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Han J, Lee C, Jung Y. Current Evidence and Perspectives of Cluster of Differentiation 44 in the Liver's Physiology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4749. [PMID: 38731968 PMCID: PMC11084344 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), a multi-functional cell surface receptor, has several variants and is ubiquitously expressed in various cells and tissues. CD44 is well known for its function in cell adhesion and is also involved in diverse cellular responses, such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, and activation. To date, CD44 has been extensively studied in the field of cancer biology and has been proposed as a marker for cancer stem cells. Recently, growing evidence suggests that CD44 is also relevant in non-cancer diseases. In liver disease, it has been shown that CD44 expression is significantly elevated and associated with pathogenesis by impacting cellular responses, such as metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and activation, in different cells. However, the mechanisms underlying CD44's function in liver diseases other than liver cancer are still poorly understood. Hence, to help to expand our knowledge of the role of CD44 in liver disease and highlight the need for further research, this review provides evidence of CD44's effects on liver physiology and its involvement in the pathogenesis of liver disease, excluding cancer. In addition, we discuss the potential role of CD44 as a key regulator of cell physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsol Han
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chanbin Lee
- Institute of Systems Biology, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Integrated Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Republic of Korea
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2
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Mitaka T, Ichinohe N, Tanimizu N. "Small Hepatocytes" in the Liver. Cells 2023; 12:2718. [PMID: 38067145 PMCID: PMC10705974 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature hepatocytes (MHs) in an adult rodent liver are categorized into the following three subpopulations based on their proliferative capability: type I cells (MH-I), which are committed progenitor cells that possess a high growth capability and basal hepatocytic functions; type II cells (MH-II), which possess a limited proliferative capability; and type III cells (MH-III), which lose the ability to divide (replicative senescence) and reach the final differentiated state. These subpopulations may explain the liver's development and growth after birth. Generally, small-sized hepatocytes emerge in mammal livers. The cells are characterized by being morphologically identical to hepatocytes except for their size, which is substantially smaller than that of ordinary MHs. We initially discovered small hepatocytes (SHs) in the primary culture of rat hepatocytes. We believe that SHs are derived from MH-I and play a role as hepatocytic progenitors to supply MHs. The population of MH-I (SHs) is distributed in the whole lobules, a part of which possesses a self-renewal capability, and decreases with age. Conversely, injured livers of experimental models and clinical cases showed the emergence of SHs. Studies demonstrate the involvement of SHs in liver regeneration. SHs that appeared in the injured livers are not a pure population but a mixture of two distinct origins, MH-derived and hepatic-stem-cell-derived cells. The predominant cell-derived SHs depend on the proliferative capability of the remaining MHs after the injury. This review will focus on the SHs that appeared in the liver and discuss the significance of SHs in liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Mitaka
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.I.); (N.T.)
| | - Norihisa Ichinohe
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.I.); (N.T.)
| | - Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.I.); (N.T.)
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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3
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Ichinohe N, Tanimizu N, Ishigami K, Yoshioka Y, Fujitani N, Ochiya T, Takahashi M, Mitaka T. CINC-2 and miR-199a-5p in EVs secreted by transplanted Thy1 + cells activate hepatocytic progenitor cell growth in rat liver regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:134. [PMID: 37194082 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells (SHPCs) are hepatocytic progenitor cells that transiently form clusters in rat livers treated with retrorsine (Ret) that underwent 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). We previously reported that transplantation of Thy1+ cells obtained from D-galactosamine-treated livers promotes SHPC expansion, thereby accelerating liver regeneration. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by Thy1+ cells induce sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) and Kupffer cells (KCs) to secrete IL17B and IL25, respectively, thereby activating SHPCs through IL17 receptor B (RB) signaling. This study aimed to identify the inducers of IL17RB signaling and growth factors for SHPC proliferation in EVs secreted by Thy1+ cells (Thy1-EVs). METHODS Thy1+ cells isolated from the livers of rats treated with D-galactosamine were cultured. Although some liver stem/progenitor cells (LSPCs) proliferated to form colonies, others remained as mesenchymal cells (MCs). Thy1-MCs or Thy1-LSPCs were transplanted into Ret/PH-treated livers to examine their effects on SHPCs. EVs were isolated from the conditioned medium (CM) of Thy1-MCs and Thy1-LSPCs. Small hepatocytes (SHs) isolated from adult rat livers were used to identify factors regulating cell growth in Thy1-EVs. RESULTS The size of SHPC clusters transplanted with Thy1-MCs was significantly larger than that of SHPC clusters transplanted with Thy1-LSPCs (p = 0.02). A comprehensive analysis of Thy1-MC-EVs revealed that miR-199a-5p, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2 (CINC-2), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) were candidates for promoting SHPC growth. Additionally, miR-199a-5p mimics promoted the growth of SHs (p = 0.02), whereas CINC-2 and MCP-1 did not. SECs treated with CINC-2 induced Il17b expression. KCs treated with Thy1-EVs induced the expression of CINC-2, Il25, and miR-199a-5p. CM derived from SECs treated with CINC-2 accelerated the growth of SHs (p = 0.03). Similarly, CM derived from KCs treated with Thy1-EVs and miR-199a-5p mimics accelerated the growth of SHs (p = 0.007). In addition, although miR-199a-overexpressing EVs could not enhance SHPC proliferation, transplantation of miR-199a-overexpressing Thy1-MCs could promote the expansion of SHPC clusters. CONCLUSION Thy1-MC transplantation may accelerate liver regeneration owing to SHPC expansion, which is induced by CINC-2/IL17RB signaling and miR-199a-5p via SEC and KC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Ichinohe
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishigami
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujitani
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mitaka
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.
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Zhou Y, Jia K, Wang S, Li Z, Li Y, Lu S, Yang Y, Zhang L, Wang M, Dong Y, Zhang L, Zhang W, Li N, Yu Y, Cao X, Hou J. Malignant progression of liver cancer progenitors requires lysine acetyltransferase 7-acetylated and cytoplasm-translocated G protein GαS. Hepatology 2023; 77:1106-1121. [PMID: 35344606 PMCID: PMC10026959 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocarcinogenesis goes through HCC progenitor cells (HcPCs) to fully established HCC, and the mechanisms driving the development of HcPCs are still largely unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS Proteomic analysis in nonaggregated hepatocytes and aggregates containing HcPCs from a diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC mouse model was screened using a quantitative mass spectrometry-based approach to elucidate the dysregulated proteins in HcPCs. The heterotrimeric G stimulating protein α subunit (GαS) protein level was significantly increased in liver cancer progenitor HcPCs, which promotes their response to oncogenic and proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and drives premalignant HcPCs to fully established HCC. Mechanistically, GαS was located at the membrane inside of hepatocytes and acetylated at K28 by acetyltransferase lysine acetyltransferase 7 (KAT7) under IL-6 in HcPCs, causing the acyl protein thioesterase 1-mediated depalmitoylation of GαS and its cytoplasmic translocation, which were determined by GαS K28A mimicking deacetylation or K28Q mimicking acetylation mutant mice and hepatic Kat7 knockout mouse. Then, cytoplasmic acetylated GαS associated with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to impede its interaction with suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, thus promoting in a feedforward manner STAT3 phosphorylation and the response to IL-6 in HcPCs. Clinically, GαS, especially K28-acetylated GαS, was determined to be increased in human hepatic premalignant dysplastic nodules and positively correlated with the enhanced STAT3 phosphorylation, which were in accordance with the data obtained in mouse models. CONCLUSIONS Malignant progression of HcPCs requires increased K28-acetylated and cytoplasm-translocated GαS, causing enhanced response to IL-6 and driving premalignant HcPCs to fully established HCC, which provides mechanistic insight and a potential target for preventing hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaiwei Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suyuan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyun Yang
- Center for Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luxin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wannian Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhi Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Center for Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Ichinohe N, Tanimizu N, Mitaka T. Isolation of Small Hepatocyte-Like Progenitor Cells from Retrorsine/Partial Hepatectomy Rat Livers by Laser Microdissection. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2544:183-193. [PMID: 36125719 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2557-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells (SHPCs) are known as liver stem/progenitor cells (LSPCs). SHPCs transiently appear and form clusters in rat livers treated with retrorsine (Ret) and a 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). The Ret/PH model has been used widely to analyze the effectiveness of cell transplantation and the mechanisms of LSPC proliferation. Laser microdissection (LMD) is a powerful tool that can excise and collect specific areas of cells from a tissue slice with a laser under a microscope. These cells exhibiting morphological alterations different from the surrounding cells may be analyzed by gene expression profiling. Specific markers of SHPCs have not yet been identified, in part, because it is difficult to isolate SHPCs from the liver using fluorescence or magnetic-activated cell sorting. To examine the underlying mechanism for SHPC growth, we established comprehensive gene expression profiles for SHPCs captured from liver sections using LMD. In this chapter, we introduce a method to isolate SHPCs from liver tissue sections using LMD for gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Ichinohe
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mitaka
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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6
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Ichinohe N, Ishii M, Tanimizu N, Mizuguchi T, Yoshioka Y, Ochiya T, Suzuki H, Mitaka T. Extracellular vesicles containing miR-146a-5p secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal cells activate hepatocytic progenitors in regenerating rat livers. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:312. [PMID: 34051870 PMCID: PMC8164814 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02387-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells (SHPCs) appear to form transient clusters in rat livers treated with retrorsine (Ret) and 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). We previously reported that the expansion of SHPCs was amplified in Ret/PH-treated rat livers transplanted with Thy1+ cells derived from d-galactosamine-treated injured livers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by hepatic Thy1+ donor cells activated SHPCs via interleukin (IL)-17 receptor B signaling. As bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells (BM-MCs) also express Thy1, we aimed to determine whether BM-MCs could also promote the growth of SHPCs. Methods BM-MCs were isolated from dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPPIV)-positive rats. BM-MCs or BM-MC-derived EVs were administered to DPPIV-negative Ret/PH rat livers, and the growth and the characteristics of SHPC clusters were evaluated 14 days post-treatment. miRNA microarrays and cytokine arrays examined soluble factors within EVs. Small hepatocytes (SHs) isolated from an adult rat liver were used to identify factors enhancing hepatocytic progenitor cells growth. Results The recipient’s livers were enlarged at 2 weeks post-BM-MC transplantation. The number and the size of SHPCs increased remarkably in livers transplanted with BM-MCs. BM-MC-derived EVs also stimulated SHPC growth. Comprehensive analyses revealed that BM-MC-derived EVs contained miR-146a-5p, interleukin-6, and stem cell factor, which could enhance SHs’ proliferation. Administration of EVs derived from the miR-146a-5p-transfected BM-MCs to Ret/PH rat livers remarkably enhanced the expansion of SHPCs. Conclusions miR-146a-5p involved in EVs produced by BM-MCs may play a major role in accelerating liver regeneration by activating the intrinsic hepatocytic progenitor cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02387-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Ichinohe
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Ishii
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Toru Mizuguchi
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Nursing, Sapporo Medical University School of Health Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mitaka
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1, West-17, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan.
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7
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Sengupta S, Johnson B, Seirup M, Ardalani H, Duffin B, Barrett-Wilt GA, Stewart R, Thomson JA. Co-culture with mouse embryonic fibroblasts improves maintenance of metabolic function of human small hepatocyte progenitor cells. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:70-84. [PMID: 34345838 PMCID: PMC8320630 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivation and culture of small hepatocyte progenitor cells (SHPCs) capable of proliferating in vitro has been described in rodents and recently in humans. These cells are capable of engrafting in injured livers, however, they display de-differentiated morphology and reduced xenobiotic metabolism activity in culture over passages. Here we report that SHPCs derived from adult primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) and cultured on mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) not only display differentiated morphology and exhibit gene expression profiles similar to adult PHHs, but importantly, they retain their phenotype over several passages. Further, unlike previous reports, where extensive manipulations of culture conditions are required to convert SHPCs to metabolically functional hepatocytes, SHPCs in our co-culture system maintain expression of xenobiotic metabolism-associated genes. We show that SHPCs in co-culture are able to perform xenobiotic metabolism at rates equal to their parent PHHs as evidenced by the metabolism of acetaminophen to all of its major metabolites. In summary, we present an improved co-culture system that allows generation of SHPCs from adult PHHs that maintain their differentiated phenotype over multiple passages. Our findings would be useful for expansion of limited PHHs for use in studies of drug metabolism and toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikumar Sengupta
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Brian Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Morten Seirup
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Dianomi Therapeutics, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Hamisha Ardalani
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Beckman Coulter Life Sciences, San Jose, CA, United States of America
| | - Bret Duffin
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Gregory A Barrett-Wilt
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of America.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
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8
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Hui H, Ma W, Cui J, Gong M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, He T, Bi Y, He Y. Periodic acid‑Schiff staining method for function detection of liver cells is affected by 2% horse serum in induction medium. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8062-8068. [PMID: 28944920 PMCID: PMC5779889 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing a thorough understanding of experimental methods of hepatic differentiation in hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) should expand the knowledge of hepatocyte induction in vitro and may help to develop cell transplantation therapies for the clinical usage of HPCs in liver diseases. A previous induction method effectively induced differentiation and metabolic abilities in HPCs. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining is used to identify glycogen synthesis and hepatocyte function; however, this method failed to detect induced hepatocytes. The present study aimed to investigate the possible factors affecting the previous confusing results of PAS staining. Removal of single induction factors, including dexamethasone, hepatic growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 4 from the induction media did not restore PAS staining, whereas replacement of 2% horse serum (HS) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) significantly increased the number of PAS positive cells. Following 12 days of basal induction, replacing the induction medium with media containing 10% FBS for 12–72 h significantly improved PAS staining, but did not influence indocyanine green uptake. Furthermore, incubation in induction medium with 10% FBS following 12 days of normal induction did not affect the expression of hepatic markers and mature function of HPCs. Therefore, the present study suggested that 2% HS in the induction medium did not affect the hepatic function of induced cells, but did affect glycogen storage, whereas replacement of medium with 10% FBS in advance of PAS staining may restore the failure of PAS staining in low serum concentrations of induced hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hui
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Jiejie Cui
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Mengjia Gong
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Tongchuan He
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yang Bi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Yun He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
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9
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Ichinohe N, Ishii M, Tanimizu N, Kon J, Yoshioka Y, Ochiya T, Mizuguchi T, Hirata K, Mitaka T. Transplantation of Thy1 + Cells Accelerates Liver Regeneration by Enhancing the Growth of Small Hepatocyte-Like Progenitor Cells via IL17RB Signaling. Stem Cells 2017; 35:920-931. [PMID: 27925343 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells (SHPCs) transiently form clusters in rat livers treated with retrorsine (Ret)/70% partial hepatectomy (PH). When Thy1+ cells isolated from d-galactosamine-treated rat livers were transplanted into the livers of Ret/PH-treated rats, the mass of the recipient liver transiently increased during the first 30 days after transplantation, suggesting that liver regeneration was enhanced. Here we addressed how Thy1+ cell transplantation stimulates liver regeneration. We found that the number and size of SHPC clusters increased in the liver at 14 days after transplantation. GeneChip analysis revealed that interleukin 17 receptor b (IL17rb) expression significantly increased in SHPCs from livers transplanted with Thy1+ cells. We subsequently searched for ligand-expressing cells and found that sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs) and Kupffer cells expressed Il17b and Il25, respectively. Moreover, extracellular vesicles (EVs) separated from the conditioned medium of Thy1+ cell culture induced IL17b and IL25 expression in SECs and Kupffer cells, respectively. Furthermore, EVs enhanced IL17rb expression in small hepatocytes (SHs), which are hepatocytic progenitor cells; in culture, IL17B stimulated the growth of SHs. These results suggest that Thy1-EVs coordinate IL17RB signaling to enhance liver regeneration by targeting SECs, Kupffer cells, and SHPCs. Indeed, the administration of Thy1-EVs increased the number and size of SHPC clusters in Ret/PH-treated rat livers. Sixty days post-transplantation, most expanded SHPCs entered cellular senescence, and the enlarged liver returned to its normal size. In conclusion, Thy1+ cell transplantation enhanced liver regeneration by promoting the proliferation of intrinsic hepatic progenitor cells via IL17RB signaling. Stem Cells 2017;35:920-931.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Ichinohe
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishii
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junko Kon
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshioka
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Mizuguchi
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichi Hirata
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mitaka
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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10
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Tanimizu N, Ichinohe N, Ishii M, Kino J, Mizuguchi T, Hirata K, Mitaka T. Liver Progenitors Isolated from Adult Healthy Mouse Liver Efficiently Differentiate to Functional Hepatocytes In Vitro and Repopulate Liver Tissue. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2889-2901. [PMID: 27375002 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that tissue stem cells supply multiple epithelial cells in mature tissues and organs. However, it is unclear whether tissue stem cells generally contribute to cellular turnover in normal healthy organs. Here, we show that liver progenitors distinct from bipotent liver stem/progenitor cells (LPCs) persistently exist in mouse livers and potentially contribute to tissue maintenance. We found that, in addition to LPCs isolated as EpCAM+ cells, liver progenitors were enriched in CD45- TER119- CD31- EpCAM- ICAM-1+ fraction isolated from late-fetal and postnatal livers. ICAM-1+ liver progenitors were abundant by 4 weeks (4W) after birth. Although their number decreased with age, ICAM-1+ liver progenitors existed in livers beyond that stage. We established liver progenitor clones derived from ICAM-1+ cells between 1 and 20W and found that those clones efficiently differentiated into mature hepatocytes (MHs), which secreted albumin, eliminated ammonium ion, stored glycogen, and showed cytochrome P450 activity. Even after long-term culture, those clones kept potential to differentiate to MHs. When ICAM-1+ clones were transplanted into nude mice after retrorsine treatment and 70% partial hepatectomy, donor cells were incorporated into liver plates and expressed hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α, and carbamoylphosphate synthetase I. Moreover, after short-term treatment with oncostatin M, ICAM-1+ clones could efficiently repopulate the recipient liver tissues. Our results indicate that liver progenitors that can efficiently differentiate to MHs exist in normal adult livers. Those liver progenitors could be an important source of new MHs for tissue maintenance and repair in vivo, and for regenerative medicine ex vivo. Stem Cells 2016;34:2889-2901.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norihisa Ichinohe
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ishii
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junichi Kino
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toru Mizuguchi
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koichi Hirata
- Department of Surgery, Surgical Oncology and Science, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, JR Sapporo Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Mitaka
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Rohn S, Schroeder J, Riedel H, Polenz D, Stanko K, Reutzel-Selke A, Tang P, Brusendorf L, Raschzok N, Neuhaus P, Pratschke J, Sawitzki B, Sauer IM, Mogl MT. Allogeneic Liver Transplantation and Subsequent Syngeneic Hepatocyte Transplantation in a Rat Model: Proof of Concept for in vivo Tissue Engineering. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 201:399-411. [DOI: 10.1159/000445792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Stable long-term functioning of liver cells after transplantation in humans is still not achieved successfully. A new approach for successful engraftment of liver cells may be the transplantation of syngeneic cells into an allogeneic liver graft. We therefore developed a new rat model for combined liver and liver cell transplantation (cLCTx) under stable immunosuppression. Materials and Methods: After inducing a mitotic block, liver grafts from female donor rats (Dark Agouti) were transplanted into female recipients (Lewis). In male Lewis rats, liver cell proliferation was induced with subsequent cell isolation and transplantation into female recipients after organ transplantation. Y-chromosome detection of the transplanted male cells was performed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FisH) with localization of transplanted cells by immunohistochemistry. Results: Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the engraftment of transplanted cells, as confirmed by FisH, showing repopulation of the liver graft with 15.6% male cells (± 1.8 SEM) at day 90. qPCR revealed 14.15% (± 5.09 SEM) male DNA at day 90. Conclusion: Engraftment of transplanted syngeneic cells after cLCTx was achieved for up to 90 days under immunosuppression. Immunohistochemistry indicated cell proliferation, and the FisH results were partly confirmed by qPCR. This new protocol in rats appears feasible for addressing long-term functioning and eventually the induction of operational tolerance in the future.
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12
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Maeda H, Shigoka M, Wang Y, Fu Y, Wesson RN, Lin Q, Montgomery RA, Enzan H, Sun Z. Disappearance of GFP-positive hepatocytes transplanted into the liver of syngeneic wild-type rats pretreated with retrorsine. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95880. [PMID: 24796859 PMCID: PMC4010421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a widely used molecular tag to trace transplanted cells in rodent liver injury models. The differing results from various previously reported studies using GFP could be attributed to the immunogenicity of GFP. Methods Hepatocytes were obtained from GFP-expressing transgenic (Tg) Lewis rats and were transplanted into the livers of wild-type Lewis rats after they had undergone a partial hepatectomy. The proliferation of endogenous hepatocytes in recipient rats was inhibited by pretreatment with retrorsine to enhance the proliferation of the transplanted hepatocytes. Transplantation of wild-type hepatocytes into GFP-Tg rat liver was also performed for comparison. Results All biopsy specimens taken seven days after transplantation showed engraftment of transplanted hepatocytes, with the numbers of transplanted hepatocytes increasing until day 14. GFP-positive hepatocytes in wild-type rat livers were decreased by day 28 and could not be detected on day 42, whereas the number of wild-type hepatocytes steadily increased in GFP-Tg rat liver. Histological examination showed degenerative change of GFP-positive hepatocytes and the accumulation of infiltrating cells on day 28. PCR analysis for the GFP transgene suggested that transplanted hepatocytes were eliminated rather than being retained along with the loss of GFP expression. Both modification of the immunological response using tacrolimus and bone marrow transplantation prolonged the survival of GFP-positive hepatocytes. In contrast, host immunization with GFP-positive hepatocytes led to complete loss of GFP-positive hepatocytes by day 14. Conclusion GFP-positive hepatocytes isolated from GFP-Tg Lewis rats did not survive long term in the livers of retrorsine-pretreated wild-type Lewis rats. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon most likely involves an immunological reaction against GFP. The influence of GFP immunogenicity on cell transplantation models should be considered in planning in vivo experiments using GFP and in interpreting their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Maeda
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
- Cancer Treatment Center, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
- * E-mail: (HM); (ZS)
| | - Masatoshi Shigoka
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yongchun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yingxin Fu
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Russell N. Wesson
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Montgomery
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hideaki Enzan
- Diagnostic Pathology, Chikamori Hospital, Kochi, Kochi, Japan
| | - Zhaoli Sun
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HM); (ZS)
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13
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He G, Dhar D, Nakagawa H, Font-Burgada J, Ogata H, Jiang Y, Shalapour S, Seki E, Yost SE, Jepsen K, Frazer KA, Harismendy O, Hatziapostolou M, Iliopoulos D, Suetsugu A, Hoffman RM, Tateishi R, Koike K, Karin M. Identification of liver cancer progenitors whose malignant progression depends on autocrine IL-6 signaling. Cell 2013; 155:384-96. [PMID: 24120137 PMCID: PMC4015514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a slowly developing malignancy postulated to evolve from premalignant lesions in chronically damaged livers. However, it was never established that premalignant lesions actually contain tumor progenitors that give rise to cancer. Here, we describe isolation and characterization of HCC progenitor cells (HcPCs) from different mouse HCC models. Unlike fully malignant HCC, HcPCs give rise to cancer only when introduced into a liver undergoing chronic damage and compensatory proliferation. Although HcPCs exhibit a similar transcriptomic profile to bipotential hepatobiliary progenitors, the latter do not give rise to tumors. Cells resembling HcPCs reside within dysplastic lesions that appear several months before HCC nodules. Unlike early hepatocarcinogenesis, which depends on paracrine IL-6 production by inflammatory cells, due to upregulation of LIN28 expression, HcPCs had acquired autocrine IL-6 signaling that stimulates their in vivo growth and malignant progression. This may be a general mechanism that drives other IL-6-producing malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin He
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Debanjan Dhar
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Joan Font-Burgada
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hisanobu Ogata
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shabnam Shalapour
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shawn E. Yost
- Bioinformatics Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Rady’s Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kristen Jepsen
- Rady’s Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kelly A. Frazer
- Rady’s Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Rady’s Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maria Hatziapostolou
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Institute for Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Institute for Molecular Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Atsushi Suetsugu
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Ryosuke Tateishi
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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14
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Maeda H, Ota Y, Wang Y, Ramachandran K, Montgomery RA, Williams GM, Sun Z. Contribution of extrahepatic small cells resembling small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells to liver mass maintenance in transplantation model of retrorsine-pretreated liver. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:446. [PMID: 24083100 PMCID: PMC3786066 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Retrorsine selectively inhibits hepatocyte proliferation and following liver injury evokes small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells. The aim of this study is to find out whether endogenous extrahepatic cells contribute to small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells after retrorsine treatment. Methods Wild-type Lewis rat liver exposed to retrorsine was transplanted into GFP transgenic Lewis rat. GFP positive, albumin-producing polygonal cells were expected as reciepient-derived hepatocyte-like cells. Results Four weeks after transplantation of 50% volume of retrorsine-pretreated liver, the rate of GFP positive hepatocyte-like cells was 0.02365%. Majority of these cells resided as single cells and their cell size was significantly larger than that of normal hepatocytes (mean cell size; 799.4 um2 vs. 451.3 um2, p<0.0001). At eight weeks, clusters of GFP positive small-size albumin-producing cells appeared and occupied 0.00759% of hepatocytes. The morphology of these cells was similar to that of small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells, 12.5% of them were Ki67 positive, majority of them were negative for CYP1A2 staining, and some clusters contained larger cells indicating further maturation. Conclusion Endogenous extrahepatic cells can form a cluster of small cells resembling small hepatocyte-like progenitor cells in a transplanted retrorsine-pretreated liver. The contribution of extrahepatic cells to liver mass maintenance is quite low and its importance is unclear. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-446) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Maeda
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Research 771, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA ; Department of Surgery and Cancer Treatment Center, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu Oko-cho, Nankoku-city, Kochi, 783-8505 Japan
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15
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Abstract
Because of their high proliferative capacity, resistance to cryopreservation, and ability to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, stem and progenitor cells have recently emerged as attractive cell sources for liver cell therapy, a technique used as an alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation in the treatment of various hepatic ailments ranging from metabolic disorders to end-stage liver disease. Although stem and progenitor cells have been isolated from various tissues, obtaining them from the liver could be an advantage for the treatment of hepatic disorders. However, the techniques available to isolate these stem/progenitor cells are numerous and give rise to cell populations with different morphological and functional characteristics. In addition, there is currently no established consensus on the tests that need to be performed to ensure the quality and safety of these cells when used clinically. The purpose of this review is to describe the different types of liver stem/progenitor cells currently reported in the literature, discuss their suitability and limitations in terms of clinical applications, and examine how the culture and transplantation techniques can potentially be improved to achieve a better clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Lombard
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Prigent
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne M. Sokal
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Bi Y, He Y, Huang JY, Xu L, Tang N, He TC, Feng T. Induced maturation of hepatic progenitor cells in vitro. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:559-66. [PMID: 23903683 PMCID: PMC3859339 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20132455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are a potential cell source for liver cell
transplantation but do not function like mature liver cells. We sought an
effective and reliable method to induce HPC maturation. An immortalized HP14.5
albumin promoter-driven Gaussian luciferase (ALB-GLuc) cell line was established
from HPCs isolated from fetal mouse liver of post coitus day 14.5 mice to
investigate the effect of induction factors on ALB promoter. HP14.5 parental
cells were cultured in DMEM with different combinations of 2% horse serum (HS),
0.1 µM dexamethasone (DEX), 10 ng/mL hepatic growth factor (HGF), and/or 20
ng/mL fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4). Trypan blue and crystal violet staining
were used to assess cell proliferation with different induction conditions.
Expression of hepatic markers was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, Western
blot, and immunofluorescence. Glycogen storage and metabolism were detected by
periodic acid-Schiff and indocyanine green (ICG) staining. GLuc activity
indicated ALB expression. The combination of 2% HS+0.1 µM Dex+10 ng/mL HGF+20
ng/mL FGF4 induced the highest ALB-GLuc activity. Cell proliferation decreased
in 2% HS but increased by adding FGF4. Upon induction, and consistent with
hepatocyte development, DLK, AFP, and CK19 expression decreased, while ALB,
CK18, and UGT1A expression increased. The maturity markers tyrosine
aminotransferase and apolipoprotein B were detected at days 3 and 6
post-induction, respectively. ICG uptake and glycogen synthesis were detectable
at day 6 and increased over time. Therefore, we demonstrated that HPCs were
induced to differentiate into functional mature hepatocytes in
vitro, suggesting that factor-treated HPCs may be further explored
as a means of liver cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bi
- Stem Cell Biology and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
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17
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Ichinohe N, Tanimizu N, Ooe H, Nakamura Y, Mizuguchi T, Kon J, Hirata K, Mitaka T. Differentiation capacity of hepatic stem/progenitor cells isolated from D-galactosamine-treated rat livers. Hepatology 2013; 57:1192-202. [PMID: 22991225 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oval cells and small hepatocytes (SHs) are known to be hepatic stem and progenitor cells. Although oval cells are believed to differentiate into mature hepatocytes (MHs) through SHs, the details of their differentiation process are not well understood. Furthermore, it is not certain whether the induced cells possess fully mature functions as MHs. In the present experiment, we used Thy1 and CD44 to isolate oval and progenitor cells, respectively, from D-galactosamine-treated rat livers. Epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, or hepatocyte growth factor could trigger the hepatocytic differentiation of sorted Thy1(+) cells to form epithelial cell colonies, and the combination of the factors stimulated the emergence and expansion of the colonies. Cells in the Thy1(+) -derived colonies grew more slowly than those in the CD44(+) -derived ones in vitro and in vivo and the degree of their hepatocytic differentiation increased with CD44 expression. Although the induced hepatocytes derived from Thy1(+) and CD44(+) cells showed similar morphology to MHs and formed organoids from the colonies similar to those from SHs, many hepatic differentiated functions of the induced hepatocytes were less well performed than those of mature SHs derived from the healthy liver. The gene expression of cytochrome P450 1A2, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, and carbamoylphosphate synthetase I was lower in the induced hepatocytes than in mature SHs. In addition, the protein expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha and bile canalicular formation could not reach the levels of production of mature SHs. CONCLUSION The results suggest that, although Thy1(+) and CD44(+) cells are able to differentiate into hepatocytes, the degree of maturation of the induced hepatocytes may not be equal to that of healthy resident hepatocytes. (HEPATOLOGY 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Ichinohe
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, the Research Institute for Frontier Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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18
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Khuu DN, Nyabi O, Maerckx C, Sokal E, Najimi M. Adult human liver mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells participate in mouse liver regeneration after hepatectomy. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1369-80. [PMID: 23211283 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x659853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The advances in stem cell science have promoted research on their use in liver regenerative medicine. Beyond the demonstration of their ability to display metabolic functions in vitro, candidate cells should demonstrate achievable in situ differentiation and ability to participate to liver repopulation. In this work, we studied the in vivo behavior of adult liver mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (ADHLSCs) after transplantation into immunodeficient mice. The kinetics of engraftment and in situ hepatogenic differentiation were analyzed. Response of transplanted ADHLSCs to regenerative stimulus was also evaluated. Nondifferentiated ADHLSCs were intrasplenically transplanted into SCID mice. Efficiency of transplantation was evaluated at the level of engraftment and in situ differentiation using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and RT-PCR. After bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) implantation, proliferation of transplanted ADHLSCs in response to 20% hepatectomy was assessed using immunohistochemistry. We demonstrated that ADHLSC engraftment in the SCID mouse liver was low but remained stable up to 60 days posttransplantation, when albumin (ALB) immunopositive ADHLSCs were still detected and organized as clusters. Coexpression of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) demonstrated ADHLSC in situ differentiation mostly near the hepatic portal vein. After 20% hepatectomy on 1 month transplanted mice, the percentage of BrdU and human ALB immunopositive ADHLSCs increased from 3 to 28 days post-BrdU implantation to reach 31.3 ± 5.4% of the total analyzed human cells. In the current study, we demonstrate that transplanted ADHLSCs are able to differentiate in the non preconditioned SCID mouse liver mainly in the periportal area. In response to partial hepatectomy, integrated ADHLSCs proliferate and participate to recipient mouse liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung Ngoc Khuu
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Clinique et Expérimentale (IREC), Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, Brussels, Belgium
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