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von Pueckler K, John K, Kramer M, Bokemeyer J, Arnhold S. MRI Tracking of Iron Oxide Labelled Canine Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Artificial Stifle Defects. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2022; 35:362-369. [PMID: 35790198 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1750432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides labelling of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AdMSCs) and the detection and semiquantitative evaluation of the labelled cells after implantation in artificial canine stifle defects using magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging examinations of 10 paired (n = 20) cadaveric stifle joints were evaluated after creation of chondral defects and embedding of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides labelled canine mesenchymal stem cells. To prove the feasibility of the labelling for in vivo usage, Prussian blue staining, cell vitality tests and intralesional administration of labelled cells were conducted. Magnetic resonance imaging of ex vivo defects filled with different cell concentrations was obtained to depict the cell content semiquantitatively via signal intensity measurements (region of interest). RESULTS Prussian blue staining showed that the labelling was effective. According to the vitality tests, it had no significant short-term influence on cell viability and proliferation rate. For the evaluation of the defect T2* sequences were feasible and stifle defects were visible allowing measurements of the signal intensity in all cases. Increasing the cell concentration within the chondral defects resulted in an inversely proportional, significant reduction of signal intensity according to the region of interest. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides labelling was effective. The detection of the AdMSCs in a complex anatomical structure like the surface of the femoral condyle was possible and the T2* signal intensity of the implant region was significantly correlated with the concentration of the AdMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin von Pueckler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Small Animal Clinic, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Karen John
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Small Animal Clinic, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Martin Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Small Animal Clinic, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
| | - Jan Bokemeyer
- Tierklinik Kalbach - Fachklinik für Kleintiere Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Arnhold
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy and Embryology, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
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Wongin S, Wangdee C, Nantavisai S, Banlunara W, Nakbunnum R, Waikakul S, Chotiyarnwong P, Roytrakul S, Viravaidya-Pasuwat K. Evaluation of osteochondral-like tissues using human freeze-dried cancellous bone and chondrocyte sheets to treat osteochondral defects in rabbits. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:4701-4716. [PMID: 34019604 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00239b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human freeze-dried cancellous bone combined with human chondrocyte sheets have recently been used to construct an osteochondral-like tissue, which resembled a cartilage layer on a subchondral bone layer. Nevertheless, the efficacy of these human tissues in a xenogeneic model has been rarely reported. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential of human freeze-dried cancellous bones combined with human chondrocyte sheets for the treatment of osteochondral defects in rabbits. The key roles of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and released cytokines in these tissues in osteochondral repair were also assessed. Triple-layered chondrocyte sheets were constructed using a temperature-responsive culture surface. Then, they were placed onto cancellous bone to form chondrocyte sheet-cancellous bone tissues. The immunostaining of collagen type II (COL2) and the proteomic analysis of the human tissues were carried out before the transplantation. In our in vitro study, the triple-layered chondrocyte sheets adhered well on the cancellous bone, and the COL2 expression was apparent throughout the tissue structures. From the proteomic analysis results, it was found that the major function of the secreted proteins found in these tissues was protein binding. The distinct pathways were focal adhesion and the ECM-receptor interaction pathways. Among the highly expressed proteins, laminin-alpha 5 (LAMA5) and fibronectin (FN) not only played roles in the protein binding and ECM-receptor interaction, but also were involved in the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway. At 12 weeks after xenogeneic transplantation, compared to the control group, the defects treated with the chondrocyte sheets showed more hyaline-like cartilage tissue, as indicated by the abundance of safranin-O and COL2 with a partial collagen type I (COL1) expression. At 4, 8, and 12 weeks, compared to the defects treated with the cancellous bone, the staining of safranin-O and COL2 was more apparent in the defects treated with the chondrocyte sheet-cancellous bone tissues. Therefore, the human chondrocyte sheets and chondrocyte sheet-cancellous bone tissues provide a potential treatment for rabbit femoral condyle defect. LAMA5 and FN found in these human xenografts and their culture media might play key roles in the ECM-receptor interaction and might be involved in the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway during tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopita Wongin
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand.
| | - Chalika Wangdee
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sirirat Nantavisai
- Special Task Force for Activating Research (STAR) in Biology of Embryo and Stem Cell Research in Veterinary Science, Veterinary Stem Cells and Bioengineering Innovation Center (VSCBIC), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Wijit Banlunara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Rapeepat Nakbunnum
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Saranatra Waikakul
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Pojchong Chotiyarnwong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Kwanchanok Viravaidya-Pasuwat
- Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand. and Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand.
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Li Y, Liu Y, Guo Q. Silk fibroin hydrogel scaffolds incorporated with chitosan nanoparticles repair articular cartilage defects by regulating TGF-β1 and BMP-2. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:50. [PMID: 33531052 PMCID: PMC7856775 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-020-02382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage defects frequently occur around the knee joint yet cartilage has limited self-repair abilities. Hydrogel scaffolds have excellent potential for use in tissue engineering. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the ability of silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel scaffolds incorporated with chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NPs) to repair knee joint cartilage defects. In the present study, composite systems of CS NPs incorporated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1; TGF-β1@CS) and SF incorporated with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2; TGF-β1@CS/BMP-2@SF) were developed and characterized with respect to their size distribution, zeta potential, morphology, and release of TGF-β1 and BMP-2. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were co-cultured with TGF-β1@CS/BMP-2@SF extracts to assess chondrogenesis in vitro using a cell counting kit-8 assay, which was followed by in vivo evaluations in a rabbit model of knee joint cartilage defects. The constructed TGF-β1@CS/BMP-2@SF composite system was successfully characterized and showed favorable biocompatibility. In the presence of TGF-β1@CS/BMP-2@SF extracts, BMSCs exhibited normal cell morphology and enhanced chondrogenic ability both in vitro and in vivo, as evidenced by the promotion of cell viability and the alleviation of cartilage defects. Thus, the TGF-β1@CS/BMP-2@SF hydrogel developed in the present study promoted chondrogenic ability of BMSCs both in vivo and in vitro by releasing TGF-β1 and BMP-2, thereby offering a novel therapeutic strategy for repairing articular cartilage defects in knee joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics of Integrated traditional and Western Medicine, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000, People's Republic of China.
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Su W, Hu Y, Zeng M, Li M, Lin S, Zhou Y, Xie J. Design and evaluation of nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels coated with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(vinyl alcohol) scaffolds for cartilage repair. J Orthop Surg Res 2019; 14:446. [PMID: 31847866 PMCID: PMC6916227 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-019-1450-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels have been widely used in synthetic cartilage materials. However, limitations of PVA hydrogels such as poor biomechanics and limited cell ingrowth remain challenges in this field. METHODS This work aimed to design novel nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels coated with a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/nano-HA/PVA scaffold to counter the limitations of PVA hydrogels. The core, comprising nano-HA/PVA hydrogel, had the primary role of bearing the mechanical load. The peripheral structure, composed of PLGA/nano-HA/PVA, was designed to favor interaction with surrounding cartilage. RESULTS The double-layer HA/PVA hydrogel coated with PLGA/HA/PVA scaffold was successfully prepared using a two-step molding method, and the mechanical properties and biocompatibility were characterized. The mechanical properties of the novel PLGA/HA/PVA scaffold modified HA/PVA hydrogel were similar to those of native cartilage and showed greater sensitivity to compressive stress than to tensile stress. Rabbit chondrocytes were seeded in the composites to assess the biocompatibility and practicability in vitro. The results showed that the peripheral component comprising 30 wt% PLGA/5 wt% HA/15 wt% PVA was most conducive to rabbit chondrocyte adhesion and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The study indicated that the double-layer HA/PVA hydrogel coated with PLGA/HA/PVA scaffold has the potential for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Su
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yihe Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Mingqing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shaoru Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yangying Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Intra-Articular Injection of 2 Different Dosages of Autologous and Allogeneic Bone Marrow- and Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Triggers a Variable Inflammatory Response of the Fetlock Joint on 12 Sound Experimental Horses. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:9431894. [PMID: 31191689 PMCID: PMC6525957 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9431894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a significant and costly cause of pain for both humans and horses. The horse has been identified as a suitable model for human osteoarthritis. Regenerative therapy with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising treatment, but the safety of this procedure continues to be debated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of intra-articular injections of allogeneic MSCs on healthy joints by comparing two different dosages and two different tissue sources, namely, bone marrow and umbilical cord blood, with a placebo treatment on the same individuals. We also assessed the influence of autologous versus allogeneic cells for bone marrow-derived MSC treatment. Twelve clinically sound horses were subjected to injections in their 4 fetlock joints. Each of the three fetlocks was administered a different MSC type, and the remaining fetlock was injected with phosphate-buffered saline as a control. Six horses received 10 million cells per joint, and the 6 other horses received 20 million cells per joint. Clinical and ultrasound monitoring revealed that allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs induced significantly more synovial effusion compared to umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs but no significant difference was noted within the synovial fluid parameters. The administration of 10 million cells in horses triggered significantly more inflammatory signs than the administration of 20 million cells. Mesenchymal stem cell injections induced mild to moderate local inflammatory signs compared to the placebo, with individual variability in the sensitivity to the same line of MSCs. Understanding the behavior of stem cells when injected alone is a step towards the safer use of new strategies in stem cell therapy, where the use of either MSC secretome or MSCs combined with biomaterials could enhance their viability and metabolic activity.
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Lehmann J, Nürnberger S, Narcisi R, Stok KS, van der Eerden BCJ, Koevoet WJLM, Kops N, Ten Berge D, van Osch GJ. Recellularization of auricular cartilage via elastase-generated channels. Biofabrication 2019; 11:035012. [PMID: 30921774 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized tissue matrices are promising substrates for tissue generation by stem cells to replace poorly regenerating tissues such as cartilage. However, the dense matrix of decellularized cartilage impedes colonisation by stem cells. Here, we show that digestion of elastin fibre bundles traversing auricular cartilage creates channels through which cells can migrate into the matrix. Human chondrocytes and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells efficiently colonise elastin-treated scaffolds through these channels, restoring a glycosaminoglycan-rich matrix and improving mechanical properties while maintaining size and shape of the restored tissue. The scaffolds are also rapidly colonised by endogenous cartilage-forming cells in a subcutaneously implanted osteochondral biopsy model. Creating channels for cells in tissue matrices may be a broadly applicable strategy for recellularization and restoration of tissue function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lehmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Department of Cell Biology Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Erosion of the medial compartment of the canine elbow: occurrence, diagnosis and currently available treatment options. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 28:9-18. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-13-12-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryErosion of the medial compartment of the elbow joint refers to full thickness cartilage loss with exposure of the subchondral bone (modified Outerbridge grades 4–5) of the medial part of the humeral condyle (MHC) and the corresponding ulnar contact area. This finding may appear in the absence of an osteochondral fragment or a cartilage flap, or in combination with fragmentation of the medial coronoid process (MCP) or osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the MHC. With regard to the prognosis, it is important to diagnose these severe erosions. Imaging of cartilage lesions by means of radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is challenging in dogs. In contrast, direct arthroscopic inspection provides detailed information about the cartilage.The treatment of these severe erosions is difficult because of the limited regenerative capacity of cartilage and presumed mechanical or physical triggering factors. Several conservative and surgical treatment methods have been proposed to treat elbows with severe cartilage defects. However, due to irreversible loss of cartilage, the prognosis in these cases remains guarded.
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Kazemi D, Shams Asenjan K, Dehdilani N, Parsa H. Canine articular cartilage regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells seeded on platelet rich fibrin: Macroscopic and histological assessments. Bone Joint Res 2017; 6:98-107. [PMID: 28235767 PMCID: PMC5331179 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.62.bjr-2016-0188.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell types, and thus have emerged as promising alternatives to chondrocytes in cell-based cartilage repair methods. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the effect of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells combined with platelet rich fibrin on osteochondral defect repair and articular cartilage regeneration in a canine model. Methods Osteochondral defects were created on the medial femoral condyles of 12 adult male mixed breed dogs. They were either treated with stem cells seeded on platelet rich fibrin or left empty. Macroscopic and histological evaluation of the repair tissue was conducted after four, 16 and 24 weeks using the International Cartilage Repair Society macroscopic and the O’Driscoll histological grading systems. Results were reported as mean and standard deviation (sd) and compared at different time points between the two groups using the Mann-Whitney U test, with a value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results Higher cumulative macroscopic and histological scores were observed in stem cell treated defects throughout the study period with significant differences noted at four and 24 weeks (9.25, sd 0.5 vs 7.25, sd 0.95, and 10, sd 0.81 vs 7.5, sd 0.57; p < 0.05) and 16 weeks (16.5, sd 4.04 vs 11, sd 1.15; p < 0.05), respectively. Superior gross and histological characteristics were also observed in stem cell treated defects. Conclusion The use of autologous culture expanded bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells on platelet rich fibrin is a novel method for articular cartilage regeneration. It is postulated that platelet rich fibrin creates a suitable environment for proliferation and differentiation of stem cells by releasing endogenous growth factors resulting in creation of a hyaline-like reparative tissue. Cite this article: D. Kazemi, K. Shams Asenjan, N. Dehdilani, H. Parsa. Canine articular cartilage regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells seeded on platelet rich fibrin: Macroscopic and histological assessments. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:98–107. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.62.BJR-2016-0188.R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kazemi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - K Shams Asenjan
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Haematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - N Dehdilani
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Haematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - H Parsa
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Haematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Li KC, Hu YC. Cartilage tissue engineering: recent advances and perspectives from gene regulation/therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:948-68. [PMID: 25656682 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diseases in articular cartilages affect millions of people. Despite the relatively simple biochemical and cellular composition of articular cartilages, the self-repair ability of cartilage is limited. Successful cartilage tissue engineering requires intricately coordinated interactions between matrerials, cells, biological factors, and phycial/mechanical factors, and still faces a multitude of challenges. This article presents an overview of the cartilage biology, current treatments, recent advances in the materials, biological factors, and cells used in cartilage tissue engineering/regeneration, with strong emphasis on the perspectives of gene regulation (e.g., microRNA) and gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chang Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu Taiwan 300
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu Taiwan 300
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Thakkar S, Fernandes H, Moroni L. Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds for Cartilage Regeneration. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1340:133-151. [PMID: 26445835 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2938-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) is gaining a lot of attention as a biomaterial for tissue engineering applications. This chapter describes the processing techniques for decellularization of cell-derived ECM and protocols for the fabrication of ECM-based scaffolds in the form of hydrogels or fibrous polymer meshes by electrospinning. It describes the protocols to analyze the morphology and presence of collagen in fabricated scaffolds using scanning electron microscope and Picrosirius Red staining respectively. Methods to evaluate the metabolic activity and proliferation of cells (resazurin-based assay and DNA assay, respectively) and gene expression are also presented. Furthermore, histological techniques to analyze the presence of sulfated glycosaminoglycans are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Thakkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 513, 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Hugo Fernandes
- Tissue Regeneration Department, University of Maastricht - MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine Complex, Tissue Regeneration Department Universiteitsingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lorenzo Moroni
- Tissue Regeneration Department, University of Maastricht - MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine Complex, Tissue Regeneration Department Universiteitsingel 40, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Designed composites for mimicking compressive mechanical properties of articular cartilage matrix. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2014; 36:32-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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