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Amini M, Venkatesan JK, Liu W, Leroux A, Nguyen TN, Madry H, Migonney V, Cucchiarini M. Advanced Gene Therapy Strategies for the Repair of ACL Injuries. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214467. [PMID: 36430947 PMCID: PMC9695211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), the principal ligament for stabilization of the knee, is highly predisposed to injury in the human population. As a result of its poor intrinsic healing capacities, surgical intervention is generally necessary to repair ACL lesions, yet the outcomes are never fully satisfactory in terms of long-lasting, complete, and safe repair. Gene therapy, based on the transfer of therapeutic genetic sequences via a gene vector, is a potent tool to durably and adeptly enhance the processes of ACL repair and has been reported for its workability in various experimental models relevant to ACL injuries in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. As critical hurdles to the effective and safe translation of gene therapy for clinical applications still remain, including physiological barriers and host immune responses, biomaterial-guided gene therapy inspired by drug delivery systems has been further developed to protect and improve the classical procedures of gene transfer in the future treatment of ACL injuries in patients, as critically presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Amini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Jagadeesh K. Venkatesan
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Wei Liu
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Amélie Leroux
- Laboratoire CSPBAT UMR CNRS 7244, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Avenue JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Tuan Ngoc Nguyen
- Laboratoire CSPBAT UMR CNRS 7244, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Avenue JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Véronique Migonney
- Laboratoire CSPBAT UMR CNRS 7244, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Avenue JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - Magali Cucchiarini
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University Medical Center, Kirrbergerstr. Bldg 37, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
- Correspondence: or
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Xu X, Ha P, Yen E, Li C, Zheng Z. Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycans in Tendon Wound Healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2022; 11:202-214. [PMID: 34978952 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2021.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: Tendon injury possesses a high morbidity rate and is difficult to achieve a satisfying prognosis with currently available treatment strategies. Current approaches used for tendon healing always lead to the formation of fibrovascular scar tissue, which significantly compromises the biomechanics of the healed tendon. Moreover, the related functional deficiency deteriorates over time with an increased injury recurrence risk. Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) link and interact with collagen fibrils to regulate tendon structure and biomechanics, which can provide a new and promising method in the field of tendon injury management. Recent Advances: The effect of SLRPs on tendon development has been extensively investigated. SLRP deficiency impairs tendon collagen fibril structure and biomechanic properties, while administration of SLRPs generally benefits tendon wound healing and regains better mechanical properties. Critical Issues: Current knowledge on the role of SLRPs in tendon development and regeneration mostly comes from uninjured knockout mice, and mainly focuses on the morphology description of collagen fibril profile and mechanical properties. Little is known about the regulatory mechanism on the molecular level. Future Directions: This article reviews the current knowledge in this highly translational topic and provides an evidence-based conclusion, thereby encouraging in-depth investigations of SLRPs in tendons and the development of SLRP-based treatments for desired tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Traumatic Surgery, Beijing Stomatological Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pin Ha
- Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emily Yen
- Arcadia High School, Arcadia, California, USA
| | - Chenshuang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Huang S, Xiang X, Qiu L, Wang L, Zhu B, Guo R, Tang X. Transfection of TGF-β shRNA by Using Ultrasound-targeted Microbubble Destruction to Inhibit the Early Adhesion Repair of Rats Wounded Achilles Tendon In vitro and In vivo. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 20:71-81. [PMID: 32416687 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220666200516165828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tendon injury is a major orthopedic disorder. Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) provides a promising method for gene transfection, which can be used for the treatment of injured tendons. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) short hairpin RNA (shRNA) sequence and transfection conditions using UTMD in vitro and to identify its ability for inhibiting the early adhesion repair of rats wounded achilles tendons in vivo. METHODS The optimal sequence was selected analyzing under a fluorescence microscope and quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in vitro. In vivo, 40 rats with wounded Achilles tendons were divided into five groups: (1) control group, (2) plasmid group (3) plasmid + ultrasound group, (4) plasmid + microbubble group, (5) plasmid + microbubble + ultrasound group, and were euthanized at 14 days post treatment. TGF-β expression was evaluated using adhesion scores and pathological examinations. RESULTS The optimal condition for UTMD delivery in vitro was 1W/cm2 of output intensity and a 30% duty cycle with 60 s irradiation time (P < 0.05). The transfection efficiency of the plasmid in group 5 was higher than that in other groups (P < 0.05). Moreover, the lowest adhesion index score and the least expression of TGF-β were shown in group 5 (P < 0.05). When compared with the other groups, group 5 had a milder inflammatory reaction. CONCLUSION The results suggested that UTMD delivery of TGF-β shRNA offers a promising treatment approach for a tendon injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songya Huang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xi Xiang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Bihui Zhu
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ruiqian Guo
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Deng M, Xue Y, Xu L, Wang Q, Wei J, Ke X, Wang J, Chen X. Chrysophanol exhibits inhibitory activities against colorectal cancer by targeting decorin. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 38:47-57. [PMID: 31710116 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common human malignancy that accounts for 600,000 deaths annually worldwide. Chrysophanol, a naturally occurring anthraquinone compound, exhibits anti-neoplastic effects in various cancer cells. The aim of this study was to explore the biological effects of chrysophanol on CRC cells, and determine the underlying mechanism. Chrysophanol inhibited proliferation of and promoted apoptosis in CRC cells by activating the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In addition, chrysophanol also suppressed tumor growth in vivo and increased the percentage of apoptotic cells in tumor xenografts, without general toxicity. Proteomic iTRAQ analysis revealed decorin (DCN) as the major target of chrysophanol. DCN was upregulated in the tumor tissues following chrysophanol treatment, and ectopic DCN expression markedly augmented the pro-apoptotic effects of chrysophanol in CRC cells. In contrast, DCN knockdown significantly abrogated chrysophanol-induced apoptosis in CRC cells. Taken together, chrysophanol exerts anti-neoplastic effects in vitro and in vivo in CRC cells by modulating DCN, there by highlighting its therapeutic potential in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China
| | - Yongju Xue
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China
| | - Lerong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China
| | - Qiangwu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China
| | - Jun Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China
| | - Xiquan Ke
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China
| | - Jianchao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233004, P.R. China
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Transforming Growth Factor Beta 3-Loaded Decellularized Equine Tendon Matrix for Orthopedic Tissue Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215474. [PMID: 31684150 PMCID: PMC6862173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFβ3) promotes tenogenic differentiation and may enhance tendon regeneration in vivo. This study aimed to apply TGFβ3 absorbed in decellularized equine superficial digital flexor tendon scaffolds, and to investigate the bioactivity of scaffold-associated TGFβ3 in an in vitro model. TGFβ3 could effectively be loaded onto tendon scaffolds so that at least 88% of the applied TGFβ3 were not detected in the rinsing fluid of the TGFβ3-loaded scaffolds. Equine adipose tissue-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) were then seeded on scaffolds loaded with 300 ng TGFβ3 to assess its bioactivity. Both scaffold-associated TGFβ3 and TGFβ3 dissolved in the cell culture medium, the latter serving as control group, promoted elongation of cell shapes and scaffold contraction (p < 0.05). Furthermore, scaffold-associated and dissolved TGFβ3 affected MSC musculoskeletal gene expression in a similar manner, with an upregulation of tenascin c and downregulation of other matrix molecules, most markedly decorin (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that the bioactivity of scaffold-associated TGFβ3 is preserved, thus TGFβ3 application via absorption in decellularized tendon scaffolds is a feasible approach.
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Kim SE, Kim JG, Park K. Biomaterials for the Treatment of Tendon Injury. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 16:467-477. [PMID: 31624702 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most tendon injuries are occurring from a gradual wearing and tearing of the tendon tissues from overuse. Such injuries are usually seen in sports, exercising, or daily activities that involve a high mechanical load and weight bearing. However, owing to the lack of both cellularity and blood vessels in tendons, the process of tendon repair is slow and inefficient. Although various conservative (non-surgical) and surgical management options are conducted by the clinicians, a gold standard of these approaches does not exist. In this regard, the treatment of tendon injuries is challenging. Method Here, we describe the recent advances of biomaterial-based approaches for the treatment of injured tendons. Results Regenerative medicine is an emerging multidisciplinary research that specializes in the repair of damaged tendon tissues through the delivery of regenerative factors by biomaterials. Conclusion Although current biomaterial-based treatment strategies have shown their potential for tendon healing, future research and clinical applications should focused on finding the optimum combinations of regenerative factors with ideal biomaterials for the repair of tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Kim
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rare Diseases Institute, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08308 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gyoon Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15355 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsoon Park
- 3Department of Systems Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Chung-Ang University, 4726 Seodong-daero, Daedeok-myeon, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546 Republic of Korea
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Roth SP, Schubert S, Scheibe P, Groß C, Brehm W, Burk J. Growth Factor-Mediated Tenogenic Induction of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Is Altered by the Microenvironment of Tendon Matrix. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1434-1450. [PMID: 30251565 PMCID: PMC6180728 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718792203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related degenerative changes in tendon tissue represent a common cause for acute tendon pathologies. Although the regenerative potential of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) was reported to restore functionality in injured tendon tissue, cellular mechanisms of action remain partly unclear. Potential tenogenic differentiation of applied MSC is affected by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The current study presents an in vitro model to evaluate the combined extrinsic effects of decellularized equine tendon matrix, transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFβ3) and bone morphogenetic protein 12 (BMP12) on the tenogenic fate of equine adipose tissue-derived MSC. Monolayer MSC cultures supplemented with TGFβ3 and BMP12 as well as MSC cultured on tendon matrix scaffolds preloaded with the growth factors were incubated for 3 and 5 days. Histological evaluation and real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed that growth factor-mediated tenogenic induction of MSC was modified by the conditions of the surrounding microenvironment. While the gene expression pattern in monolayer cultures supplemented with TGFβ3 or TGFβ3 and BMP12 revealed an upregulation for collagen 1A2, collagen 3A1, tenascin c, scleraxis and mohawk (p < 0.05), the presence of tendon matrix led to an upregulation of decorin and osteopontin as well as to a downregulation of smad8 (p < 0.05). Preloading of scaffolds with either TGFβ3, or with TGFβ3 and BMP12 promoted a tenocyte-like phenotype and improved cell alignment. Furthermore, gene expression in scaffold culture was modulated by TGFβ3 and/or BMP12, with downregulation of collagen 1A2, collagen 3A1, decorin, scleraxis, smad8 and osteopontin, whereas gene expression of tenascin c was increased. This study shows that growth factor-induced tenogenic differentiation of equine MSC is markedly altered by topographical constraints of decellularized tendon tissue in vitro. While TGFβ3 represents an effective mediator for tenogenic induction, the role of BMP12 in tenogenesis may be of modulatory character and needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Pauline Roth
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital Department for Horses, Universität Leipzig, Germany.,2 Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Universität Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanna Schubert
- 2 Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Universität Leipzig, Germany.,3 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Universität Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheibe
- 2 Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Universität Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Groß
- 2 Saxonian Incubator for Clinical Translation, Universität Leipzig, Germany
| | - Walter Brehm
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital Department for Horses, Universität Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janina Burk
- 1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital Department for Horses, Universität Leipzig, Germany.,3 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Universität Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Walden G, Liao X, Donell S, Raxworthy MJ, Riley GP, Saeed A. A Clinical, Biological, and Biomaterials Perspective into Tendon Injuries and Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 23:44-58. [PMID: 27596929 PMCID: PMC5312458 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tendon injury is common and debilitating, and it is associated with long-term pain and ineffective healing. It is estimated to afflict 25% of the adult population and is often a career-ending disease in athletes and racehorses. Tendon injury is associated with high morbidity, pain, and long-term suffering for the patient. Due to the low cellularity and vascularity of tendon tissue, once damage has occurred, the repair process is slow and inefficient, resulting in mechanically, structurally, and functionally inferior tissue. Current treatment options focus on pain management, often being palliative and temporary and ending in reduced function. Most treatments available do not address the underlying cause of the disease and, as such, are often ineffective with variable results. The need for an advanced therapeutic that addresses the underlying pathology is evident. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is an emerging field that is aimed at stimulating the body's own repair system to produce de novo tissue through the use of factors such as cells, proteins, and genes that are delivered by a biomaterial scaffold. Successful tissue engineering strategies for tendon regeneration should be built on a foundation of understanding of the molecular and cellular composition of healthy compared with damaged tendon, and the inherent differences seen in the tissue after disease. This article presents a comprehensive clinical, biological, and biomaterials insight into tendon tissue engineering and regeneration toward more advanced therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Walden
- 1 School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Xin Liao
- 1 School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Donell
- 2 Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom .,3 Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mike J Raxworthy
- 4 Neotherix Limited, York, United Kingdom .,5 University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P Riley
- 6 School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Aram Saeed
- 1 School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Tendon injuries are common and present a clinical challenge to orthopedic surgery mainly because these injuries often respond poorly to treatment and require prolonged rehabilitation. Therapeutic options used to repair ruptured tendons have consisted of suture, autografts, allografts, and synthetic prostheses. To date, none of these alternatives has provided a successful long-term solution, and often the restored tendons do not recover their complete strength and functionality. Unfortunately, our understanding of tendon biology lags far behind that of other musculoskeletal tissues, thus impeding the development of new treatment options for tendon conditions. Hence, in this review, after introducing the clinical significance of tendon diseases and the present understanding of tendon biology, we describe and critically assess the current strategies for enhancing tendon repair by biological means. These consist mainly of applying growth factors, stem cells, natural biomaterials and genes, alone or in combination, to the site of tendon damage. A deeper understanding of how tendon tissue and cells operate, combined with practical applications of modern molecular and cellular tools could provide the long awaited breakthrough in designing effective tendon-specific therapeutics and overall improvement of tendon disease management.
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10
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Liu Y, Wang DA. Viral vector-mediated transgenic cell therapy in regenerative medicine: safety of the process. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 15:559-67. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.995086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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11
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Dunkman AA, Buckley MR, Mienaltowski MJ, Adams SM, Thomas SJ, Kumar A, Beason DP, Iozzo RV, Birk DE, Soslowsky LJ. The injury response of aged tendons in the absence of biglycan and decorin. Matrix Biol 2013; 35:232-8. [PMID: 24157578 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that the small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) biglycan and decorin impact tendon development, aging and healing in mature mice. However, despite the increased risk of tendon injury in the elderly, the role of SLRPs in tendon repair has not been investigated in aged animals. Therefore, our objective was to elucidate the influences of bigylcan and decorin on tendon healing in aged mice to relate our findings to previous work in mature mice. Since the processes of aging and healing are known to interact, our hypothesis was that aging mediates the role of biglycan and decorin on tendon healing. Patellar tendons from wild-type, biglycan-null and decorin-null mice were injured at 270 days using an established model. At 3 and 6 weeks post-surgery, structural, mechanical and biochemical analyses were performed and compared to uninjured controls. Early stage healing was inferior in biglycan-null and decorin-null mice as compared to wild type. However, tendons of all genotypes failed to exhibit improved mechanical properties between 3 and 6 weeks post-injury. In contrast, in a previous investigation of tendon healing in mature (i.e., 120 day-old) mice, only biglycan-null mice were deficient in early stage healing while decorin-null mice were deficient in late-stage healing. These results confirm that the impact of SLRPs on tendon healing is mediated by age and could inform future age-specific therapies for enhancing tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Dunkman
- The McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark R Buckley
- The McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael J Mienaltowski
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 8, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sheila M Adams
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 8, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Stephen J Thomas
- The McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Akash Kumar
- The McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David P Beason
- The McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy & Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Jefferson Alumni Hall, Suite 249, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - David E Birk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 8, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Louis J Soslowsky
- The McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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