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Miyamoto Y, Koshidaka Y, Murase K, Kanno S, Noguchi H, Miyado K, Ikeya T, Suzuki S, Yagi T, Teramoto N, Hayashi S. Functional Evaluation of 3D Liver Models Labeled with Polysaccharide Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7823. [PMID: 36363415 PMCID: PMC9658042 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Establishing a rapid in vitro evaluation system for drug screening is essential for the development of new drugs. To reproduce tissues/organs with functions closer to living organisms, in vitro three-dimensional (3D) culture evaluation using microfabrication technology has been reported in recent years. Culture on patterned substrates with controlled hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions (Cell-ableTM) can create 3D liver models (miniature livers) with liver-specific Disse luminal structures and functions. MRI contrast agents are widely used as safe and minimally invasive diagnostic methods. We focused on anionic polysaccharide magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Resovist®) and synthesized the four types of nanoparticle derivatives with different properties. Cationic nanoparticles (TMADM) can be used to label target cells in a short time and have been successfully visualized in vivo. In this study, we examined the morphology of various nanoparticles. The morphology of various nanoparticles showed relatively smooth-edged spherical shapes. As 3D liver models, we prepared primary hepatocyte-endothelial cell heterospheroids. The toxicity, CYP3A, and albumin secretory capacity were evaluated in the heterospheroids labeled with various nanoparticles. As the culture period progressed, the heterospheroids labeled with anionic and cationic nanoparticles showed lower liver function than non-labeled heterospheroids. In the future, there is a need to improve the method of creation of artificial 3D liver or to design a low-invasive MRI contrast agent to label the artificial 3D liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 12-2-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
| | - Yumie Koshidaka
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Murase
- Nagoya Research Laboratory, Meito Sangyo Co., Ltd., 25-5 Kaechi, Nishibiwajima, Kiyosu, Aichi 452-0067, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kanno
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 12-2-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Noguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyado
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeya
- Photosensitive Materials Research Center, Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd., 4-2-1 Wakahagi, Inzai-shi, Chiba 270-1609, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Research Laboratories, HAB Research Organization, Ichikawa General Hospital, 5-11-13 Sugano, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-8513, Japan
| | - Tohru Yagi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 12-2-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Naozumi Teramoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba 275-0016, Japan
| | - Shuji Hayashi
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Yukawa H, Nakagawa S, Yoshizumi Y, Watanabe M, Saito H, Miyamoto Y, Noguchi H, Oishi K, Ono K, Sawada M, Kato I, Onoshima D, Obayashi M, Hayashi Y, Kaji N, Ishikawa T, Hayashi S, Baba Y. Novel positively charged nanoparticle labeling for in vivo imaging of adipose tissue-derived stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110142. [PMID: 25365191 PMCID: PMC4217721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation has been expected to have various applications for regenerative medicine. However, in order to detect and trace the transplanted stem cells in the body, non-invasive and widely clinically available cell imaging technologies are required. In this paper, we focused on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging technology, and investigated whether the trimethylamino dextran-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle -03 (TMADM-03), which was newly developed by our group, could be used for labeling adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) as a contrast agent. No cytotoxicity was observed in ASCs transduced with less than 100 µg-Fe/mL of TMADM-03 after a one hour transduction time. The transduction efficiency of TMADM-03 into ASCs was about four-fold more efficient than that of the alkali-treated dextran-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (ATDM), which is a major component of commercially available contrast agents such as ferucarbotran (Resovist), and the level of labeling was maintained for at least two weeks. In addition, the differentiation ability of ASCs labeled with TMADM-03 and their ability to produce cytokines such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), were confirmed to be maintained. The ASCs labeled with TMADM-03 were transplanted into the left kidney capsule of a mouse. The labeled ASCs could be imaged with good contrast using a 1T MR imaging system. These data suggest that TMADM-03 can therefore be utilized as a contrast agent for the MR imaging of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yukawa
- Research Center for Innovative Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakagawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Daikominami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Yasuma Yoshizumi
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Daikominami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Masaki Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- Nagoya Research Laboratory, MEITO Sangyo Co., Ltd., Kiyosu 452-0067, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-0047, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Noguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan
| | - Koichi Oishi
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stress Adaption and Protection, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kenji Ono
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stress Adaption and Protection, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Sawada
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stress Adaption and Protection, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kato
- Nagoya Research Laboratory, MEITO Sangyo Co., Ltd., Kiyosu 452-0067, Japan
| | - Daisuke Onoshima
- Institute of Innovative for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Momoko Obayashi
- Research Center for Innovative Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yumi Hayashi
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Daikominami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Noritada Kaji
- Research Center for Innovative Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ishikawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine, Daikominami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan
| | - Shuji Hayashi
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- Research Center for Innovative Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan
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Miyamoto Y, Koshidaka Y, Noguchi H, Oishi K, Saito H, Yukawa H, Kaji N, Ikeya T, Suzuki S, Iwata H, Baba Y, Murase K, Hayashi S. Observation of Positively Charged Magnetic Nanoparticles Inside HepG2 Spheroids Using Electron Microscopy. CELL MEDICINE 2013; 5:89-96. [PMID: 26858871 DOI: 10.3727/215517913x666530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using magnetic nanoparticles has been used to diagnose vascular diseases as well as to monitor transplanted cells and tissues. In this study, we synthesized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (TMADM-03), electrically charged by the presence of a cationic end-group substitution of dextran, and observed these nanoparticles inside three-dimensional models of HepG2 spheroids, which mimic tissues. Patterned cell array glass disks were prepared to visualize the presence of TMADM-03 uptaken by HepG2 spheroids using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The HepG2 cells (2 × 10(5) cells) were inoculated onto Cell-able™ 12-well plates. After 48 h of culture, the cells were incubated with 75 µg Fe/ml TMADM-03 in culture medium for 24 h. To investigate the cellular function of the HepG2 spheroids, the albumin secretion was evaluated by an ELISA. The albumin secretion after incubation for 24 h was reduced compared with the secretion prior to the addition of TMADM-03. TEM image samples were prepared in a planar direction or a vertical direction to the HepG2 spheroids on patterned cell array glass disks. The incorporation of TMADM-03 inside the HepG2 spheroids was confirmed. In addition, TMADM-03 could be observed in the deeper layers of the spheroids, and this was localized in the lysosomes. These data suggest that the novel magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles invade three-dimensional HepG2 spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Showa-ku, Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yumie Koshidaka
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Showa-ku, Nagoya , Japan
| | - Hirofumi Noguchi
- † Department of Surgery, Clinical Research Center, Chiba-East Hospital, National Hospital Organization , Chiba , Japan
| | - Koichi Oishi
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Showa-ku, Nagoya , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- ‡ Nagoya Research Laboratory, MEITO Sangyo Co., Ltd. , Nishibiwajima, Kiyosu , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yukawa
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Showa-ku, Nagoya , Japan
| | - Noritada Kaji
- § Department of Applied Chemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya , Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeya
- ¶ Photosensitive Materials Research Center, Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd. , Kamimyoden, Ichikawa , Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- # Research Laboratories, HAB Research Organization, Ichikawa General Hospital , Chiba , Japan
| | - Hisashi Iwata
- * Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nagoya Kyoritsu Hospital , Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Baba
- § Department of Applied Chemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University , Chikusa-ku, Nagoya , Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Murase
- ‡ Nagoya Research Laboratory, MEITO Sangyo Co., Ltd. , Nishibiwajima, Kiyosu , Japan
| | - Shuji Hayashi
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Showa-ku, Nagoya , Japan
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In vivo imaging of transplanted islets labeled with a novel cationic nanoparticle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57046. [PMID: 23451139 PMCID: PMC3579774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To monitor pancreatic islet transplantation efficiency, reliable noninvasive imaging methods, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are needed. Although an efficient uptake of MRI contrast agent is required for islet cell labeling, commercially-available magnetic nanoparticles are not efficiently transduced into cells. We herein report the in vivo detection of transplanted islets labeled with a novel cationic nanoparticle that allowed for noninvasive monitoring of islet grafts in diabetic mice in real time. The positively-charged nanoparticles were transduced into a β-cell line, MIN6 cells, and into isolated islets for 1 hr. MRI showed a marked decrease in the signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images at the implantation site of the labeled MIN 6 cells or islets in the left kidneys of mice. These data suggest that the novel positively-charged nanoparticle could be useful to detect and monitor islet engraftment, which would greatly aid in the clinical management of islet transplant patients.
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Hayashi T, Misawa H, Nakahara H, Noguchi H, Yoshida A, Kobayashi N, Tanaka M, Ozaki T. Transplantation of osteogenically differentiated mouse iPS cells for bone repair. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:591-600. [PMID: 22793068 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x605529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are a type of undifferentiated cell that can be obtained from differentiated cells and have the pluripotent potential to differentiate into the musculoskeletal system, the myocardium, vascular endothelial cells, neurons, and hepatocytes. We therefore cultured mouse iPS cells in a DMEM containing 15% FBS, 10(-7) M dexamethasone, 10 mM β-glycerophosphate, and 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid for 3 weeks, in order to induce bone differentiation, and studied the expression of the bone differentiation markers Runx2 and osteocalcin using RT-PCR in a time-dependent manner. Osteocalcin, a bone differentiation marker in bone formation, exhibited the highest expression in the third week. In addition, the deposition of calcium nodules was observed using Alizarin red S staining. iPS cells cultured for bone differentiation were transplanted into severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice, and the osteogenic potential exhibited after 4 weeks was studied. When bone differentiation-induced iPS cells were transplanted into SCID mice, bone formation was confirmed in soft X-ray images and tissue specimens. However, teratoma formation was confirmed in 20% of the transplanted models. When mouse iPS cells were treated with irradiation of 2 Gray (Gy) prior to transplantation, teratoma formation was inhibited. When mouse iPS cells treated in a likewise manner were xenotransplanted into rats, bone formation was confirmed but teratoma formation was not observed. It is believed that irradiation before transplantation is an effective way to inhibit teratoma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hayashi
- Department of Orthopeadic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Saito S, Tsugeno M, Koto D, Mori Y, Yoshioka Y, Nohara S, Murase K. Impact of surface coating and particle size on the uptake of small and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by macrophages. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5415-21. [PMID: 23091384 PMCID: PMC3474462 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s33709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using contrast agents like superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) is an extremely versatile technique to diagnose diseases and to monitor treatment. This study tested the relative importance of particle size and surface coating for the optimization of MRI contrast and labeling efficiency of macrophages migrating to remote inflammation sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS We tested four SPIO and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO), alkali-treated dextran magnetite (ATDM) with particle sizes of 28 and 74 nm, and carboxymethyl dextran magnetite (CMDM) with particle sizes of 28 and 72 nm. Mouse macrophage RAW264 cells were incubated with SPIOs and USPIOs, and the labeling efficiency of the cells was determined by the percentage of Berlin blue-stained cells and by measuring T(2) relaxation times with 11.7-T MRI. We used trypan blue staining to measure cell viability. RESULTS Analysis of the properties of the nanoparticles revealed that ATDM-coated 74 nm particles have a lower T(2) relaxation time than the others, translating into a higher ability of MRI negative contrast agent. Among the other three candidates, CMDM-coated particles showed the highest T(2) relaxation time once internalized by macrophages. Regarding labeling efficiency, ATDM coating resulted in a cellular uptake higher than CMDM coating, independent of nanoparticle size. None of these particle formulations affected macrophage viability. CONCLUSION This study suggests that coating is more critical than size to optimize the SPIO labeling of macrophages. Among the formulations tested in this study, the best MRI contrast and labeling efficiency are expected with ATDM-coated 74 nm nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyoshi Saito
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Division of Medical Technology and Science, Faculty of Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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Oishi K, Noguchi H, Saito H, Yukawa H, Miyamoto Y, Ono K, Murase K, Sawada M, Hayashi S. Novel Positive-Charged Nanoparticles for Efficient Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Islet Transplantation. CELL MEDICINE 2012; 3:43-49. [PMID: 28058180 DOI: 10.3727/215517912x639397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Significant graft loss immediately after islet transplantation occurs due to immunological and nonimmunological events. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an attractive potential tool for monitoring islet mass in vivo. Although an efficient uptake of MRI contrast agent is required for islet cell labeling, commercially available magnetic nanoparticles are not efficiently transduced into cells. In this study, we developed six kinds of novel magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, which are electrically charged by cationic end-group substitution of dextran. Each of the nanoparticles consisted of a small monocrystalline, superparamagnetic iron oxide core that is stabilized by a cross-linked aminated dextran coating to improve stability. We also used three different commercially available nanoparticles for controls. The labeling efficiency of the novel nanoparticles was evaluated, and the feasibility of the imaging by MRI was assessed. The positive-charged nanoparticles were transduced into a β-cell line, MIN6 cells, but not three commercially available nanoparticles. MRI showed a marked decrease in signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted images at the site of the labeled cells in vitro. These data suggest that novel positive-charged nanoparticles could be useful MRI contrast agents to monitor islet mass after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Oishi
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Hirofumi Noguchi
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; †Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- ‡ Nagoya Research Laboratory, MEITO Sangyo Co., Ltd. , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yukawa
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Miyamoto
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Kenji Ono
- § Department of Brain Functions, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Murase
- ‡ Nagoya Research Laboratory, MEITO Sangyo Co., Ltd. , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Makoto Sawada
- § Department of Brain Functions, Division of Stress Adaptation and Protection, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Shuji Hayashi
- Department of Advanced Medicine in Biotechnology and Robotics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
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Kobayashi N, Amemiya H, Nagao T, Takahara S. Taking a lesson from the past in organ biology. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:645-7. [PMID: 20525432 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x508735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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