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Wang R, Hua S, Xing Y, Wang R, Wang H, Jiang T, Yu F. Organic dye-based photosensitizers for fluorescence imaging-guided cancer phototheranostics. Coord Chem Rev 2024; 513:215866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2024.215866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
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2
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Liu Y, Zhang J, Zhou X, Wang Y, Lei S, Feng G, Wang D, Huang P, Lin J. Dissecting Exciton Dynamics in pH-Activatable Long-Wavelength Photosensitizers for Traceable Photodynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202408064. [PMID: 38853147 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-specific activatable long-wavelength (LW) photosensitizers (PSs) show promise in overcoming the limitations of traditional photodynamic therapy (PDT), such as systemic phototoxicity and shallow tissue penetration. However, their insufficient LW light absorption and low singlet oxygen quantum yield (Φ 1O2) usually require high laser power density to produce thermal energy and synergistically enhance PDT. The strong photothermal radiation causing acute pain significantly reduces patient compliance and hinders the broader clinical application of LW PDT. Through the exciton dynamics dissection strategy, we have developed a series of pH-activatable cyanine-based LW PSs (LET-R, R = H, Cl, Br, I), among which the activated LET-I exhibits strong light absorption at 808 nm and a remarkable 3.2-fold enhancement in Φ 1O2 compared to indocyanine green. Transient spectroscopic analysis and theoretical calculations confirmed its significantly promoted intersystem crossing and simultaneously enhanced LW fluorescence emission characteristics. These features enable the activatable fluorescence and photoacoustic dual-modal imaging-escorted complete photodynamic eradication of tumors by the folic acid (FA)-modified LET-I probe (LET-I-FA), under the ultralow 808 nm laser power density (0.2 W cm-2) for irradiation, without the need for photothermal energy synergy. This research presents a novel strategy of dissecting exciton dynamics to screen activatable LW PSs for traceable PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Liu
- Department Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- School of Sino-German Intelligent Manufacturing, Shenzhen Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518116, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- Department Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shan Lei
- Department Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guangle Feng
- Department Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Godel-Pastre S, Porcel E, Pinna G, Vandamme M, Denis C, Leterrier C, Doris E, Truillet C, Gravel E. Tumor-Targeted Perfluorinated Micelles as Efficient Theranostic Agents Combining Positron Emission Tomography and Radiosensitization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:21557-21570. [PMID: 38648555 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of biocompatible perfluorinated micelles designed to improve radiotherapeutic efficacy in a radioresistant tumor environment. In vitro and in vivo behaviors of perfluorinated micelles were assessed at both cellular and tissular levels. The micellar platform offers key advantages as theranostic tool: (i) small size, allowing deep tissue penetration; (ii) oxygen transport to hypoxic tissues; (iii) negligible toxicity in the absence of ionizing radiation; (iv) internalization into cancer cells; (v) potent radiosensitizing effect; and (vi) excellent tumor-targeting properties, as monitored by positron emission tomography. We have demonstrated strong in vitro radiosensitizing effects of the micelle and in vivo tumor targeting, making this nanometric carrier a promising tool for the potentiation of focused radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Godel-Pastre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Erika Porcel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS,Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Pinna
- Plateforme ARN Interférence (PARI), Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (iRCM), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marie Vandamme
- Plateforme ARN Interférence (PARI), Institut de Radiobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire (iRCM), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Caroline Denis
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Claire Leterrier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Eric Doris
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Charles Truillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Edmond Gravel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SCBM, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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He T, Tang Q, Ren Q, Liu Y, He G, Pan Y, Wang Z, Huang P, Lin J. Different Valence States of Copper Ion Delivery against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 38320291 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Different valence states of copper (Cu) ions are involved in complicated redox reactions in vivo, which are closely related to tumor proliferation and death pathways, such as cuproptosis and chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Cu ion mediated Fenton-like reagents induced tumor cell death which presents compelling attention for the CDT of tumors. However, the superiority of different valence states of Cu ions in the antitumor effect is unknown. In this study, we investigated different valence states of Cu ions in modulating tumor cell death by Cu-chelated cyanine dye against triple-negative breast cancer. The cuprous ion (Cu+) and copper ion (Cu2+) were chelated with four nitrogen atoms of dipicolylethylenediamine-modified cyanine for the construction of Cu+ and Cu2+ chelated cyanine dyes (denoted as CC1 and CC2, respectively). Upon 660 nm laser irradiation, the CC1 or CC2 can generate reactive oxygen species, which could disrupt the cyanine structure, achieving the rapid release of Cu ions and initiating the Fenton-like reaction for CDT. Compared with Cu2+-based Fenton-like reagent, the CC1 with Cu+ exhibited a better therapeutic outcome for the tumor due to there being no need for a reduction by glutathione and a shorter route to generate more hydroxyl radicals. Our findings suggest the precision delivery of Cu+ could achieve highly efficient antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting He
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qinan Tang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qiaoju Ren
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yurong Liu
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Gang He
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuantao Pan
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ziguang Wang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Lei S, Jiang K, Zhang C, Sun W, Pan Y, Wang D, Huang P, Lin J. A FRET-Based Ratiometric H 2S Sensor for Sensitive Optical Molecular Imaging in Second Near-Infrared Window. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0286. [PMID: 38162986 PMCID: PMC10755252 DOI: 10.34133/research.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Second near-infrared (NIR-II) window optical molecular imaging kicks off a new revolution in high-quality imaging in vivo, but always suffers from the hurdles of inevitable tissue autofluorescence background and NIR-II probe development. Here, we prepare a Förster resonance energy transfer-based ratiometric NIR-II window hydrogen sulfide (H2S) sensor through the combination of an H2S-responsive NIR-II cyanine dye (acceptor, LET-1055) and an H2S-inert rhodamine hybrid polymethine dye (donor, Rh930). This sensor not only exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity, but also shows rapid reaction kinetics (~20 min) and relatively low limit of detection (~96 nM) toward H2S, allowing in vivo ratiometric NIR-II fluorescence imaging of orthotopic liver and colon tumors and visualization of the drug-induced hepatic H2S fluctuations. Our findings provide the potential for advancing the feasibility of NIR-II activity-based sensing for in vivo clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lei
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tumor Visualization Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kejia Jiang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tumor Visualization Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chenqing Zhang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tumor Visualization Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tumor Visualization Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuantao Pan
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tumor Visualization Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Center for AIE Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering,
Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tumor Visualization Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tumor Visualization Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), School of Biomedical Engineering,
Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Zhang Y, Chen PH, Li B, Guo H, Zhu J, Dang Z, Lei S, Huang P, Lin J. Comprehensively Optimizing Fenton Reaction Factors for Antitumor Chemodynamic Therapy by Charge-Reversal Theranostics. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16743-16756. [PMID: 37616516 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is a highly tumor-specific treatment, while its efficacy is compromised by the intratumoral Fenton reaction efficiency, which is determined by the following reaction factors, including the availability of Fenton ions (e.g., Fe2+), the amount of H2O2, and the degree of acidity. Synchronous optimization of these factors is a big challenge for efficient CDT. Herein, a strategy of comprehensively optimizing Fenton reaction factors was developed for traceable multistage augmented CDT by charge-reversal theranostics. The customized pH-responsive poly(ethylene)glycol-poly(β-amino esters) (PEG-PAE) micelle (PM) was prepared as the carrier. Glucose oxidase (GOx), Fe2+, and pH-responsive second near-infrared (NIR-II) LET-1052 probe were coloaded by PM to obtain the final theranostics. The activity of metastable Fe2+ remained by the unsaturated coordination with PEG-PAE. Then tumor accumulation and exposure of Fe2+ were achieved by charge-reversal cationization of PEG-PAE, which was further enhanced by a GOx catalysis-triggered pH decrease. Together with the abundant H2O2 generation and pH decrease through GOx catalysis, the limiting factors of the Fenton reaction were comprehensively optimized, achieving the enhanced CDT both in vitro and in vivo. These findings provide a strategy for comprehensively optimizing intratumoral Fenton reaction factors to overcome the intrinsic drawbacks of current CDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Peng-Hang Chen
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Benhao Li
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Huishan Guo
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Junfei Zhu
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zechun Dang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shan Lei
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, International Cancer Center, Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics (LET), Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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Zhang L, Tian H, Guo Y, Yu S, Sun J, Wang H, Zhao Y, Chen X, Shen H, Geng J, Kong G, Wang F, Li Z. A Glucose Metabolic Intervention Nanoplatform for Enhanced Chemodynamic Therapy and Sensitized Photothermal Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37200589 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Traditional treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) still lack effectiveness. Recently, the combined mode of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) has shown great potential against HCC. However, insufficient Fenton reaction rates and hyperthermia-induced heat shock responses greatly impair their efficiency, hindering their further clinical application. Here, we constructed a cascade-amplified PTT/CDT nanoplatform by coating an IR780-embedded red blood cell membrane on glucose oxidase (GOx)-loaded Fe3O4 nanoparticles for effective HCC treatment. On the one hand, the nanoplatform interfered with glucose metabolism through the action of GOx to reduce the synthesis of ATP, which reduced the expression of heat shock proteins, thereby sensitizing the IR780-mediated PTT. On the other hand, hydrogen peroxide generated during GOx catalysis and the thermal effect of PTT accelerated the Fe3O4-mediated Fenton reaction, realizing enhanced CDT. Consequently, the sensitized PTT and enhanced CDT for HCC management could be simultaneously achieved by interfering with glucose metabolism, providing an alternative strategy for the effective treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, China
- Institute of Cancer and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Tian
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Liver and Spleen Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Liver and Spleen Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Jin Sun
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Liver and Spleen Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, China
- Institute of Cancer and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Liver and Spleen Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, China
- Institute of Cancer and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
| | - Huan Shen
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, China
- Institute of Cancer and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
| | - Jing Geng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Guangyao Kong
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, China
| | - Fu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
| | - Zongfang Li
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Medical Research Center for Liver and Spleen Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
- Institute of Cancer and Immunology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
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