[ARTICLE WITHDRAWN] Long Noncoding RNA LINC01296 Harbors miR-21a to Regulate Colon Carcinoma Proliferation and Invasion

Competitive endogenous RNA networks: Decoding the role of long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs in colorectal cancer chemoresistance

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is recognized as one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies across the globe. Despite significant progress in designing novel treatments for CRC, there is a pressing need for more effective therapeutic approaches. Unfortunately, many patients undergoing chemotherapy develop drug resistance, posing a significant challenge for cancer treatment. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been found to play crucial roles in CRC development and its response to chemotherapy. However, there are still gaps in our understanding of interactions among various ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). These ncRNAs can act as either oncogenes or tumour suppressors, affecting numerous biological functions in different cancers including CRC. A class of ncRNA molecules known as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) has emerged as a key player in various cellular processes. These molecules form networks through lncRNA/miRNA/mRNA and circRNA/miRNA/mRNA interactions. In CRC, dysregulation of ceRNA networks has been observed across various cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. These dysregulations are believed to play a significant role in the progression of CRC and, in certain instances, may contribute to the development of chemoresistance. Enriching our knowledge of these dysregulations holds promise for advancing the field of diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for CRC. In this review, we discuss lncRNA- and circRNA-associated ceRNA networks implicated in the emergence and advancement of drug resistance in colorectal carcinogenesis.

Prognostic and predictive value of a lncRNA signature in patients with stage II colon cancer

The current staging method is inadequate to identify high-risk recurrence patients with stage II colon cancer (CC). Using a systematic and comprehensive-biomarker discovery and validation method, we aimed to construct a lncRNA-based signature to improve the prognostic prediction of stage II CC. We identified 1,377 differently expressed lncRNAs by analyzing 16 paired stage II CC tumor tissue and adjacent normal mucosal tissue from the TCGA dataset. Subsequently, using a univariable and step multivariable Cox regression model, we trained an 11-lncRNA signature in the training cohort (n = 141), which could divide patients into high-risk and low-risk groups (AUC at 3 years = 0.801, 95% CI: 0.724-0.877; AUC at 5 years = 0.801, 95% CI: 0.718-0.885). Significantly, patients in the high-risk group had poorer recurrence-free survival (RFS) compared with the low-risk group (log-rank test, P < 0.001 in the training cohort). This lncRNA-based signature was further confirmed in the validation cohort (P < 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression and stratified survival analyses showed that the prognostic value of this signature was independent of other clinicopathological risk factors (CEA, T stage, and chemotherapy). Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis demonstrated that this signature had better prognostic ability than any other clinical risk factors or single lncRNAs (all P < 0.05). A nomogram was constructed for clinical use, which integrated both the lncRNA-based signature and clinical risk factors (CEA and T stage) and performed well in the calibration plots. Altogether, our lncRNA-based signature was an independent prognostic factor and possessed a stronger predictive power compared with the currently used clinicopathological risk factors when predicting the recurrence of patients with stage II CC. Collectively, this lncRNA-based signature might facilitate individualized treatment decisions and postoperative counseling, ultimately contributing to improved survival.

Downregulation of LINC01296 suppresses non-small-cell lung cancer via targeting miR-143-3p/ATG2B

The 5-year survival rate of lung cancer is one of the lowest among various malignant tumors. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), noncoding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides, can function either as tumor suppressors or as oncogenes. The aim of this study is to investigate the function of lncRNA LINC01296 and its molecular mechanism in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). According to the Gene Expression Omnibus database, 10 differentially expressed lncRNAs in NSCLC cells and patient tissues are upregulated. LINC01296 is the one with the most significant overexpression. Knockdown of LINC01296 inhibits the growth and migration, arrests the cell cycle, and promotes the apoptosis of NSCLC cells. Knocking down LINC01296 in vivo suppresses tumor growth and metastasis. LINC01296 also acts as the sponge of miR-143-3p. Lowering the expression of LINC01296 leads to decreased expression of autophagy-related 2B (ATG2B), a target gene of miR-143-3p. Moreover, downregulation of LINC01296 promotes paclitaxel sensitivity in NSCLC. These results demonstrated that the LINC01296/miR-143-3p/ATG2B axis is crucial in promoting the development of NSCLC and paclitaxel resistance. Our study may provide new ideas for the further research of clinical chemotherapy of NSCLC in the near future.

Long non-coding RNA LINC01296 acts as a migration and invasion promoter in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and predicts poor prognosis

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) can participate in gene expression regulation. LINC01296 is abnormally expressed in different tumors and promotes tumorigenesis and development. However, the role of LINC01296 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains not entirely clear. Thus, to explore LINC01296 expression, biological function and potential mechanism in HNSCC, we used GEPIA and GEO database. QRT-PCR was used to detect the knockout efficiency by LINC01296 inhibition with siRNA. Transwell assay was used to detect the migration and invasion capacity of tumor cells. Then enrichment and immunophenotype correlation analyses were carried out to explore the LINC01296 mechanism in HNSCC. To investigate why LINC01296 was up-regulated in HNSCC, DNA methylation analysis was performed using the DiseaseMeth database. LINC01296 expression was notably up-regulated in HNSCC, which was associated with promoter hypomethylation. Also, it was positively correlated with the HNSCC pathological stage and patients with higher LINC01296 expression levels had a poor prognosis. LINC01296 silencing inhibits HNSCC cell migration and invasion. LINC01296 also participate in the HNSCC progression mainly through protein phosphorylation and microtubule-based process regulation. Overall, LINC01296 was highly expressed in HNSCC, promoted tumor cells’ migration and invasion, and might be a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker in HNSCC patients.

Long noncoding RNAs: functions and mechanisms in colon cancer

Evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in the carcinogenesis and progression of a wide variety of human malignancies including colon cancer. In this review, we describe the functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs involved in colon oncogenesis, such as HOTAIR, PVT1, H19, MALAT1, SNHG1, SNHG7, SNHG15, TUG1, XIST, ROR and ZEB1-AS1. We summarize the roles of lncRNAs in regulating cell proliferation, cell apoptotic death, the cell cycle, cell migrative and invasive ability, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cells and drug resistance in colon cancer. In addition, we briefly highlight the functions of circRNAs in colon tumorigenesis and progression, including circPPP1R12A, circPIP5K1A, circCTIC1, circ_0001313, circRNA_104916 and circRNA-ACAP2. This review provides the rationale for anticancer therapy via modulation of lncRNAs and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in colon carcinoma.

MiR-29c-3p, a target miRNA of LINC01296, accelerates tumor malignancy: therapeutic potential of a LINC01296/miR-29c-3p axis in ovarian cancer

As one of the main gynecological cancers, ovarian cancer (OC) has an unfavourable outcomes owing to its high recurrence and metastasis rate. Our previous studies have revealed that LINC01296 functions as an oncogene in OC, but the underlying mechanism has not been explored. The aim of this paper was to further investigate that how LINC01296 plays a role in OC. Through online software prediction, miR-29c-3p has been discriminated as the target miRNA of LINC01296 for further research, and subsequent luciferase assay confirmed bioinformatics prediction. Then the data obtained from the two databases (GSE119055 and GSE83693) were analyzed by GEO2R for differential gene analysis. The results indicated that the miR-29c-3p was lowly expressed in OC tissues than that in normal ovarian tissues, and its expression in recurrent OC tissues was lower than that in primary OC tissues. Simultaneously, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis illustrated that the lower expression of miR-29c-3p was interrelated to unfavourable outcomes of OC. Further, the qRT-PCR data revealed that the miR-29c-3p expression in OC cell lines (SKOV-3 and OVCAR-3) was markedly declined than that in normal control cells (IOSE80). Subsequently, the functional experiments, such as CCK8, colony formation and Transwell assays, prompted that inhibition of miR-29c-3p can obviously increase the proliferation, invasion and migration of OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cells compared with control group, while downregulation of LINC01296 showed an opposite result. It is worth noting that downregulation of LINC01296 can reverse the effect of miR-29c-3p suppression on OC cells. Finally, we detected the changes of EMT-related proteins by western blot experiment, and reached a similar conclusion that knockdown of LINC01296 reversed the EMT caused by miR-29c-3p inhibition. In sum up, the cancer-promoting function of LINC01296 was achieved by regulating the expression of miR-29c-3p, and LINC01296/miR-29c-3p axis mediates the mechanical regulation of EMT in OC cells, hoping to provide the novel biomarkers and possibilities for OC therapy.

Long Noncoding RNA (lncRNA)-Mediated Competing Endogenous RNA Networks Provide Novel Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and has a high metastasis and reoccurrence rate. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in CRC growth and metastasis. Recent studies revealed that lncRNAs participate in CRC progression by coordinating with microRNAs (miRNAs) and protein-coding mRNAs. LncRNAs function as competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) by competitively occupying the shared binding sequences of miRNAs, thus sequestering the miRNAs and changing the expression of their downstream target genes. Such ceRNA networks formed by lncRNA/miRNA/mRNA interactions have been found in a broad spectrum of biological processes in CRC, including liver metastasis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), inflammation formation, and chemo-/radioresistance. In this review, we summarize typical paradigms of lncRNA-associated ceRNA networks, which are involved in the underlying molecular mechanisms of CRC initiation and progression. We comprehensively discuss the competitive crosstalk among RNA transcripts and the novel targets for CRC prognosis and therapy.

Assessment of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer (Review)

The assessment of the risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) is critical in the management of males with prostate cancer (PC). Over the past decades, a comprehensive effort has been focusing on improving risk stratification; a variety of models have been constructed using PC-associated pathological features and molecular alterations occurring at the genome, protein and RNA level. Alterations in RNA expression (lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA) constitute the largest proportion of the biomarkers of BCR. In this article, we systemically review RNA-based BCR biomarkers reported in PubMed according to the PRISMA guidelines. Individual miRNAs, mRNAs, lncRNAs and multi-gene panels, including the commercially available signatures, Oncotype DX and Prolaris, will be discussed; details related to cohort size, hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals will be provided. Mechanistically, these individual biomarkers affect multiple pathways critical to tumorigenesis and progression, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), Wnt, growth factor receptor, cell proliferation, immune checkpoints and others. This variety in the mechanisms involved not only validates their associations with BCR, but also highlights the need for the coverage of multiple pathways in order to effectively stratify the risk of BCR. Updates of novel biomarkers and their mechanistic insights are considered, which suggests new avenues to pursue in the prediction of BCR. Additionally, the management of patients with BCR and the potential utility of the stratification of the risk of BCR in salvage treatment decision making for these patients are briefly covered. Limitations will also be discussed.

Prognostic value of long non-coding RNA 01296 expression in human solid malignant tumours: a meta-analysis

Long intergenic non-coding RNA 01296 (LINC01296) has been reported to play an important role in many human malignancies, but a consistent perspective has not been established now. To explore the prognostic value of LINC01296 in different types of human solid malignant tumours, we performed this meta-analysis.An electronic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Cochrane Library, Chinese Biological Medical Literature database and WanFang database was applied to select eligible literatures. Pooled ORs or HRs with their 95% CIs were calculated to estimate the effects.A total of 559 patients from nine eligible studies were enrolled in this meta-analysis. The results revealed that high LINC01296 expression was significantly related to larger tumour size (OR 3.42, 95% CI 2.08 to 5.63), lymph node metastasis (OR 3.03, 95% CI 2.01 to 4.57) and advanced tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (OR 4.41, 95% CI 2.65 to 7.34). Moreover, we found that elevated LINC01296 expression predicted a poor outcome for overall survival (HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.48 to 2.14) and recurrence-free survival (HR 4.00, 95% CI 1.04 to 15.67).High expression levels of LINC01296 were associated with unfavourable clinical outcomes of patients with cancer. Our results indicated that LINC01296 could serve as a prognostic predictor in human solid malignant tumours.

The prognostic value of LINC01296 in pan-cancers and the molecular regulatory mechanism in hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive study based on data mining, bioinformatics, and in vitro validation

Background and aims

This study aimed to clarify the prognostic role of LINC01296 in various cancers, and to evaluate its effect on proliferation, metastasis, and the cell cycle in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by data mining, bioinformatics, and in vitro validation.

Methods

The prognostic role of LINC01296 in cancer patients was assessed by searching the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Gene Expression Omnibus databases and calculating pooled hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs); this prognostic role was also evaluated using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We detected LINC01296 expression in HCC cell lines, and lentivirus-mediated small interfering RNAs were used to silence LINC01296 in MHCC97H and Hep3B cells to explore the role of LINC01296 in cell proliferation, metastasis, and cell cycle progression with in vitro validation and bioinformatics.

Results

The results indicated that LINC01296 overexpression was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in various cancers; however, LINC01296 expression was not associated with recurrence-free survival (RFS). Similar results were found with TCGA, which showed that LINC01296 expression was associated with the pathologic stage, tumor size, and differentiation in Asian cancer patients. Additionally, bioinformatics analysis revealed expression of 394 related genes, which indicated that LINC01296 could be involved in the tumorigenesis and progression of HCC. In vitro gene silencing experiments indicated that LINC01296 downregulation repressed cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and the metastatic potential of HCC through the regulation of BUB1, CCNA2, and CDK1 expression.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that LINC01296 expression is related to poor OS and DFS in a variety of cancer types and that LINC01296 has an oncogenic role in HCC.

LINC01296 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells by targeting miR-122-5P and modulating EMT activity

Introduction

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in the origination and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the biological function of the long intergenic non-protein-coding RNA, LINC01296, in HCC remains unknown.

Methods

Here, we observed an increase in the expression levels of LINC01296 in HCC tissues and cell lines using reverse transcription quantitative PCR; these data were consistent with that obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database.

Results

A higher expression level was correlated with higher alpha fetoprotein levels, a larger tumor size, an advanced TNM stage, and a poorer overall survival rate. Upregulation of LINC01296 promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells. Improvement of cell migration and invasion attributable to the overexpression of LINC01296 was related to an increase in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, miR-122-5P can bind to LINC01296 and decrease its oncogenic effect.

Conclusion

Collectively, the results of this study revealed that LINC01296 is a tumor promoter that can promote the migration and invasion of HCC cells through EMT, while miR-122-5P is involved in the underlying mechanisms.

lncRNA LINC01296 regulates the proliferation, metastasis and cell cycle of osteosarcoma through cyclin D1

Accumulating evidence has indicated that aberrant expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is an important oncogenic factor. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of LINC01296, an lncRNA that exerts a tumor-promoting function in many cancers, in the regulation of proliferation, metastasis and the cell cycle of osteosarcoma. The expression of LINC01296 in osteosarcoma tissues and adjacent healthy tissues of 30 patients was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The relationship between LINC01296 expression and the survival of patients with osteosarcoma was also explored. The expression levels of LINC01296 in osteosarcoma cells and normal cells were compared. LINC01296 knockdown and overexpression were performed in MG63 and HOS8603 osteosarcoma cells by transfecting LINC01296 shRNA and an expression plasmid respectively, followed by investigation of the changes on cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Western blotting was used to analyze the changes of cell cycle regulators. Cyclin D1 knockdown and overexpression were carried out to verify the interaction between LINC01296 and cyclin D1. LINC01296 overexpression was demonstrated as a biomarker of osteosarcoma, which was closely correlated with the poor survival of patients with osteosarcoma. A high expression of LINC01296 was observed in osteosarcoma cells, which was closely associated with enhanced proliferation, invasion, and migration of osteosarcoma cells. Cyclin D1 expression was positively correlated with the expression of LINC01296 in osteosarcoma cells. Cyclin D1 knockdown or overexpression played a deterministic role in mediating the effect of LINC01296 on osteosarcoma cells. LINC01296 is an oncogenic lncRNA in osteosarcoma. The proliferation, invasion and migration of osteosarcoma cells could be effectively retarded by inhibition of LINC01296. The cancer-promoting effect of LINC01296 on osteosarcoma was determined by cyclin D1.