[Simultaneous determination of eight carbamate pesticide residues in tomato, rice, and cabbage by online solid phase extraction/purification-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry]

[Application progress of on-line sample preparation techniques coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry system in the detection of food hazards]

Food safety has received increased attention, and food detection is of great significance. The food matrix is complex, and diverse food hazards have been identified. Thus, the detection methods and sample preparation techniques for food matrices must be continuously optimized and updated. Several steps are usually required when a chromatographic system is used to determine food hazards: sample preparation, that is, the separation of targets from different substrates using a suitable preprocessing method and target-substance separation and purification, which is usually achieved using chromatographic separation. The selection of an appropriate detector for qualitative and quantitative analyses is usually based on the properties of the target compound. The sample preparation procedure is considered the most time-consuming aspect of the entire food-analysis process. It is also prone to analytical errors. Therefore, optimization of the sample preparation process is a key issue in the field of chemical analysis. Researchers have developed a series of new, efficient, and accurate sample preprocessing methods, and an on-line sample-preparation system has been found to be a feasible approach. On-line sample preparation coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) presents many advantages. First, manual operation could reduce analytical errors to ensure good accuracy and repeatability. It could also reduce the consumption of chemical reagents and avoid cross-contamination between samples. Furthermore, an on-line sample-preparation system could shorten the sample-preparation time and improve the detection efficiency. On-line sample preparation coupled with LC-MS has been widely applied in the fields of environment, biology, and food. On-line sample preparation systems coupled with LC-MS are divided into two modules: the first modules involves sample preparation and the second module involves the LC system. The first module remove impurities and isolates the target compounds in preparation for their qualitative and quantitative detection. The coupling of these two modules depends mainly on valve switching. In this paper, we introduce the most frequently used on-line sample-preparation techniques, including on-line solid phase extraction (on-line SPE), in-tube solid phase microextraction (in-tube SPME), and turbulent chromatography (TFC). We then describe the basic principles and coupling equipment of these three on-line analytical technologies in detail. The coupling equipment establishes a physical connection between the two modules. Next, we discuss the properties of different purification fillers in an on-line sample-preparation column. The applications and research progress of on-line systems for pesticide residues, veterinary drug residues, and biotoxins are also discussed. Compared with offline sample preparation, on-line analytical systems present several advantages. On-line analytical systems can not only greatly reduce the analysis time and solvent consumption but also improve the detection sensitivity and accuracy. Such systems can be used to determine food hazards to ensure food safety. Finally, the existing problems and development trends of on-line analytical systems are discussed and prospected. To promote the applications of on-line analytical technology in food-safety detection, we suggest that the following three aspects be considered. First, more on-line purification columns with novel fillers, in addition to C18 or polymer fillers, should be developed. Second, compared with ordinary detectors, high-resolution MS detectors have better precision and accuracy. Coupling on-line analytical technologies with a high-resolution mass spectrometer may be beneficial for the further development of on-line analyses. Third, different food matrices should be compared and evaluated to continuously optimize the detection process and improve the efficiency of on-line analytical systems. As concerns regarding food safety issues have increased, the applications of on-line analytical technologies for food detection can be expected to become increasingly important.

[Determination of 10 carbamate pesticide residues in liquid milk by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with pass-through solid-phase extraction purification]

Carbamates are used in broad-spectrum insecticides and herbicides, and have highly efficient, low-residue, and long-lasting characteristics. However, this type of pesticide exerts mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic, and other adverse effects, and its frequent use can exceed the recommended scope and limits. Research on the determination of carbamate pesticides mainly focuses on foods of plant origin and pays less attention to foods of animal origin. The methods for carbamate determination described in the current national standards have complicated operating procedures and low efficiency. Therefore, highly efficient and accurate methods for carbamate detection in milk must be established. In this work, a rapid method based on pass-through solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of 10 carbamate pesticides in liquid milk. The pretreatment and instrument methods were systematically optimized. The milk sample was extracted with acetonitrile, and then purified using a Captiva EMR-Lipid filtration kit. The purified extract was separated on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column with mobile phase of methanol and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution in gradient elution. The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min. Column temperature was 35 ℃. Quantitative analysis was performed using the external standard method with matrix matching curves. The 10 carbamate pesticides showed good linear relationships in the mass concentration range of 2-200 μg/L, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.999. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) for the 10 carbamate pesticides were 0.045-0.23 and 0.15-0.77 μg/kg, respectively. Recovery tests were conducted using the blank-matrix method at three spiked levels of 15, 50, and 100 μg/kg, and good recoveries for the 10 carbamate pesticides were obtained. In particular, the recoveries for the three spiked levels of 15, 50, and 100 μg/kg were 68.7%-93.3% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.8%-8.0%. The proposed method is efficient, convenient, accurate, and suitable for the rapid detection of the 10 carbamate pesticides in liquid milk. Compared with the conventional NH2 and ENVITM-18 SPE columns used in the national standard determination method, the proposed method demonstrated better purification effects. The recoveries for aldicarb sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, methomyl, and carbaryl after purification using the Captiva EMR-Lipid kit increased from 60% to 80%. Thus, the proposed method is suitable for targets with strong polarity and gives measurement results with good repeatability and accuracy.