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Pye C, Clark N, Bruniges N, Peffers M, Comerford E. Current evidence for non-pharmaceutical, non-surgical treatments of canine osteoarthritis. J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:3-23. [PMID: 37776028 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a progressive degenerative disease process that affects a significant proportion of the canine population, impacting these animals' quality of life. Currently, there is no cure and treatment consists of managing the clinical signs of pain and reduced mobility. There are many treatments for canine osteoarthritis and in this review we discuss the evidence base behind non-pharmaceutical, non-surgical treatments of this disease. These treatments include weight management, nutraceuticals, acupuncture, physiotherapies such as therapeutic exercise, hydrotherapy as well as other therapeutic modalities including photobiomodulation therapy, electromagnetic field therapy and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pye
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX
| | - N Clark
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX
| | - N Bruniges
- University of Liverpool Small Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE
| | - M Peffers
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX
| | - E Comerford
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX
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Tai Y, Tonmoy TI, Win S, Brinkley NT, Park BH, Nam J. Enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration by mechano-electrical stimulation. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:57. [PMID: 37848428 PMCID: PMC10582163 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To address limitations in current approaches for treating large peripheral nerve defects, the presented study evaluated the feasibility of functional material-mediated physical stimuli on peripheral nerve regeneration. Electrospun piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) nanofibers were utilized to deliver mechanical actuation-activated electrical stimulation to nerve cells/tissues in a non-invasive manner. Using morphologically and piezoelectrically optimized nanofibers for neurite extension and Schwann cell maturation based on in vitro experiments, piezoelectric nerve conduits were synthesized and implanted in a rat sciatic nerve transection model to bridge a critical-sized sciatic nerve defect (15 mm). A therapeutic shockwave system was utilized to periodically activate the piezoelectric effect of the implanted nerve conduit on demand. The piezoelectric nerve conduit-mediated mechano-electrical stimulation (MES) induced enhanced peripheral nerve regeneration, resulting in full axon reconnection with myelin regeneration from the proximal to the distal ends over the critical-sized nerve gap. In comparison, a control group, in which the implanted piezoelectric conduits were not activated in vivo, failed to exhibit such nerve regeneration. In addition, at both proximal and distal ends of the implanted conduits, a decreased number of damaged myelination (ovoids), an increased number of myelinated nerves, and a larger axonal diameter were observed under the MES condition as compared to the control condition. Furthermore, unlike the control group, the MES condition exhibited a superior functional nerve recovery, assessed by walking track analysis and polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography, demonstrating the significant potential of the piezoelectric conduit-based physical stimulation approach for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyi Tai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | | | - Shwe Win
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Natasha T Brinkley
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - B Hyle Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jin Nam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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Joseph GL, Duerr FM, Zhou T, Elam LH. Use of a novel shockwave trode results in better patient acceptance in awake canine patients treated for musculoskeletal disease. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1249592. [PMID: 37621864 PMCID: PMC10445390 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1249592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is used as a treatment option for several musculoskeletal pathologies in dogs. When performing ESWT using electrohydraulic devices, sedation is commonly recommended due to the noise and discomfort associated with the treatment. The aim of this study was to compare the tolerance of ESWT delivered by a standard or novel trode in awake canine patients with musculoskeletal disease. Materials and methods This was a prospective, blinded clinical trial in which dogs with musculoskeletal disease received awake treatment with ESWT with a gradually increasing energy protocol using both standard and novel trodes with an electrohydraulic generator in a randomized fashion. Noise reactivity and tolerance to treatment as measured in number of shocks and energy level achieved were recorded. Results Forty client-owned dogs with pathology affecting the hips, stifles, elbows, or shoulders were enrolled. Thirty-three dogs completed all three treatment sessions, three dogs completed two sessions, and four dogs completed one session. There was evidence of improved patient tolerability with the novel trode, based on an increased average number of shocks delivered (n ± SD = 848 ± 334 for novel trode; n ± SD = 767 ± 358 for standard trode; p = 0.0384) and higher average treatment energy level achieved (E ± SD = 6.5 ± 2.5 for novel trode; E ± SD = 5.3 ± 2.8 for standard trode; p = < 0.001). Decreased noise reactivity was found to be positively correlated with tolerability of shockwave treatment (energy level: p = 0.0168; number of shocks: p = 0.0097). Discussion Administration of electrohydraulic ESWT is feasible in select awake patients using a gradually increasing energy protocol, and the tested novel shockwave trode is better tolerated than the standard trode. Further studies are required to determine the efficacy of the novel trode, and if gradually increasing energy protocols are clinically equivalent to current standard protocols that employ a consistent energy level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L. Joseph
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Felix M. Duerr
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Tianjian Zhou
- Department of Statistics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lindsay H. Elam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Physiotherapeutic Strategies and Their Current Evidence for Canine Osteoarthritis. Vet Sci 2022; 10:vetsci10010002. [PMID: 36669003 PMCID: PMC9863568 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and debilitating condition in domestic dogs. Alongside pharmaceutical interventions and weight loss, exercise and physiotherapy (PT) are important measures in maintaining patient mobility and quality of life. Physiotherapy for OA aims to reduce pain, optimize muscular function and maintain joint function. Physiotherapeutic plans typically include PT exercises combined with therapeutic modalities, lifestyle and environmental modifications to improve the patient's overall quality of life and function. Information on therapeutic clinical efficacy of physiotherapeutic measures for canine OA is still very limited. Thus, physiotherapeutic strategies are still primarily based on evidence extrapolated from human protocols tailored to people with OA. The authors propose a simple systematic PT approach for canine OA, prioritizing measures according to simplicity, cost effectiveness and practicality. This guide (the "Physiotherapy Pyramid") aims to provide a clear stratified approach to simplify decision making and planning for owners, veterinarians and veterinary physiotherapists, leading to more straightforward design and implementation of treatment plans. Measures are implemented starting at the base of the pyramid, subsequently progressing to the top, allowing effective and practical interventions to be prioritized. The levels of the pyramid are in ascending order: environmental modification, exercise plan, OA-specific home exercises and treatment by a veterinary physiotherapist.
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Alvarez L. Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for Musculoskeletal Pathologies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:1033-1042. [PMID: 35715112 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal shockwave therapy has multiple applications in veterinary musculoskeletal pathologies. Primary indications include tendinopathies, malunion fractures, patellar desmitis, and osteoarthritis. There are multiple types of shockwave generators. Current evidence in the canine literature is primarily on electrohydraulic and radial pressure wave generators. Treatment protocols from one machine are not equivalent to other machines, and data should not be extrapolated between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilani Alvarez
- Integrative and Rehabilitative Medicine, Schwarzman Animal Medical Center, 510 East 62nd Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Mosley C, Edwards T, Romano L, Truchetti G, Dunbar L, Schiller T, Gibson T, Bruce C, Troncy E. Proposed Canadian Consensus Guidelines on Osteoarthritis Treatment Based on OA-COAST Stages 1–4. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:830098. [PMID: 35558892 PMCID: PMC9088681 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.830098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Canadian consensus guidelines on OA treatment were created from a diverse group of experts, with a strong clinical and/or academic background in treating OA in dogs. The document is a summary of the treatment recommendations made by the group, with treatments being divided into either a core or secondary recommendation. Each treatment or modality is then summarized in the context of available research based support and clinical experience, as the treatment of OA continues to be a multimodal and commonly a multidisciplinary as well as individualized approach. The guidelines aim to help clinicians by providing clear and clinically relevant information about treatment options based on COAST defined OA stages 1–4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conny Mosley
- Elanco Animal Health, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- VCA Canada, 404 Veterinary Emergency and Referral Hospital, Newmarket, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Conny Mosley
| | - Tara Edwards
- VCA Canada, Central Victoria Veterinary Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Laura Romano
- VCA Canada, Centra Victoria Veterinary Hospital, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | | | - Teresa Schiller
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tom Gibson
- Grand River Veterinary Surgical Services; Adjunct Faculty OVC, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Charles Bruce
- Pulse Veterinary Specialists and Emergency, Sherwood Park, AB, Canada
| | - Eric Troncy
- Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Groupe de recherche en pharmacologie animale du Québec (GREPAQ), Montreal, QC, Canada
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Adrian D, Brown D. Kinetic symmetry indices and standing gait analysis: A review of current methods and data. Vet J 2022; 281:105814. [PMID: 35278691 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic gait data is used to evaluate a dog's orthopedic soundness and to assess treatment response in clinical trials. It captures ground reaction forces (GRFs) generated by the interactions between an animal's limb and the ground and can be collected using force plates and pressure sensitive walkways. Historically, gait data were most commonly analyzed from a single, most clinically affected, limb produced while the dog walks or trots. More recently, symmetry indices, calculated using multiple methods, have been used to evaluate forces between paired limbs, as a method of evaluating multi-joint disease. However, when dogs are non-weight bearing lame (NWB) or have extreme mobility impairment, walking or trotting data can be difficult or impossible to collect. For these instances, standing gait analysis has been suggested as an option to collect non-zero data points. This review focuses on the reported methods of data collection for standing gait data, as well as methods of symmetry index calculation, and their use reported in the veterinary literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Adrian
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, Indiana, 46140 USA.
| | - Dottie Brown
- Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, Indiana, 46140 USA
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8
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Frederick SW, Cross AR. The effect of extracorporeal shockwave on liposomal bupivacaine in a tibial plateau leveling osteotomy model. Vet Surg 2020; 49:1503-1508. [PMID: 32870527 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of extracorporeal shock wave (ESWT) on liposomal bupivacaine in a tibial-plateau-leveling osteotomy model. STUDY DESIGN In vitro study. SAMPLE POPULATION Ten samples per group. METHODS In addition to a control group (sham treatment), five treatment groups were defined as A, energy (E) 3 (0.22 mJ/mm2 ), 360 pulses per minute (p/m); B, E6 (0.29 mJ/mm2 ), 360 p/m; C, E8 (0.39 mJ/mm2 ), 360 p/m; D, E6, 480 p/m; E, E8 480 p/m. Two-milliliter aliquots of liposomal bupivacaine were placed in a gelatin chamber and treated with 1000 pulses according to group. All samples remained in the chamber for 170 seconds to reflect the longest treatment group. Free bupivacaine concentrations were determined after treatment with high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The median free bupivacaine concentration was reported as control, 1.90 mg/mL; A, 2.10 mg/mL; B, 2.03 mg/mL; C, 2.94 mg/mL; D, 2.71 mg/mL; E, 4.35 mg/mL. Groups C (P = .027), D (P = .034), and E (P = .002) were different from the control group. Groups C (P = .0025) and D (P = .0025) were different from group E. Additional intertreatment group differences were found. CONCLUSION Extracorporeal shock wave therapy caused a dose-dependent release of bupivacaine; however, there was no significant release of bupivacaine from liposomes when ESWT was applied at currently recommended therapeutic settings in this model. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This in vitro study provides evidence that concurrent electrohydraulic ESWT and liposomal bupivacaine is likely safe at currently recommended settings, however, higher energy and pulse frequency settings should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan R Cross
- BluePearl Veterinary Partners, Sandy Springs, Georgia
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Pavarotti GS, Hivernaud V, Brincin M, Roche R, Barreau P, Festy F, Gauthier O. Evaluation of a Single Intra-Articular Injection of Autologous Adipose Tissue for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis: A Prospective Clinical Study in Dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2020; 33:258-266. [PMID: 32316062 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the safety, feasibility and clinical efficacy of a single intra-articular injection of autologous and purified micro-fragmented adipose tissue for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-one client-owned dogs with radiographically confirmed OA were recruited into this prospective study. Lameness and discomfort were evaluated by physical examination at day 0 and then 14, 30, 60 and 180 days after injection. Kinetic data and temporospatial parameters were obtained using a pressure-sensing walkway. Peak vertical force, vertical impulse and percentages of body weight distribution were determined. Owner perception data regarding their own dog's physical activity were also collected using the Canine Brief Pain Inventory. RESULTS Radiographic scores for OA from days 0 to 180 were similar, except in two dogs. No major side effects were noted after injection. Lameness and Canine Brief Pain Inventory scores were significantly lower at all time points compared with day 0. Post-injection results demonstrated gradual improvement of kinetic data up to day 180 compared with pre-treatment values: vertical impulse (>2.25%), peak vertical force (>5.32%) and percentages of body weight distribution (>3.6%). In dogs with elbow OA, gait analysis values significantly increased at all time points compared with day 0. CONCLUSION Regenerative autologous adipose tissue injection therapy is a promising alternative to traditional analgesics treatment in patients with OA, associated with significant reductions in pain and lameness, delayed disease progression and improved quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta S Pavarotti
- Department of Small Animal Surgery and Anesthesia, ONIRIS Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Nantes, France
| | - Vincent Hivernaud
- Stemcis Cyroi, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Ste Clotilde, Ste Clotilde, France
| | - Mélanie Brincin
- Department of Small Animal Surgery and Anesthesia, ONIRIS Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Nantes, France
| | - Régis Roche
- Stemcis Cyroi, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Ste Clotilde, Ste Clotilde, France
| | - Pierre Barreau
- Department of Small Animal Surgery and Anesthesia, ONIRIS Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Nantes, France
| | - Franck Festy
- Stemcis Cyroi, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Ste Clotilde, Ste Clotilde, France
| | - Olivier Gauthier
- Department of Small Animal Surgery and Anesthesia, ONIRIS Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Nantes, France
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Barnes K, Faludi A, Takawira C, Aulakh K, Rademacher N, Liu CC, Lopez MJ. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy improves short-term limb use after canine tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. Vet Surg 2019; 48:1382-1390. [PMID: 31469432 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of postoperative extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on hind limb use after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO). STUDY DESIGN Randomized, prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS Sixteen client-owned dogs, 2 to 10 years old weighing 18 to 75 kg. METHODS Dogs were randomly assigned to treatment cohorts, TPLO with ESWT (ESWT, n = 9) or TPLO without ESWT (control, n = 7). Treatment consisted of 1000 pulses at 0.15 mJ/mm2 immediately and 2 weeks after surgery. Subjective pain, stifle goniometry, stifle circumference, peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI) were measured before surgery, prior to ESWT, and 2 and 8 weeks after surgery. Measures were compared between treatments at each time point and among time points for each treatment (P < .05). RESULTS The PVF (5.5 ± 1.0 N/kg, mean ± SD) and VI (0.67 ± 0.14 N-s/kg) of surgically treated limbs in the ESWT cohort were higher 8 weeks after surgery compared with preoperative (3.8 ± 1.1 N/kg, P < .0001 and 0.47 ± 0.21 N-s/kg, P = .0012, respectively) values. In the control cohort, PVF (2.9 ± 1.3 N/kg, P = .0001) and VI (0.33 ± 0.20 N-s/kg, P = .0003) 2 weeks after surgery and VI (0.42 ± 0.2 N-s/kg, P = .0012) 8 weeks after surgery were lower (4.59 ± 2.33 N/kg and 0.592 ± 0.35 N-s/kg, respectively) than before surgery. Other parameters did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION Weight bearing increased faster after TPLO in dogs treated with postoperative ESWT. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study provides evidence to consider adjunct ESWT after TPLO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Barnes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Alex Faludi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Catherine Takawira
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Karanvir Aulakh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Nathalie Rademacher
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Mandi J Lopez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Leitner G, Zilberman D, Papirov E, Shefy S. Assessment of acoustic pulse therapy (APT), a non-antibiotic treatment for dairy cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199195. [PMID: 29990317 PMCID: PMC6038980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and subclinical mastitis affects 30% of cows and is regarded as the most significant economic burden on the dairy farm reducing milk yield and quality and increasing culling rate. A proprietary Acoustic Pulse Therapy (APT) device was developed specifically for treating dairy cows. The APT device was designed to produce deep penetrating acoustic pulses that are distributed over a large treated area at a therapeutic level. This paper presents findings from a clinical assessment of this technology for the treatment of dairy cows with subclinical and clinical mastitis. In subclinical mastitis, a group of 116 cows from 3 herds were identified with subclinical intramammary infection and enrolled in the study; 78 cows were assigned to the treatment group and 38 cows to the control group. Significant differences (P<0.001) were found where 70.5% of the cows in the treatment group returned to normal milk production, compared with only 18.4% of the control group. Daily milk yields of the treated cows increased significantly (P<0.05) and the percentage of cows with log somatic cell count under 5.6 cells/mL was significantly higher (P<0.001). Milk of the infected quarters appeared normal with lactose greater than 4.8%, but this difference was not significant. Of the treated cows with identified bacteria, 52.6% of the quarters were cured, while in the control group only 25.0% (P<0.001). Specifically, all cows identified with Escherichia coli in the treatment group were cured, with 66.6% cured with no intervention in the control. Spontaneous cure of glands infected with coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) and Streptococci was low while treatment successfully increased the cure of CNS from 13.3% to 53.8% and that of Streptococci from 18.2% to 36.4%. Of the 4 cows identified with Staphylococcus aureus, 3 were cured. The clinical mastitis study group included 29 infected cows that were submitted either to a gold standard antibiotic treatment subgroup of 16 cows (n = 16) or to an APT treatment subgroup of 13 cows (n = 13). A cure of 18.7% was shown for the antibiotic treatment, of which logSCC returned to <5.6 cell/mL and 56.2% were culled. A cure of 76.9% was shown for the APT treatment with only one cow culled (7.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Leitner
- National Mastitis Reference Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - David Zilberman
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Berkeley, United States of America
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Sienkiewicz W, Dudek A, Czaja K, Janeczek M, Chrószcz A, Kaleczyc J. Efficacy of lateral- versus medial-approach hip joint capsule denervation as surgical treatments of the hip joint pain; a neuronal tract tracing study in the sheep. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190052. [PMID: 29329303 PMCID: PMC5766125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate efficacy of denervation of the of the hip joint capsule (HJC), as a treatment of hip joint pain. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that HJC denervation will significantly reduce the number of sensory neurons innervating the capsule. STUDY DESIGN Denervation of the HJC from a medial or lateral approach was followed by retrograde tracing of sensory neurons innervating the capsule. ANIMALS Twenty adult male sheep (30-40 kg of body weight; Polish merino breed) were used in the study. METHODS The hip joint was denervated from medial (n = 5) or lateral (n = 5) surgical approaches. Immediately after denervation, the retrograde neural tract tracer Fast Blue (FB) was injected into the HJC. An additional ten animals (n = 5 for medial and n = 5 for lateral approach) received the same treatment without HJC denervation to provide the appropriate controls. RESULTS Results of the study revealed that the vast majority of retrogradely labelled sensory neurons innervating the HJC originate from fifth lumbar to second sacral dorsal root ganglia. Both the medial and the lateral denervations significantly reduced the number of sensory neurons innervating the HJC (39.2% and 69.0% reduction respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results show that denervation of the HJC is an effective surgical procedure for reduction of the sensory neuronal input to the HJC. Moreover, the lateral approach was found to be significantly more effective for reducing sensory innervation as compared to the medial one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Sienkiewicz
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
- * E-mail: (WS); (KC)
| | - Agnieszka Dudek
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czaja
- Veterinary Biosciences & Diagnostic Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WS); (KC)
| | - Maciej Janeczek
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksander Chrószcz
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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Heikkilä HM, Jokinen TS, Syrjä P, Junnila J, Hielm-Björkman A, Laitinen-Vapaavuori O. Assessing adverse effects of intra-articular botulinum toxin A in healthy Beagle dogs: A placebo-controlled, blinded, randomized trial. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191043. [PMID: 29320549 PMCID: PMC5761897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical, cytological, and histopathological adverse effects of intra-articularly injected botulinum toxin A in dogs and to study whether the toxin spreads from the joint after the injection. METHODS A longitudinal, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial was conducted with six healthy laboratory Beagle dogs. Stifle joints were randomized to receive either 30 IU of onabotulinum toxin A or placebo in a 1:1 ratio. Adverse effects and spread of the toxin were examined by evaluating dynamic and static weight-bearing of the injected limbs, by assessing painless range of motion and pain on palpation of joints, and by performing synovial fluid analysis, neurological examination, and electrophysiological recordings at different examination time-points in a 12-week period after the injections. The dogs were then euthanized and autopsy and histopathological examination of joint structures and adjacent muscles and nerves were performed. RESULTS Intra-articular botulinum toxin A did not cause local weakness or injection site pain. Instead, static weight-bearing and painless range of motion of stifle joints decreased in the placebo limbs. No clinically significant abnormalities associated with intra-articular botulinum toxin A were detected in the neurological examinations. Electrophysiological recordings showed low compound muscle action potentials in two dogs in the botulinum toxin A-injected limb. No significant changes were detected in the synovial fluid. Autopsy and histopathological examination of the joint and adjacent muscles and nerves did not reveal histopathological adverse effects of the toxin. CONCLUSION Intra-articular botulinum toxin A does not produce significant clinical, cytological, or histopathological adverse effects in healthy dogs. Based on the electrophysiological recordings, the toxin may spread from the joint, but its clinical impact seems to be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helka M. Heikkilä
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Tarja S. Jokinen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pernilla Syrjä
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Laitinen-Vapaavuori
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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A review of the cellular and molecular effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 29:99-107. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-15-04-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SummaryExtracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a novel therapeutic modality and its use in promoting connective tissue repair and analgesic effect has been advocated in the literature. It is convenient, cost-effective, and has negligible complications; it therefore bypasses many of the problems associated with surgical interventions. This paper reviews the proposed mechanisms of action in promoting tissue repair and regeneration as well as analysing its efficacy providing an analgesic effect in clinical applications. Further research will be required to not only identify the underlying mechanisms more precisely, but will also be critical for ensuring consistency across the literature so that the most beneficial treatment protocol can be developed. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy stands as a promising alternative modality in promoting tissue repair.
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