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Elkady MA, Yehia AM, Elsakka EGE, Abulsoud AI, Abdelmaksoud NM, Elshafei A, Elkhawaga SY, Ismail A, Mokhtar MM, El-Mahdy HA, Hegazy M, Elballal MS, Mohammed OA, El-Husseiny HM, Midan HM, El-Dakroury WA, Zewail MB, Abdel Mageed SS, Doghish AS. miRNAs driving diagnosis, progression, and drug resistance in multiple myeloma. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 248:154704. [PMID: 37499518 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a tumor of transformed plasma cells. It's the second most common hematologic cancer after non-Hodgkin lymphoma. MM is a complex disease with many different risk factors, including ethnicity, race, and epigenetics. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are a critical epigenetic factor in multiple myeloma, influencing key aspects such as pathogenesis, prognosis, and resistance to treatment. They have the potential to assist in disease diagnosis and modulate the resistance behavior of MM towards therapeutic regimens. These characteristics could be attributed to the modulatory effects of miRNAs on some vital pathways such as NF-KB, PI3k/AKT, and P53. This review discusses the role of miRNAs in MM with a focus on their role in disease progression, diagnosis, and therapeutic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Elkady
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr Mohamed Yehia
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elsayed G E Elsakka
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed I Abulsoud
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Nourhan M Abdelmaksoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elshafei
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samy Y Elkhawaga
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed Mokhtar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham A El-Mahdy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Maghawry Hegazy
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed S Elballal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Osama A Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bisha University, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Hussein M El-Husseiny
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya 13736, Egypt; Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai Cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Heba M Midan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Walaa A El-Dakroury
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Moataz B Zewail
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Sherif S Abdel Mageed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11231, Cairo, Egypt.
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Alipoor SD, Chang H. Exosomal miRNAs in the Tumor Microenvironment of Multiple Myeloma. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071030. [PMID: 37048103 PMCID: PMC10092980 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells in the bone marrow and is characterized by the clonal proliferation of B-cells producing defective monoclonal immunoglobulins. Despite the latest developments in treatment, drug resistance remains one of the major challenges in the therapy of MM. The crosstalk between MM cells and other components within the bone marrow microenvironment (BME) is the major determinant of disease phenotypes. Exosomes have emerged as the critical drivers of this crosstalk by allowing the delivery of informational cargo comprising multiple components from miniature peptides to nucleic acids. Such material transfers have now been shown to perpetuate drug-resistance development and disease progression in MM. MicroRNAs(miRNAs) specifically play a crucial role in this communication considering their small size that allows them to be readily packed within the exosomes and widespread potency that impacts the developmental trajectory of the disease inside the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the current understanding of the role of exosomal miRNAs in the epigenetic modifications inside the TME and its pathogenic influence on the developmental phenotypes and prognosis of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D. Alipoor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran P5X9+7F9, Iran
| | - Hong Chang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Hematology, Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Khoshbakht T, Hussen BM, Dong P, Gassler N, Taheri M, Baniahmad A, Dilmaghani NA. A review on the role of cyclin dependent kinases in cancers. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:325. [PMID: 36266723 PMCID: PMC9583502 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) class of serine/threonine kinases has crucial roles in the regulation of cell cycle transition and is mainly involved in the pathogenesis of cancers. The expression of CDKs is controlled by a complex regulatory network comprised of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, which are dysregulated during the progression of cancer. The abnormal activation of CDKs results in uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation and the induction of cancer stem cell characteristics. The levels of CDKs can be utilized to predict the prognosis and treatment response of cancer patients, and further understanding of the function and underlying mechanisms of CDKs in human tumors would pave the way for future cancer therapies that effectively target CDKs. Defects in the regulation of cell cycle and mutations in the genes coding cell-cycle regulatory proteins lead to unrestrained proliferation of cells leading to formation of tumors. A number of treatment modalities have been designed to combat dysregulation of cell cycle through affecting expression or activity of CDKs. However, effective application of these methods in the clinical settings requires recognition of the role of CDKs in the progression of each type of cancer, their partners, their interactions with signaling pathways and the effects of suppression of these kinases on malignant features. Thus, we designed this literature search to summarize these findings at cellular level, as well as in vivo and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Khoshbakht
- Men's Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.,Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Peixin Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nikolaus Gassler
- Section of Pathology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - Nader Akbari Dilmaghani
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ren H, Chen S, Liu C, Wu H, Wang Z, Zhang X, Ren J, Zhou L. Circular RNA in multiple myeloma: A new target for therapeutic intervention. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 238:154129. [PMID: 36137401 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are RNA molecules with a stable closed-loop structure that are found in a variety of organisms. CircRNAs are highly stable and conserved, and they play important roles in transcriptional regulation and splicing. Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a malignant proliferative disease for which there are currently no effective and comprehensive treatments. Numerous circRNAs may contribute to the development and progression of MM by acting as oncogenes or regulators. Due to the unique function of circRNAs, they have a high potential for regulating the biological functions (including proliferation and apoptosis) of MM cells, and their expression levels and molecular mechanism are closely related to their diagnostic value, therapeutic sensitivity, and clinical prognosis of MM patients. In this review, we aim to provide a detailed overview of the structure and function of circRNAs and demonstrate the potential therapeutic value and potential mechanism of circRNAs in MM via experiments and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefei Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Sai Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Hongkun Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jigang Ren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China.
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Xiao G, Wang Q, Ding M, Zhang Z, Zhu W, Chang J, Fu Y. miR-338-3p Inhibits Apoptosis Evasion in Huh7 Liver Cancer Cells by Targeting Sirtuin 6. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209302205012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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The Multiple Myeloma Landscape: Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102348. [PMID: 35625953 PMCID: PMC9139326 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent findings in multiple myeloma have led to therapies which have improved patient life quality and expectancy. However, frequent relapse and drug resistance emphasize the need for more efficient therapeutic approaches. The discovery of non-coding RNAs as key actors in multiple myeloma has broadened the molecular landscape of this disease, together with classical epigenetic factors such as methylation and acetylation. microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs comprise the majority of the described non-coding RNAs dysregulated in multiple myeloma, while circular RNAs are recently emerging as promising molecular targets. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent knowledge on this topic and suggests new therapeutic strategies. Abstract Despite advances in available treatments, multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease and represents a challenge in oncohematology. New insights into epigenetic factors contributing to MM development and progression have improved the knowledge surrounding its molecular basis. Beyond classical epigenetic factors, including methylation and acetylation, recent genome analyses have unveiled the importance of non-coding RNAs in MM pathogenesis. Non-coding RNAs have become of interest, as their dysregulation opens the door to new therapeutic approaches. The discovery, in the past years, of molecular techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas, has led to innovative therapies with potential benefits to achieve a better outcome for MM patients. This review summarizes the current knowledge on epigenetics and non-coding RNAs in MM pathogenesis.
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Xue L, Jia T, Zhu Y, Zhao L, Mao J. Down-regulation of circ_0058058 suppresses proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis in multiple myeloma through miR-338-3p/ATG14 pathway. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:723. [PMID: 34930344 PMCID: PMC8686392 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most frequently diagnosed hematological malignancy. Dysregulation of circular RNAs (circRNAs) has important impacts on MM process. Herein, this work aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of circ_0058058 in MM progression. Methods Levels of genes and proteins were detected by real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, EdU assay, flow cytometry, tube formation assay, transwell assay and Western blot were utilized to detect the proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis of MM cells. The target relationship between miR-338-3p and circ_0058058 or ATG14 (autophagy related 14) was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. In vivo experiments were performed using Xenograft assay. Results Circ_0058058 was up-regulated in MM bone marrow aspirates and cells, knockdown of circ_0058058 reduced MM cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis, but induced apoptosis in vitro. In a MM xenograft mouse model, circ_0058058 silencing reduced MM tumor growth and cell proliferation. Mechanistically, circ_0058058 acted as a sponge for miR-338-3p to up-regulate ATG14 expression, which was validated to be a target of miR-338-3p. Rescue assay showed that miR-338-3p inhibition reversed the antitumor effects of circ_0058058 knockdown on MM cell. Moreover, forced expression of miR-338-3p suppressed MM cell malignant phenotype, which was abolished by ATG14 up-regulation. Conclusion Circ_0058058 functions as a sponge for miR-338-3p to elevate ATG14 expression to promote MM cell proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis, affording a potential therapeutic target for MM prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianguo Xue
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, No. 182 Tongguan North Road, Haizhou District, Lianyungang City, 222002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Jia
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, No. 182 Tongguan North Road, Haizhou District, Lianyungang City, 222002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanxin Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, No. 182 Tongguan North Road, Haizhou District, Lianyungang City, 222002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lidong Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, No. 182 Tongguan North Road, Haizhou District, Lianyungang City, 222002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jianping Mao
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, No. 182 Tongguan North Road, Haizhou District, Lianyungang City, 222002, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Chen D, Yang X, Liu M, Zhang Z, Xing E. Roles of miRNA dysregulation in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:1256-1268. [PMID: 33402729 PMCID: PMC8636266 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00291-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant disease of plasma cells with complex pathology, causing significant morbidity due to its end-organ destruction. The outcomes of patients with myeloma have significantly improved in the past couple of decades with the introduction of novel agents, such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulators, and monoclonal antibodies. However, MM remains incurable and presents considerable individual heterogeneity. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenous noncoding RNAs of 19-22 nucleotides that regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Numerous studies have shown that miRNA deregulation is closely related to MM pathology, including tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, prognosis, and drug response, which make the complicated miRNA network an attractive and marvelous area of investigation for novel anti-MM therapeutic approaches. Herein, we mainly summarized the current knowledge on the roles of miRNAs, which are of great significance in regulating pathological factors involved in MM progressions, such as bone marrow microenvironment, methylation, immune regulation, genomic instability, and drug resistance. Meanwhile, their potential as novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Xinhong Yang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei, China.
| | - Enhong Xing
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei, China.
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Zhu P, Qian T, Si C, Liu Y, Cui L, Huang W, Fu L, Deng C, Zeng T. High expression of CPNE5 and CPNE9 predicts positive prognosis in multiple myeloma. Cancer Biomark 2021; 31:77-85. [PMID: 33780365 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-203108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CPNEs are significant biomarkers which can affect the progression and prognosis of various tumor diseases. However, the prognosis role of CPNEs in multiple myeloma (MM) is still unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prognosis role of CPNEs in MM. METHODS Seven hundred and thirty-five samples from two independent data sets were involved to analyze the clinical and molecular characteristics, and prognosis role of the expression of CPNE1-9 in MM. RESULTS MM patients with higher expressions of CPNE5 and CPNE9 had longer event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) compared with CPNE5low and CPNE9low expression groups (EFS: P= 0.0054, 0.0065; OS: P= 0.015, 0.016, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis showed that CPNE5 was an independent favorable predictor for EFS and OS (EFS: P= 0.005; OS: P= 0.006), and CPNE9 was an independent positive indicator for EFS (P= 0.002). Moreover, the survival probability and the cumulative event of EFS and OS in CPNE5highCPNE9high group were significantly longer than other groups. CONCLUSIONS High expressions of CPNE5 and CPNE9 might be used as positive indicators for MM, and their combination was a better predictor for the survival of MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tingting Qian
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaozeng Si
- Information Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.,Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Longzhen Cui
- Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.,Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China.,Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Cong Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tiansheng Zeng
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Yin Y, Yang W, Zhang L, Liu K, Luo Z. Long non-coding RNA ANRIL and its target microRNAs (microRNA-34a, microRNA-125a and microRNA-186) relate to risk stratification and prognosis in multiple myeloma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26:160-169. [PMID: 33528317 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2021.1872275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the correlations of long non-coding RNA ANRIL (lncRNA ANRIL), microRNA (miR)-34a, miR-125a and miR-186 with disease risk, clinical features and prognosis of multiple myeloma (MM). METHOD Totally, 87 MM patients and 30 controls were recruited. LncRNA ANRIL and its target miRNAs (miR-34a, miR-125a and miR-186) in bone marrow derived plasma cells were detected by RT-qPCR. Treatment response was assessed and survivals were calculated in MM patients. RESULTS LncRNA ANRIL expression was increased, while miR-34a, miR-125a and miR-186 expressions were reduced in MM patients compared with controls. Meanwhile, lncRNA ANRIL negatively correlated with miR-34a and miR-125a but not miR-186 in MM patients, while did not correlate with miR-34a, miR-125a or miR-186 in controls. In MM patients, lncRNA ANRIL high expression associated with higher beta-2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and more advanced international staging system (ISS) stage; miR-125a high expression associated with lower β2-MG, less advanced ISS stage and less t (14; 16) abnormality; miR186 high expression associated with increased albumin; while miR-34a did not associate with any clinical features. Furthermore, lncRNA ANRIL high expression associated with decreased complete response (CR), while miR-34a high and miR-125a high expression associated with increased CR and objective response rate. Additionally, lncRNA ANRIL high expression associated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS), while miR-34a high expression associated with prolonged overall survival (OS), and miR-125a high expression associated with longer PFS and OS. CONCLUSION LncRNA ANRIL and its target miRNAs might serve as biomarkers for assisting with personalized treatment and prognosis improvement of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Yin
- Department of Hematology, Central Hospital of Xiangtan, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqun Yang
- Department of Hematology, Central Hospital of Xiangtan, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Central Hospital of Xiangtan, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Hematology, Central Hospital of Xiangtan, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zimian Luo
- Department of Hematology, Central Hospital of Xiangtan, Xiangtan, People's Republic of China
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11
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Yi Q, Cui H, Liao Y, Xiong J, Ye X, Sun W. A minor review of microRNA-338 exploring the insights of its function in tumorigenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111720. [PMID: 34243620 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs(miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which have a critical role in various biological processes via direct binding and post-transcriptionally regulating targeted genes expression. More than one-half of human genes were regulated by miRNAs and their aberrant expression was detected in various human diseases, including cancers. miRNA-338 is a new identified miRNA and increasing evidence show that miRNA-338 participates in the progression of lots of cancers, such as lung cancer, hepatocellular cancer, breast cancer, glioma, and so on. Although a range of targets and signaling pathways such as MACC1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were illustrated to be regulated by miRNA-338, which functions in tumor progression are still ambiguous and the underlying molecular mechanisms are also unclear. Herein, we reviewed the latest studies in miRNA-338 and summarized its roles in different type of human tumors, which might provide us new idea for further investigations and potential targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong, China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanwei Cui
- The Central Laboratory and Medical Genetics & Molecular Diagnostic Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Liao
- The Central Laboratory and Medical Genetics & Molecular Diagnostic Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianyi Xiong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiufeng Ye
- The Central Laboratory and Medical Genetics & Molecular Diagnostic Center, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong, China.
| | - Weichao Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong, China.
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Wang Z, Ren C, Yang L, Zhang X, Liu J, Zhu Y, Jiang D. Silencing of circular RNA_0000326 inhibits cervical cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion by boosting microRNA-338-3p-dependent down-regulation of CDK4. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:9119-9134. [PMID: 33735107 PMCID: PMC8034888 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death among women, which is attributed partly by limited treatment options. Recent studies have provided in-depth explanations regarding the role of circular RNA in cancers. We aimed to investigate the role of circular RNA_0000326 in cervical cancer. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a high circ_0000326 expression in cervical cancer. Cervical cancer cells and tissues were also observed to have elevated levels of circ_0000326 and the upregulation of circ_0000326 depended on the stage of cancer. Transfection with siRNA of circ_0000326 resulted in the inhibition of proliferation, migration and cell cycle of cancer cells. Interestingly, we confirmed that circ_0000326 served as a sponge for microRNA-338-3p and that the miRNA bound to Cyclin-dependent kinase 4. In the presence of microRNA-338-3p mimic or silencing of circ_0000326, Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 expression was decreased. Transfection with microRNA-338-3p mimic inhibited cell clone formation and proliferation. Moreover, in vivo experiment revealed that the injection of shRNA-circ_0000326 lentivirus suppressed tumor growth and decreased Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 expression. Taken altogether, our results showed that circ_0000326 exerted oncogenic effects on cervical cancer by upregulating Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 via sponging microRNA-338-3p. This systematic investigation on circ_0000326 could provide further insight into cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxin Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
- Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoan Zhang
- Department of Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Jiaxi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhang Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Dongyuan Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
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The role of microRNA-338-3p in cancer: growth, invasion, chemoresistance, and mediators. Life Sci 2021; 268:119005. [PMID: 33421526 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.119005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer still remains as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Metastasis and proliferation are abnormally increased in cancer cells that subsequently, mediate resistance of cancer cells to different therapies such as radio-, chemo- and immune-therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-coding RNAs that can regulate expression of target genes at post-transcriptional level and capable of interaction with mRNA-coding genes. Vital biological mechanisms including apoptosis, migration and differentiation are modulated by these small molecules. MiRNAs are key players in regulating cancer proliferation and metastasis as well as cancer therapy response. MiRNAs can function as both tumor-suppressing and tumor-promoting factors. In the present review, regulatory impact of miRNA-338-3p on cancer growth and migration is discussed. This new emerging miRNA can regulate response of cancer cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It seems that miRNA-338-3p has dual role in cancer chemotherapy, acting as tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressor factor. Experiments reveal anti-tumor activity of miRNA-338-3p in cancer. Hence, increasing miRNA-338-3p expression is of importance in effective cancer therapy. Long non-coding RNAs, circular RNAs and hypoxia are potential upstream mediators of miRNA-338-3p in cancer. Anti-tumor agents including baicalin and arbutin can promote expression of miRNA-338-3p in suppressing cancer progression. These topics are discussed to shed some light on function of miRNA-338-3p in cancer cells.
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14
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Wang Y, Lin Q, Song C, Ma R, Li X. Circ_0007841 promotes the progression of multiple myeloma through targeting miR-338-3p/BRD4 signaling cascade. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:383. [PMID: 32782441 PMCID: PMC7414763 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM) is not completely known. Uncovering the potential mechanism of MM initiation and progression is essential for identifying novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Herein, we explored the function and the working mechanism of circular RNA circ_0007841 in MM progression. Methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was employed to detect the expression of circ_0007841, microRNA-338-3p (miR-338-3p) and bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4). Cell proliferation ability was analyzed through cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay, colony formation assay and flow cytometry. Transwell assays were conducted to measure the migration and invasion abilities of MM cells. Cell apoptosis was also assessed by flow cytometry. The interaction between miR-338-3p and circ_0007841 or BRD4 was confirmed by dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA-pull down assay. Results Circ_0007841 was highly expressed in bone marrow (BM)-derived plasma cells of MM patients and MM cell lines than that in healthy volunteers and normal plasma cell line nPCs. Circ_0007841 promoted the proliferation, cell cycle and metastasis and impeded the apoptosis of MM cells. miR-338-3p was a direct target of circ_0007841 in MM cells and circ_0007841 accelerated the progression of MM through targeting miR-338-3p. BRD4 could directly bind to miR-338-3p in MM cells and miR-338-3p exerted an anti-tumor role through targeting BRD4. Circ_0007841 promoted the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling via miR-338-3p/BRD4 axis. Exosomes generated from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) elevated the malignant behaviors of MM cells via circ_0007841. Conclusion Circ_0007841 acted as an oncogene to promote the proliferation, cell cycle and motility and restrain the apoptosis of MM cells through sequestering miR-338-3p to up-regulate the expression of BRD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.3 Kangfuqian Street, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Quande Lin
- Department of Hematology, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Chunge Song
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.3 Kangfuqian Street, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Ruojin Ma
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.3 Kangfuqian Street, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Department of Hematology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No.3 Kangfuqian Street, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
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Zhang C, Li H, Wang J, Zhang J, Hou X. MicroRNA-338-3p suppresses cell proliferation, migration and invasion in human malignant melanoma by targeting MACC1. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:997-1004. [PMID: 31316597 PMCID: PMC6601406 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma (MM) is the most aggressive form of skin cancer originating from melanocytes with increased proliferative and metastatic ability. Previous studies have revealed that microRNA-338-3p (miR-338-3p) functions as a tumor suppressor in several types of cancer, including cervical cancer, renal cell carcinoma and thyroid cancer. However, the function and mechanism underlying the action of miR-383-3p in MM remain unclear. In the study, aberrant downregulation of miR-338-3p was observed in 60 pairs of MM and adjacent non-tumor tissue using quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Decreased miR-383-3p expression was associated with advanced clinical stage (P<0.05) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.001). The overexpression of miR-338-3p in A375 and G361 cells suppressed cell proliferation and migration using MTT, colony formation, wound healing and transwell assays. Mechanistically, MACC1 was identified as a direct target for miR-338-3p using bioinformatics prediction and dual-luciferase assays. Furthermore, MACC1 expression was significantly increased and inversely correlated with the levels of miR-338-3p in MM tissues. More importantly, restoration of MACC1 resulted in reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-338-3p overexpression on MM cells by altering the expression levels of PCNA and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated proteins. These results suggest that miR-338-3p functions as a novel tumor suppressor, at least in part, via targeting MACC1 and suggest that miR-338-3p may serve as a potential target for treatment of MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Cangzhou Center Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Cangzhou Center Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Junling Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Cangzhou Center Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Jibei Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Cangzhou Center Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Hou
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Cangzhou Center Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei 061001, P.R. China
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Long S, Long S, He H, Chen G. MicroRNA-765 is pregulated in multiple myeloma and serves an oncogenic role by directly targeting SOX6. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:4741-4747. [PMID: 31105792 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence has revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) are closely associated with multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis and progression. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the biological functions of miRNAs in MM may be helpful for the identification of promising therapeutic techniques for patients with MM. miRNA-765 (miR-765) has been reported to be dysregulated in many types of human cancer. However, the expression pattern, specific roles and underlying mechanisms of miR-765 in MM remain largely unknown. In the present study, plasma miR-765 significantly increased in patients with MM and cell lines. The downregulation of miR-765 in MM cells attenuated proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that SRY-Box 6 (SOX6) was a putative target of miR-765. This was experimentally verified using a luciferase reporter assay, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. Furthermore, plasma SOX6 was downregulated in patients with MM and the downregulation of SOX6 was inversely correlated with that of miR-765 expression. Furthermore, SOX6 knockdown markedly abrogated the effects of miR-765 underexpression on cell proliferation and apoptosis in MM. The current study demonstrated that miR-765 serves an oncogenic role in MM progression by directly targeting SOX6, suggesting that miR-765 may be a potential therapeutic target for MM prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Long
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343000, P.R. China
| | - Shengping Long
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343000, P.R. China
| | - Honglei He
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343000, P.R. China
| | - Guoan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Zhang X, Pan Y, Fu H, Zhang J. microRNA-205 and microRNA-338-3p Reduces Cell Apoptosis in Prostate Carcinoma Tissue and LNCaP Prostate Carcinoma Cells by Directly Targeting the B-Cell Lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) Gene. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:1122-1132. [PMID: 30741252 PMCID: PMC6380162 DOI: 10.12659/msm.912148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The inhibitor of apoptosis, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), is encoded by the BCL2 gene. Previous studies have shown that microRNAs are downregulated in prostate cancer. This study aimed to investigate the role of microRNA-205 and microRNA-338-3p and cell apoptosis in prostate carcinoma tissue and the LNCaP human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line by directly targeting the BCL2 gene and Bcl-2 protein expression. Material/Methods Bioinformatics methods predicted the target genes of miR-205 and miR-338-3p, which were validated by a luciferase assay. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect Bcl-2 protein expression in 30 samples of prostate carcinoma tissue and 30 matched samples of normal prostate. The normal prostate epithelial cell line, RWPE-1, and LNCaP human prostate adenocarcinoma cells studied in vitro. BCL2 mRNA expression and Bcl-2 protein expression were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry using annexin V, fluorescein isothiocyanate, and phycoerythrin (annexin V-FITC/PE). Results TargetScan Human 7.2 predicted that the structures of miR-205 and miR-338-3p had a binding site on the proto-oncogene, BCL2, which was verified by a luciferase assay. The expression of miR-205 and miR-338-3p were significantly downregulated in prostate carcinoma tissues and LNCaP cells when compared with normal controls. BCL2 expression was significantly inhibited by overexpression of miR-205 and miR-338-3p in LNCaP cells. Conclusions The results of this study showed that miR-205 and miR-338-3p downregulated the expression of the BCL2 gene and decreased apoptosis in prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Yuliang Pan
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Huiqun Fu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China (mainland)
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