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Petreski T, Varda L, Gradišnik L, Maver U, Bevc S. Renal Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells: From Harvesting to Use in Studies. Nephron Clin Pract 2023; 147:650-654. [PMID: 37423209 DOI: 10.1159/000531291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidneys are the body's main excretion organ with several additional functions, and the nephron represents their central structural unit. It is comprised of endothelial, mesangial, glomerular, and tubular epithelial cells, as well as podocytes. Treatment of acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease (CKD) is complex due to broad etiopathogenic mechanisms and limited regeneration potential as kidney cells finish their differentiation after 34 weeks of gestation. Despite the ever-increasing prevalence of CKD, very limited treatment modalities are available. The medical community should therefore strive to improve existing treatments and develop new ones. Furthermore, polypharmacy is present in most CKD patients, while current pharmacologic study designs lack effectiveness in predicting potential drug-drug interactions and the resulting clinically relevant complications. An opportunity for addressing these issues lies in developing in vitro cell models based on patient-derived renal cells. Currently, several protocols have been described for isolating desired kidney cells, of which the most isolated are the proximal tubular epithelial cells. These play a significant role in water homeostasis, acid-base control, reabsorption of compounds, and secretion of xenobiotics and endogenous metabolites. When developing a protocol for the isolation and culture of such cells, one must focus on several steps. These include harvesting cells from biopsy specimens or after nephrectomies, using different digestion enzymes and culture mediums to facilitate the selective growth of only the desired cells. The literature reports several existing models, from simple 2D in vitro cultures to more complex ones created with bioengineering methods, such as kidney-on-a-chip models. While their creation and use depend on the target research, one should consider factors such as equipment, cost, and, even more importantly, source tissue quality and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadej Petreski
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Luka Varda
- Department of Dialysis, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Gradišnik
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uros Maver
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Bevc
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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Zhen X, Kang W, Park SJ, Choe SH, Hong SH, Lee DS, Lee JH. Generation and characterization of cynomolgus monkey kidney fibroblasts (cmKF)-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (cmKF-iPS-C5). Stem Cell Res 2022; 64:102887. [PMID: 35944314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynomolgus monkeys, a non-human primate species, are genetically and physiologically similar to humans; hence, they have been employed as an ideal developmental and biomedical model. Non-human primate animals and their induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derivatives have been used as a research tool to investigate autologous regenerative medicine. Here, we reprogrammed cynomolgus monkey kidney fibroblasts (cmKFs) as a control for animal iPSCs and to study autologous transplant. The resulting cmKF-iPSCs, which displayed canonical characteristics of PSCs, could be used as a unique model for autologous cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhen
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojoo Kang
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Je Park
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee Choe
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Seok Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Hee Lee
- National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Mihevc M, Petreski T, Maver U, Bevc S. Renal proximal tubular epithelial cells: review of isolation, characterization, and culturing techniques. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9865-9882. [PMID: 33170426 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05977-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is a complex organ, comprised primarily of glomerular, tubular, mesangial, and endothelial cells, and podocytes. The fact that renal cells are terminally differentiated at 34 weeks of gestation is the main obstacle in regeneration and treatment of acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease. Furthermore, the number of chronic kidney disease patients is ever increasing and with it the medical community should aim to improve existing and develop new methods of renal replacement therapy. On the other hand, as polypharmacy is on the rise, thought should be given into developing new ways of testing drug safety. A possible way to tackle these issues is with isolation and culture of renal cells. Several protocols are currently described to isolate the desired cells, of which the most isolated are the proximal tubular epithelial cells. They play a major role in water homeostasis, acid-base control, reabsorption of compounds, and secretion of xenobiotics and endogenous metabolites. When exposed to ischemic, toxic, septic, or obstructive conditions their death results in what we clinically perceive as acute kidney injury. Additionally, due to renal cells' limited regenerative potential, the profibrotic environment inevitably leads to chronic kidney disease. In this review we will focus on human proximal tubular epithelial cells. We will cover human kidney culture models, cell sources, isolation, culture, immortalization, and characterization subdivided into morphological, phenotypical, and functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Mihevc
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Petreski
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Maver
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Sebastjan Bevc
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska ulica 5, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000, Maribor, Slovenia.
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Nicolas CT, Kaiser RA, Hickey RD, Allen KL, Du Z, VanLith CJ, Guthman RM, Amiot B, Suksanpaisan L, Han B, Francipane MG, Cheikhi A, Jiang H, Bansal A, Pandey MK, Garg I, Lowe V, Bhagwate A, O’Brien D, Kocher JPA, DeGrado TR, Nyberg SL, Lagasse E, Lillegard JB. Ex Vivo Cell Therapy by Ectopic Hepatocyte Transplantation Treats the Porcine Tyrosinemia Model of Acute Liver Failure. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:738-750. [PMID: 32913881 PMCID: PMC7452193 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of cell-based therapies to treat liver failure is often limited by the diseased liver environment. Here, we provide preclinical proof of concept for hepatocyte transplantation into lymph nodes as a cure for liver failure in a large-animal model with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1), a metabolic liver disease caused by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) enzyme. Autologous porcine hepatocytes were transduced ex vivo with a lentiviral vector carrying the pig Fah gene and transplanted into mesenteric lymph nodes. Hepatocytes showed early (6 h) and durable (8 months) engraftment in lymph nodes, with reproduction of vascular and hepatic microarchitecture. Subsequently, hepatocytes migrated to and repopulated the native diseased liver. The corrected cells generated sufficient liver mass to clinically ameliorate the acute liver failure and HT1 disease as early as 97 days post-transplantation. Integration site analysis defined the corrected hepatocytes in the liver as a subpopulation of hepatocytes from lymph nodes, indicating that the lymph nodes served as a source for healthy hepatocytes to repopulate a diseased liver. Therefore, ectopic transplantation of healthy hepatocytes cures this pig model of liver failure and presents a promising approach for the development of cures for liver disease in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara T. Nicolas
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert A. Kaiser
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Midwest Fetal Care Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Kari L. Allen
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zeji Du
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Rebekah M. Guthman
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Wausau, WI, USA
| | - Bruce Amiot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Bing Han
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria Giovanna Francipane
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo, Italy
| | - Amin Cheikhi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Huailei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aditya Bansal
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Ishan Garg
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Val Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aditya Bhagwate
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre A. Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eric Lagasse
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph B. Lillegard
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Midwest Fetal Care Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Associates, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Ekser B, Lagasse E. Interspecies chimeric livers: A step closer to solving the problem of transplantable organ shortage? J Hepatol 2018; 69:999-1001. [PMID: 30224175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Eric Lagasse
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Krneta-Stankic V, DeLay BD, Miller RK. Xenopus: leaping forward in kidney organogenesis. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:547-555. [PMID: 27099217 PMCID: PMC5074909 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-016-3372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While kidney donations stagnate, the number of people in need of kidney transplants continues to grow. Although transplanting culture-grown organs is years away, pursuing the engineering of the kidney de novo is a valid means of closing the gap between the supply and demand of kidneys for transplantation. The structural organization of a mouse kidney is similar to that of humans. Therefore, mice have traditionally served as the primary model system for the study of kidney development. The mouse is an ideal model organism for understanding the complexity of the human kidney. Nonetheless, the elaborate structure of the mammalian kidney makes the discovery of new therapies based on de novo engineered kidneys more challenging. In contrast to mammals, amphibians have a kidney that is anatomically less complex and develops faster. Given that analogous genetic networks regulate the development of mammalian and amphibian nephric organs, using embryonic kidneys of Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog) to analyze inductive cell signaling events and morphogenesis has many advantages. Pioneering work that led to the ability to generate kidney organoids from embryonic cells was carried out in Xenopus. In this review, we discuss how Xenopus can be utilized to compliment the work performed in mammalian systems to understand kidney development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Krneta-Stankic
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, MSE R413, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bridget D DeLay
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, MSE R413, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rachel K Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Center, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, MSE R413, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Program in Genes and Development, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
- Program in Cell and Regulatory Biology, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Abstract
The ultimate treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is orthotopic transplantation. However, the demand for kidney transplantation far exceeds the number of available donor organs. While more than 100,000 Americans need a kidney, only 17,000 people receive a kidney transplant each year (National Kidney Foundation's estimations). In recent years, several regenerative medicine/tissue engineering approaches have been exploited to alleviate the kidney shortage crisis. Although these approaches have yielded promising results in experimental animal models, the kidney is a complex organ and translation into the clinical realm has been challenging to date. In this review, we will discuss cell therapy-based approaches for kidney regeneration and whole-kidney tissue engineering strategies, including our innovative approach to regenerate a functional kidney using the lymph node as an in vivo bioreactor.
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