1
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Erhart F, Blauensteiner B, Zirkovits G, Printz D, Soukup K, Klingenbrunner S, Fischhuber K, Reitermaier R, Halfmann A, Lötsch D, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Berger W, Visus C, Dohnal A. Gliomasphere marker combinatorics: multidimensional flow cytometry detects CD44+/CD133+/ITGA6+/CD36+ signature. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:281-292. [PMID: 30467961 PMCID: PMC6307809 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most dangerous brain cancer. One reason for glioblastoma's aggressiveness are glioblastoma stem‐like cells. To target them, a number of markers have been proposed (CD133, CD44, CD15, A2B5, CD36, CXCR4, IL6R, L1CAM, and ITGA6). A comprehensive study of co‐expression patterns of them has, however, not been performed so far. Here, we mapped the multidimensional co‐expression profile of these stemness‐associated molecules. Gliomaspheres – an established model of glioblastoma stem‐like cells – were used. Seven different gliomasphere systems were subjected to multicolor flow cytometry measuring the nine markers CD133, CD44, CD15, A2B5, CD36, CXCR4, IL6R, L1CAM, and ITGA6 all simultaneously based on a novel 9‐marker multicolor panel developed for this study. The viSNE dimensionality reduction algorithm was applied for analysis. All gliomaspheres were found to express at least five different glioblastoma stem‐like cell markers. Multi‐dimensional analysis showed that all studied gliomaspheres consistently harbored a cell population positive for the molecular signature CD44+/CD133+/ITGA6+/CD36+. Glioblastoma patients with an enrichment of this combination had a significantly worse survival outcome when analyzing the two largest available The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets (MIT/Harvard Affymetrix: P = 0.0015, University of North Carolina Agilent: P = 0.0322). In sum, we detected a previously unknown marker combination – demonstrating feasibility, usefulness, and importance of high‐dimensional gliomasphere marker combinatorics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Erhart
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Tumor Immunology, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernadette Blauensteiner
- Department of Tumor Immunology, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriel Zirkovits
- Department of Tumor Immunology, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Printz
- FACS Core Unit, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klara Soukup
- Department of Tumor Immunology, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Angela Halfmann
- Department of Tumor Immunology, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Lötsch
- Institute for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Spiegl-Kreinecker
- University Clinic for Neurosurgery, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute for Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Alexander Dohnal
- Department of Tumor Immunology, St. Anna Kinderkrebsforschung Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Exploring Long Noncoding RNAs in Glioblastoma: Regulatory Mechanisms and Clinical Potentials. Int J Genomics 2018; 2018:2895958. [PMID: 30116729 PMCID: PMC6079499 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2895958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are primary brain tumors presumably derived from glial cells. The WHO grade IV glioblastoma (GBM), characterized by rapid cell proliferation, easily recrudescent, high morbidity, and mortality, is the most common, devastating, and lethal gliomas. Molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and progression of GBMs with potential diagnostic and therapeutic value have been explored industriously. With the advent of high-throughput technologies, numerous long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) aberrantly expressed in GBMs were discovered recently, some of them probably involved in GBM initiation, malignant progression, relapse and resistant to therapy, or showing diagnostic and prognostic value. In this review, we summarized the profile of lncRNAs that has been extensively investigated in glioma research, with a focus on their regulatory mechanisms. Then, their diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications were also discussed.
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3
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Fiscon G, Conte F, Licursi V, Nasi S, Paci P. Computational identification of specific genes for glioblastoma stem-like cells identity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7769. [PMID: 29773872 PMCID: PMC5958093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most malignant brain cancer, contains self-renewing, stem-like cells that sustain tumor growth and therapeutic resistance. Identifying genes promoting stem-like cell differentiation might unveil targets for novel treatments. To detect them, here we apply SWIM - a software able to unveil genes (named switch genes) involved in drastic changes of cell phenotype - to public datasets of gene expression profiles from human glioblastoma cells. By analyzing matched pairs of stem-like and differentiated glioblastoma cells, SWIM identified 336 switch genes, potentially involved in the transition from stem-like to differentiated state. A subset of them was significantly related to focal adhesion and extracellular matrix and strongly down-regulated in stem-like cells, suggesting that they may promote differentiation and restrain tumor growth. Their expression in differentiated cells strongly correlated with the down-regulation of transcription factors like OLIG2, POU3F2, SALL2, SOX2, capable of reprogramming differentiated glioblastoma cells into stem-like cells. These findings were corroborated by the analysis of expression profiles from glioblastoma stem-like cell lines, the corresponding primary tumors, and conventional glioma cell lines. Switch genes represent a distinguishing feature of stem-like cells and we are persuaded that they may reveal novel potential therapeutic targets worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fiscon
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Rome, Italy
- SysBio Centre of Systems Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Conte
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Rome, Italy
- SysBio Centre of Systems Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Licursi
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Nasi
- Department of Biology and Biotecnology - Charles Darwin, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Paci
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", National Research Council, Rome, Italy.
- SysBio Centre of Systems Biology, Rome, Italy.
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4
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Shi J, Dong B, Cao J, Mao Y, Guan W, Peng Y, Wang S. Long non-coding RNA in glioma: signaling pathways. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27582-27592. [PMID: 28187439 PMCID: PMC5432359 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is regarded as the most prevalent malignant carcinoma of the central nervous system. Thus, the development of new therapeutic strategies targeting glioma is of significant clinical importance. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules without a protein-coding function and are reportedly involved in the initiation and progression of glioma. Dysregulation of lncRNAs in glioma is due to activation of several signaling pathways, such as the BRD4-HOTAIR-β-catenin/PDCD4, p53-Hif-H19/IGF2 and CRNDE/mTOR pathways. Furthermore, microRNAs (miRNAs) such as miR-675 also interact with lncRNAs in glioma. Thus, exploring the mechanisms by which lncRNA control processes will be instrumental for devising new effective therapies against glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jiachao Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yumin Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Wei Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ya Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Suinuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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5
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Zhou F, Li Y, Hao Z, Liu X, Chen L, Cao Y, Liang Z, Yuan F, Liu J, Wang J, Zheng Y, Dong D, Bian S, Yang B, Jiang C, Li Q. MicroRNA-300 inhibited glioblastoma progression through ROCK1. Oncotarget 2017; 7:36529-36538. [PMID: 27145462 PMCID: PMC5095018 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a common type of brain aggressive tumors and has a poor prognosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, endogenous and non-coding RNAs that play crucial roles in cell proliferation, survival and invasion. Deregulated expression of miR-300 has been studied in a lot of cancers. However, the role of miR-300 in glioblastoma is still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-300 expression was downregulated in glioblastoma tissues compared with the normal tissues. Lower expression level of miR-300 was observed in thirty cases (75 %, 30/40) of glioblastoma samples compared with the normal samples. Moreover, the overall survival of glioblastoma patients with lower miR-300 expression level was shorter than those with higher miR-300 expression level. In addition, miR-300 expression was also downregulated in glioblastoma cell lines. Overexpression of miR-300 inhibited cell proliferation, cell cycle and invasion in glioblastoma cell line U87 and U251. Moreover, we identified ROCK1 as a direct target of miR-300 in U87 and U251 cells. Overexpression of ROCK1 partially rescued the miR-300-mediated cell growth. ROCK1 expression levels in glioblastoma tissues were higher than that in normal tissues. ROCK1 expression levels were higher in thirty-one cases of glioblastoma samples than their normal samples. Furthermore, the expression level ROCK1 was inversely correlated with the expression level of miR-300. Importantly, overexpression of miR-300 suppressed glioblastoma progression in an established xenograft model. In conclusion, we revealed that miR-300 might act as a tumor suppressor gene through inhibiting ROCK1 in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucheng Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Zhen Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xuanxi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Zuobin Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Jianjiao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yongri Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Deli Dong
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Shan Bian
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
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6
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Hu C, Yu M, Ren Y, Li K, Maggio DM, Mei C, Ye L, Wei J, Jin J, Zhuang Z, Tong H. PP2A inhibition from LB100 therapy enhances daunorubicin cytotoxicity in secondary acute myeloid leukemia via miR-181b-1 upregulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2894. [PMID: 28588271 PMCID: PMC5460144 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) arising from myelodysplastic syndromes have a poor prognosis marked by an increased resistance to chemotherapy. An urgent need exists for adjuvant treatments that can enhance or replace current therapeutic options. Here we show the potential of LB100, a small-molecule protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A) inhibitor, as a monotherapy and chemosensitizing agent for sAML using an in-vitro and in-vivo approach. We demonstrate that LB100 decreases cell viability through caspase activation and G2/M cell-cycle arrest. LB100 enhances daunorubicin (DNR) cytotoxicity resulting in decreased xenograft volumes and improved overall survival. LB100 profoundly upregulates miR-181b-1, which we show directly binds to the 3′ untranslated region of Bcl-2 mRNA leading to its translational inhibition. MiR-181b-1 ectopic overexpression further diminishes Bcl-2 expression leading to suppression of sAML cell growth, and enhancement of DNR cytotoxicity. Our research highlights the therapeutic potential of LB100, and provides new insights into the mechanism of LB100 chemosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Yu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Ren
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Kongfei Li
- Department of Hematology, Yin Zhou People's Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dominic M Maggio
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Chen Mei
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Juying Wei
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Hongyan Tong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China. .,Myelodysplastic Syndromes Diagnosis and Therapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Safa AR, Saadatzadeh MR, Cohen-Gadol AA, Pollok KE, Bijangi-Vishehsaraei K. Emerging targets for glioblastoma stem cell therapy. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:19-31. [PMID: 26616589 PMCID: PMC4726830 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), designated as World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV astrocytoma, is a lethal and therapy-resistant brain cancer comprised of several tumor cell subpopulations, including GBM stem cells (GSCs) which are believed to contribute to tumor recurrence following initial response to therapies. Emerging evidence demonstrates that GBM tumors are initiated from GSCs. The development and use of novel therapies including small molecule inhibitors of specific proteins in signaling pathways that regulate stemness, proliferation and migration of GSCs, immunotherapy, and non-coding microRNAs may provide better means of treating GBM. Identification and characterization of GSC-specific signaling pathways would be necessary to identify specific therapeutic targets which may lead to the development of more efficient therapies selectively targeting GSCs. Several signaling pathways including mTOR, AKT, maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), NOTCH1 and Wnt/β-catenin as well as expression of cancer stem cell markers CD133, CD44, Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and ALDH1A1 maintain GSC properties. Moreover, the data published in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) specifically demonstrated the activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in GBM tumorigenesis. Studying such pathways may help to understand GSC biology and lead to the development of potential therapeutic interventions to render them more sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Furthemore, recent demonstration of dedifferentiation of GBM cell lines into CSC-like cells prove that any successful therapeutic agent or combination of drugs for GBM therapy must eliminate not only GSCs, but the differentiated GBM cells and the entire bulk of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R Safa
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saadatzadeh
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Department of Neurosurgery, IU School of Medicine and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine
| | - Aaron A Cohen-Gadol
- Department of Neurosurgery, IU School of Medicine and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine
| | - Karen E Pollok
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology.,Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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8
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Zhang X, Kiang KM, Zhang GP, Leung GK. Long Non-Coding RNAs Dysregulation and Function in Glioblastoma Stem Cells. Noncoding RNA 2015; 1:69-86. [PMID: 29861416 PMCID: PMC5932540 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna1010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common form of primary brain tumor, is highly resistant to current treatment paradigms and has a high rate of recurrence. Recent advances in the field of tumor-initiating cells suggest that glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) may be responsible for GBM's rapid progression, treatment resistance, tumor recurrence and ultimately poor clinical prognosis. Understanding the biologically significant pathways that mediate GSC-specific characteristics offers promises in the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutics. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been increasingly implicated in the regulation of cancer cell biological behavior through various mechanisms. Initial studies strongly suggested that lncRNA expressions are highly dysregulated in GSCs and may play important roles in determining malignant phenotypes in GBM. Here, we review available evidence on aberrantly expressed lncRNAs identified by high throughput microarray profiling studies in GSCs. We also explore the potential functional pathways by analyzing their interactive proteins and miRNAs, with a view to shed lights on how this novel class of molecular candidates may mediate GSC maintenance and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Karrie Meiyee Kiang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Grace Pingde Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Gilberto Kakit Leung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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9
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Safa AR, Saadatzadeh MR, Cohen-Gadol AA, Pollok KE, Bijangi-Vishehsaraei K. Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) epigenetic plasticity and interconversion between differentiated non-GSCs and GSCs. Genes Dis 2015; 2:152-163. [PMID: 26137500 PMCID: PMC4484766 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) or cancer initiating cells (CICs) maintain self-renewal and multilineage differentiation properties of various tumors, as well as the cellular heterogeneity consisting of several subpopulations within tumors. CSCs display the malignant phenotype, self-renewal ability, altered genomic stability, specific epigenetic signature, and most of the time can be phenotyped by cell surface markers (e.g., CD133, CD24, and CD44). Numerous studies support the concept that non-stem cancer cells (non-CSCs) are sensitive to cancer therapy while CSCs are relatively resistant to treatment. In glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), there is clonal heterogeneity at the genetic level with distinct tumorigenic potential, and defined GSC marker expression resulting from clonal evolution which is likely to influence disease progression and response to treatment. Another level of complexity in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors is the dynamic equilibrium between GSCs and differentiated non-GSCs, and the potential for non-GSCs to revert (dedifferentiate) to GSCs due to epigenetic alteration which confers phenotypic plasticity to the tumor cell population. Moreover, exposure of the differentiated GBM cells to therapeutic doses of temozolomide (TMZ) or ionizing radiation (IR) increases the GSC pool both in vitro and in vivo. This review describes various subtypes of GBM, discusses the evolution of CSC models and epigenetic plasticity, as well as interconversion between GSCs and differentiated non-GSCs, and offers strategies to potentially eliminate GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad R. Safa
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Saadatzadeh
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, IU School of Medicine and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol
- Department of Neurosurgery, IU School of Medicine and Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Karen E. Pollok
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Khadijeh Bijangi-Vishehsaraei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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10
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Godlewski J, Krichevsky AM, Johnson MD, Chiocca EA, Bronisz A. Belonging to a network--microRNAs, extracellular vesicles, and the glioblastoma microenvironment. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:652-62. [PMID: 25301812 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and its distinct pathophysiology belong to a unique brain microenvironment and its cellular interactions. Despite extensive evidence of a role for microRNAs in GBM cells, little is known about microRNA-dependent communication between different cellular compartments of the microenvironment that may contribute to the tumor phenotype. While the majority of microRNAs are found intracellularly, a significant number of microRNAs have been observed outside of cells, often encapsulated in secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs). The function of these circulating/secreted microRNAs has not been explored in the context of the brain tumor microenvironment. Establishing how microRNAs are involved in the regulation of oncogenic signaling networks between tumor cells and stroma is likely to add a needed additional layer of complexity to the tumor network, consisting of intercellular communication. More importantly, microRNA/EV signaling may provide an additional therapeutic target for this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Godlewski
- Department of Neurosurgery (J.G., M.D.J., E.A.C., A.B.); Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.K)
| | - Anna M Krichevsky
- Department of Neurosurgery (J.G., M.D.J., E.A.C., A.B.); Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.K)
| | - Mark D Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery (J.G., M.D.J., E.A.C., A.B.); Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.K)
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery (J.G., M.D.J., E.A.C., A.B.); Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.K)
| | - Agnieszka Bronisz
- Department of Neurosurgery (J.G., M.D.J., E.A.C., A.B.); Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.M.K)
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