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Kompaníková P, Bryja V. Regulation of choroid plexus development and its functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:304. [PMID: 35589983 PMCID: PMC9119385 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (ChP) is an extensively vascularized tissue that protrudes into the brain ventricular system of all vertebrates. This highly specialized structure, consisting of the polarized epithelial sheet and underlying stroma, serves a spectrum of functions within the central nervous system (CNS), most notably the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The epithelial cells of the ChP have the competence to tightly modulate the biomolecule composition of CSF, which acts as a milieu functionally connecting ChP with other brain structures. This review aims to eloquently summarize the current knowledge about the development of ChP. We describe the mechanisms that control its early specification from roof plate followed by the formation of proliferative regions-cortical hem and rhombic lips-feeding later development of ChP. Next, we summarized the current knowledge on the maturation of ChP and mechanisms that control its morphological and cellular diversity. Furthermore, we attempted to review the currently available battery of molecular markers and mouse strains available for the research of ChP, and identified some technological shortcomings that must be overcome to accelerate the ChP research field. Overall, the central principle of this review is to highlight ChP as an intriguing and surprisingly poorly known structure that is vital for the development and function of the whole CNS. We believe that our summary will increase the interest in further studies of ChP that aim to describe the molecular and cellular principles guiding the development and function of this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kompaníková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 61265, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Zhao F, Ding XY, Wu F, Li XH, Li YH, Huang SL. Effects of passage and cryopreservation on neurotrophic factor secretion from choroid plexus epithelial cells. Biomed Rep 2018; 8:535-539. [PMID: 29774144 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of passage and cryopreservation of choroid plexus epithelial cells on their secretion of neurotrophic factors. Choroid plexus epithelial cells were cryopreserved and thawed following primary culture or passage cultured for up to two passages. The supernatant of primary, first/second passage and cryopreserved-thawed choroid plexus epithelial cells was collected when cells reached 80-90% confluence. ELISA was used to quantify brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) levels in the cell supernatant. First passage and cryopreserved-thawed cells secreted less BDNF and CNTF compared with primary cultured cells and increased levels of these two factors compared with second passage cells, and increased levels of GDNF and NGF compared with primary cultured and second passage cells (all P<0.05). Therefore, first passage culture decreased BDNF and CNTF secretion but increased NGF and GDNF compared with primary culture; second passage culture diminished neurotrophic factor secretion compared with first passage culture; and cryopreservation did not weaken the function of choroid plexus epithelial cells in secreting BDNF, GDNF, NGF and CNTF. The current study demonstrates that first passage and cryopreserved-thawed choroid plexus epithelial cells have an enhanced function to secrete neurotrophic factors including BDNF, GDNF, NGF and CNTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yan Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xi'an No. 3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710018, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Hui Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Huan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Li Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Sandrof MA, Emerich DF, Thanos CG. Primary Choroid Plexus Tissue for Use in Cellular Therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1479:237-249. [PMID: 27738941 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6364-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) has been explored as a cellular therapeutic due to its broad-ranging secretome and demonstrated longevity in a variety of encapsulation modalities. While the CP organ is normally involved in disease repair processes in the brain, the range of indications that could potentially be ameliorated with exogenous CP therapy is widespread, including diseases of the central nervous system, hearing loss, chronic wounds, and others. The CP can be isolated from animal sources and digested into a highly purified epithelial culture that can withstand encapsulation and transplantation. Its epithelium can adapt to different microenvironments, and depending on culture conditions, can be manipulated into various three-dimensional configurations with distinct gene expression profiles. The cocktail of proteins secreted by the CP can be harvested in culture, and purified forms of these extracts have been evaluated in topical applications to treat poorly healing wounds. When encapsulated, the epithelial clusters can be maintained for extended durations in vitro with minimal impact on potency. A treatment for Parkinson's disease utilizing encapsulated porcine CP has been developed and is currently being evaluated in a Phase I clinical trial. The current chapter serves to summarize recent experience with CP factor delivery, and provides a description of the relevant materials and methods employed in these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sandrof
- Cytosolv, Inc., 117 Chapman Street, Suite 107, Providence, RI, 02905, USA
| | | | - Chris G Thanos
- Cytosolv, Inc., 117 Chapman Street, Suite 107, Providence, RI, 02905, USA.
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Huang SL, Wang J, He XJ, Li ZF, Pu JN, Shi W. Secretion of BDNF and GDNF from free and encapsulated choroid plexus epithelial cells. Neurosci Lett 2014; 566:42-5. [PMID: 24561094 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Choroid plexus epithelial cells secrete numerous biologically active neurotrophic factors, which may be beneficial to the transplantation site. Encapsulated cells are often used in tissue transplantation. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of encapsulation on the secretory function of choroid plexus epithelial cells. Neonatal rat choroid plexus epithelial cells were primarily cultured. After 9 days of culture, the cells were distributed into two groups, and one group of cells was encapsulated in vitro. The initial culture conditions such as cell numbers and medium volumes were the same. Supernatants in the free and encapsulated choroid plexus epithelial cells were collected at the time points of day 1 through day 7. Quantitative determination of the BDNF and GDNF levels was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to assess the secretory function of the cells in the two forms. Statistical analyses were performed using a Student t test. P<0.05 was set to indicate statistical significance. A very similar secretion pattern was observed in both groups. In the first 4 days of encapsulation, the release of BDNF and GDNF in the encapsulated cells was significantly lower than that in the free cells, while the difference diminished after day 5. This in vitro study demonstrates that the secretion of BDNF and GDNF in encapsulated choroid plexus epithelial cells is different from that in non-encapsulated cells in the early stage of encapsulation treatment, whereas it is similar in the later stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Li Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of pediatrics, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi-Jing He
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zong-Fang Li
- Central Laboratory for scientific Research, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing-Nan Pu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Matrix metalloprotease 8-dependent extracellular matrix cleavage at the blood-CSF barrier contributes to lethality during systemic inflammatory diseases. J Neurosci 2012; 32:9805-16. [PMID: 22815495 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0967-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a highly mortal inflammatory disease, associated with systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction. SIRS can have a sterile cause or can be initiated by an infection, called sepsis. The prevalence is high, and available treatments are ineffective and mainly supportive. Consequently, there is an urgent need for new treatments. The brain is one of the first organs affected during SIRS, and sepsis and the consequent neurological complications, such as encephalopathy, are correlated with decreased survival. The choroid plexus (CP) that forms the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) is thought to act as a brain "immune sensor" involved in the communication between the peripheral immune system and the CNS. Nevertheless, the involvement of BCSFB integrity in systemic inflammatory diseases is seldom investigated. We report that matrix metalloprotease-8 (MMP8) depletion or inhibition protects mice from death and hypothermia in sepsis and renal ischemia/reperfusion. This effect could be attributed to MMP8-dependent leakage of the BCSFB, caused by collagen cleavage in the extracellular matrix of CP cells, which leads to a dramatic change in cellular morphology. Disruption of the BCSFB results in increased CSF cytokine levels, brain inflammation, and downregulation of the brain glucocorticoid receptor. This receptor is necessary for dampening the inflammatory response. Consequently, MMP8(+/+) mice, in contrast to MMP8(-/-) mice, show no anti-inflammatory response and this results in high mortality. In conclusion, we identify MMP8 as an essential mediator in SIRS and, hence, a potential drug target. We also propose that the mechanism of action of MMP8 involves disruption of the BCSFB integrity.
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