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Afflerbach AK, Kiri MD, Detinis T, Maoz BM. Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Promising Cell Source for Integration in Novel In Vitro Models. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1306. [PMID: 32927777 PMCID: PMC7565384 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human-relevance of an in vitro model is dependent on two main factors-(i) an appropriate human cell source and (ii) a modeling platform that recapitulates human in vivo conditions. Recent years have brought substantial advancements in both these aspects. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising cell source, as these cells can differentiate into multiple cell types, yet do not raise the ethical and practical concerns associated with other types of stem cells. In turn, advanced bioengineered in vitro models such as microfluidics, Organs-on-a-Chip, scaffolds, bioprinting and organoids are bringing researchers ever closer to mimicking complex in vivo environments, thereby overcoming some of the limitations of traditional 2D cell cultures. This review covers each of these advancements separately and discusses how the integration of MSCs into novel in vitro platforms may contribute enormously to clinical and fundamental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kristin Afflerbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.-K.A.); (M.D.K.); (T.D.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mark D. Kiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.-K.A.); (M.D.K.); (T.D.)
| | - Tahir Detinis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.-K.A.); (M.D.K.); (T.D.)
| | - Ben M. Maoz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (A.-K.A.); (M.D.K.); (T.D.)
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Matta C, Szűcs-Somogyi C, Kon E, Robinson D, Neufeld T, Altschuler N, Berta A, Hangody L, Veréb Z, Zákány R. Osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells is enhanced by an aragonite scaffold. Differentiation 2019; 107:24-34. [PMID: 31152959 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone graft substitutes and bone void fillers are predominantly used to treat bone defects and bone fusion in orthopaedic surgery. Some aragonite-based scaffolds of coralline exoskeleton origin exhibit osteoconductive properties and are described as useful bone repair scaffolds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro osteogenic potential of the bone phase of a novel aragonite-based bi-phasic osteochondral scaffold (Agili-C™, CartiHeal Ltd.) using adult human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Analyses were performed at several time intervals: 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42 days post-seeding. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed by morphological characterisation using light microscopy after Alizarin red and von Kossa staining, and scanning electron microscopy. The transcript levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), bone gamma-carboxyglutamate (BGLAP), osteonectin (SPARC) and osteopontin (SPP1) were determined by quantitative PCR. Proliferation was assessed by a thymidine incorporation assay and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunocytochemistry. Our results demonstrate that the bone phase of the bi-phasic aragonite-based scaffold supports osteogenic differentiation and enhanced proliferation of bone marrow-derived MSCs at both the molecular and histological levels. The scaffold was colonized by differentiating MSCs, suggesting its suitability for incorporation into bone voids to accelerate bone healing, remodelling and regeneration. The mechanism of osteogenic differentiation involves scaffold surface modification with de novo production of calcium phosphate deposits, as revealed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. This novel coral-based scaffold may promote the rapid formation of high quality bone during the repair of osteochondral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
| | - Csilla Szűcs-Somogyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
| | - Elizaveta Kon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Rozzano, Milan, 20090, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Alessandro Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, 20089, Italy.
| | - Dror Robinson
- Orthopaedic Research & Foot and Ankle Unit, Rabin Medical Center, 39 Jabotinski St, Petah Tikva, 49100, Israel.
| | - Tova Neufeld
- CartiHeal 2009 Ltd, Atir Yeda 17, Kfar Saba, 4464313, Israel.
| | - Nir Altschuler
- CartiHeal 2009 Ltd, Atir Yeda 17, Kfar Saba, 4464313, Israel.
| | - Agnes Berta
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, Uzsoki Hospital, Uzsoki ut 29, Budapest, 1145, Hungary.
| | - László Hangody
- Orthopaedic and Trauma Department, Uzsoki Hospital, Uzsoki ut 29, Budapest, 1145, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Koranyi fasor 6, Szeged, 6720, Hungary.
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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Russell KA, Chow NHC, Dukoff D, Gibson TWG, LaMarre J, Betts DH, Koch TG. Characterization and Immunomodulatory Effects of Canine Adipose Tissue- and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167442. [PMID: 27907211 PMCID: PMC5131977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) hold promise for both cell replacement and immune modulation strategies owing to their progenitor and non-progenitor functions, respectively. Characterization of MSC from different sources is an important and necessary step before clinical use of these cells is widely adopted. Little is known about the biology and function of canine MSC compared to their mouse or human counterparts. This knowledge-gap impedes development of canine evidence-based MSC technologies. HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that canine adipose tissue (AT) and bone marrow (BM) MSC (derived from the same dogs) will have similar differentiation and immune modulatory profiles. Our objectives were to evaluate progenitor and non-progenitor functions as well as other characteristics of AT- and BM-MSC including 1) proliferation rate, 2) cell surface marker expression, 3) DNA methylation levels, 4) potential for trilineage differentiation towards osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic cell fates, and 5) immunomodulatory potency in vitro. RESULTS 1) AT-MSC proliferated at more than double the rate of BM-MSC (population doubling times in days) for passage (P) 2, AT: 1.69, BM: 3.81; P3, AT: 1.80, BM: 4.06; P4, AT: 2.37, BM: 5.34; P5, AT: 3.20, BM: 7.21). 2) Canine MSC, regardless of source, strongly expressed cell surface markers MHC I, CD29, CD44, and CD90, and were negative for MHC II and CD45. They also showed moderate expression of CD8 and CD73 and mild expression of CD14. Minor differences were found in expression of CD4 and CD34. 3) Global DNA methylation levels were significantly lower in BM-MSC compared to AT-MSC. 4) Little difference was found between AT- and BM-MSC in their potential for adipogenesis and osteogenesis. Chondrogenesis was poor to absent for both sources in spite of adding varying levels of bone-morphogenic protein to our standard transforming growth factor (TGF-β3)-based induction medium. 5) Immunomodulatory capacity was equal regardless of cell source when tested in mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte reactions. Priming of MSC with pro-inflammatory factors interferon-gamma and/or tumour necrosis factor did not increase the lymphocyte suppressive properties of the MSC compared to untreated MSC. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE No significant differences were found between AT- and BM-MSC with regard to their immunophenotype, progenitor, and non-progenitor functions. Both MSC populations showed strong adipogenic and osteogenic potential and poor chondrogenic potential. Both significantly suppressed stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The most significant differences found were the higher isolation success and proliferation rate of AT-MSC, which could be realized as notable benefits of their use over BM-MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A. Russell
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Natalie H. C. Chow
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - David Dukoff
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Thomas W. G. Gibson
- Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Jonathan LaMarre
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Dean H. Betts
- Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Thomas G. Koch
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
- The Orthopaedic Research Lab, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Iacono E, Rossi B, Merlo B. Stem cells from foetal adnexa and fluid in domestic animals: an update on their features and clinical application. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:353-64. [PMID: 25703812 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, stem cell research has emerged as an area of major interest for its potential in regenerative medicine applications. This is in constant need of new cell sources to conceive regenerative medicine approaches for diseases that are still without therapy. Scientists drew the attention towards alternative sources such as foetal adnexa and fluid, as these sources possess many advantages: first of all, cells can be extracted from discarded foetal material and it is non-invasive and inexpensive for the patient; secondly, abundant stem cells can be obtained; and finally, these stem cell sources are free from ethical considerations. Cells derived from foetal adnexa and fluid preserve some of the characteristics of the primitive embryonic layers from which they originate. Many studies have demonstrated the differentiation potential in vitro and in vivo towards mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal cell types; in addition, the immune-modulatory properties make these cells a good candidate for allo- and xenotransplantation. Naturally occurring diseases in domestic animals can be more ideal as disease model of human genetic and acquired diseases and could help to define the potential therapeutic use efficiency and safety of stem cells therapies. This review offers an update on the state of the art of characterization of domestic animals' MSCs derived from foetal adnexa and fluid and on the latest findings in pre-clinical or clinical setting of the stem cell populations isolated from these sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Iacono
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (Bo), Italy
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Nino-Fong R, McDuffee LA, Esparza Gonzalez BP, Kumar MR, Merschrod S. EF, Poduska KM. Scaffold Effects on Osteogenic Differentiation of Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells: An In Vitro Comparative Study. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:348-55. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Burk J, Badylak SF, Kelly J, Brehm W. Equine cellular therapy--from stall to bench to bedside? Cytometry A 2012; 83:103-13. [PMID: 23081833 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pioneering clinical stem cell research is being performed in the horse, a recipient of cutting edge veterinary medicine as well as a unique animal model, paving the way for human medical applications. Although demonstrable progress has been made on the clinical front, in vitro characterization of equine stem cells is still in comparatively early stages. To translate the promising results of clinical stem cell therapy in the horse, advances must be made in the characterization of equine stem cells. Aiming to improve communication between veterinarians and other natural scientists, this review gives an overview of veterinary "bedside" achievements, focusing on stem cell therapies in equine orthopedics as well as the current state of in vitro characterization of equine multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and equine embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Burk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Large Animal Clinic for Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Burk J, Ribitsch I, Gittel C, Juelke H, Kasper C, Staszyk C, Brehm W. Growth and differentiation characteristics of equine mesenchymal stromal cells derived from different sources. Vet J 2012; 195:98-106. [PMID: 22841420 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising therapeutic tool for the treatment of equine tendon and other musculoskeletal injuries. While bone marrow is considered the 'gold standard' source of these cells, various other tissues contain MSCs with potentially useful features. The aim of this study was to compare clinically relevant characteristics of MSCs derived from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood and tissue and from adipose tissue and tendon. Cell yield, proliferation, migration, tendon marker expression and differentiation into adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts was assessed, quantified and compared. MSC numbers obtained from adipose, tendon or umbilical cord tissues were 222-fold higher than those obtained from bone marrow or cord blood. Cells derived from tendon and adipose tissues exhibited most rapid proliferation. Osteogenic differentiation was most prominent in MSCs derived from bone marrow, and was weak in MSCs derived from umbilical cord blood and tissue. In contrast, the highest levels of chondrogenic differentiation were observed in MSCs derived from these sources. Collagen 1A2 expression was highest in adipose- and tendon-derived MSCs, while scleraxis expression was highest in cord blood- and in tendon-derived MSCs. The findings indicate that MSCs from different sources display significantly diverse properties that may impact on their therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Burk
- Large Animal Clinic for Surgery, Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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