao
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, PR China
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Hejian Xiong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Meng Xu
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Wenzhi Bi
- Senior Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, PR China
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14
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Zhang Q, Kuang G, Li W, Wang J, Ren H, Zhao Y. Stimuli-Responsive Gene Delivery Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:44. [PMID: 36752939 PMCID: PMC9908819 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy provides a promising approach in treating cancers with high efficacy and selectivity and few adverse effects. Currently, the development of functional vectors with safety and effectiveness is the intense focus for improving the delivery of nucleic acid drugs for gene therapy. For this purpose, stimuli-responsive nanocarriers displayed strong potential in improving the overall efficiencies of gene therapy and reducing adverse effects via effective protection, prolonged blood circulation, specific tumor accumulation, and controlled release profile of nucleic acid drugs. Besides, synergistic therapy could be achieved when combined with other therapeutic regimens. This review summarizes recent advances in various stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for gene delivery. Particularly, the nanocarriers responding to endogenous stimuli including pH, reactive oxygen species, glutathione, and enzyme, etc., and exogenous stimuli including light, thermo, ultrasound, magnetic field, etc., are introduced. Finally, the future challenges and prospects of stimuli-responsive gene delivery nanocarriers toward potential clinical translation are well discussed. The major objective of this review is to present the biomedical potential of stimuli-responsive gene delivery nanocarriers for cancer therapy and provide guidance for developing novel nanoplatforms that are clinically applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaizhen Kuang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Haozhen Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Hepatobiliary Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China.
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Zhang D, He J, Zhou M. Radiation-assisted strategies provide new perspectives to improve the nanoparticle delivery to tumor. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 193:114642. [PMID: 36529190 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs), with advantages in tumor targeting, have been extensively developed for anticancer treatment. However, the delivery efficacy of NPs tends to be heterogeneous in clinical research. Surprisingly, a traditional cancer treatment, radiotherapy (radiation), has been observed with the potential to improve the delivery of NPs by influencing the features of the tumor microenvironment, which provides new perspectives to overcome the barriers in the NPs delivery. Since the effect of radiation can also be enhanced by versatile NPs, these findings of radiation-assisted NPs delivery suggest innovative strategies combining radiotherapy with nanotherapeutics. This review summarizes the research on the delivery and therapeutic efficacy of NPs that are improved by radiation, focusing on relative mechanisms and existing challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Jian He
- The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China; The Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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16
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Shahriar SMS, Andrabi SM, Islam F, An JM, Schindler SJ, Matis MP, Lee DY, Lee YK. Next-Generation 3D Scaffolds for Nano-Based Chemotherapeutics Delivery and Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2712. [PMID: 36559206 PMCID: PMC9784306 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death after cardiovascular disease. Despite significant advances in cancer research over the past few decades, it is almost impossible to cure end-stage cancer patients and bring them to remission. Adverse effects of chemotherapy are mainly caused by the accumulation of chemotherapeutic agents in normal tissues, and drug resistance hinders the potential therapeutic effects and curing of this disease. New drug formulations need to be developed to overcome these problems and increase the therapeutic index of chemotherapeutics. As a chemotherapeutic delivery platform, three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds are an up-and-coming option because they can respond to biological factors, modify their properties accordingly, and promote site-specific chemotherapeutic deliveries in a sustainable and controlled release manner. This review paper focuses on the features and applications of the variety of 3D scaffold-based nano-delivery systems that could be used to improve local cancer therapy by selectively delivering chemotherapeutics to the target sites in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Shatil Shahriar
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Surgery—Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Syed Muntazir Andrabi
- Department of Surgery—Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Farhana Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jeong Man An
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Mitchell P. Matis
- Kansas City Internal Medicine Residency Program, HCA Healthcare, Overland Park, KS 66215, USA
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK21 PLUS Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-kyu Lee
- 4D Biomaterials Center, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong 27909, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
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17
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Zhang Q, Kuang G, Yu Y, Ding X, Ren H, Sun W, Zhao Y. Hierarchical Microparticles Delivering Oxaliplatin and NLG919 Nanoprodrugs for Local Chemo-immunotherapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48527-48539. [PMID: 36263713 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemo-immunotherapy shows promising antitumor therapeutic outcomes for many primary cancers. Research in this area has been focusing on developing an ideal formula that enables the potent efficacy of chemo-immunotherapy in combating various cancers with reduced systemic toxicity. Herein, we present novel hierarchical hydrogel microparticles (MDDP) delivering oxaliplatin and NLG919 nanoprodrugs for local chemo-immunotherapy with desired features. The oxaliplatin prodrug and NLG919 were efficiently loaded in the dual-drug polymeric nanoparticles (DDP NPs), which were further encapsulated into a MDDP by using microfluidic technology. When delivered to the tumor site, the DDP NPs will be sustainedly released from the MDDP and retained locally to reduce systemic toxicity. After being endocytosed by cancer cells, the cytotoxic oxaliplatin and NLG919 could be successfully triggered to release from DDP NPs in a chain-shattering manner, leading to the immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells and the suppression of intratumoral immunosuppressive Tregs, respectively. With the assistance of an immune modulator, the chemotherapeutics-induced ICD could trigger robust systemic antitumor immune responses, presenting superior synergistic antitumor efficacies. Thus, the hierarchical microparticles could substantially inhibit the growth of mouse subcutaneous colorectal tumors, breast tumors, and colorectal tumors with large initial sizes via synergized chemo-immunotherapy, showing great potential in the practical clinical application of oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Gaizhen Kuang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Yunru Yu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Xiaoya Ding
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Haozhen Ren
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Weijian Sun
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
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