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Brinker EJ, Hardcastle MR, Dittmer KE, Graff EC. Endocrine fibroblast growth factors in domestic animals. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2024; 89:106872. [PMID: 39059301 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2024.106872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a group of structurally homologous yet functionally pleiotropic proteins. Canonical and intracellular FGFs have primarily autocrine or paracrine effects. However, the FGF19 subfamily, composed of FGF15/19, FGF21, and FGF23, act as endocrine hormones that regulate bile acid, metabolic, and phosphorus homeostasis, respectively. Current research in human and rodent models demonstrates the potential of these endocrine FGFs to target various diseases, including disorders of inherited hypophosphatemia, chronic liver disease, obesity, and insulin resistance. Many diseases targeted for therapeutic use in humans have pathophysiological overlaps in domestic animals. Despite the potential clinical and economic impact, little is known about endocrine FGFs and their signaling pathways in major domestic animal species compared with humans and laboratory animals. This review aims to describe the physiology of these endocrine FGFs, discuss their current therapeutic use, and summarize the contemporary literature regarding endocrine FGFs in domestic animals, focusing on potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Brinker
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn University, AL, USA 36849; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA, USA 01536
| | - Michael R Hardcastle
- IDEXX Laboratories Pty. Ltd., 20A Maui Street, Pukete, Hamilton 3200, New Zealand
| | - Keren E Dittmer
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Emily C Graff
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 166 Greene Hall, Auburn University, AL, USA 36849; Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. Auburn University, 1265 HC Morgan, AL, USA 36849.
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Pitale PM, Gorbatyuk MS. Diabetic Retinopathy: From Animal Models to Cellular Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031487. [PMID: 35163410 PMCID: PMC8835767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an ocular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic disorder characterized by elevation in blood glucose level. The pathogenesis of DR includes vascular, neuronal, and inflammatory components leading to activation of complex cellular molecular signaling. If untreated, the disease can culminate in vision loss that eventually leads to blindness. Animal models mimicking different aspects of DM complications have been developed to study the development and progression of DR. Despite the significant contribution of the developed DR models to discovering the mechanisms of DR and the recent achievements in the research field, the sequence of cellular events in diabetic retinas is still under investigation. Partially, this is due to the complexity of molecular mechanisms, although the lack of availability of models that adequately mimic all the neurovascular pathobiological features observed in patients has also contributed to the delay in determining a precise molecular trigger. In this review, we provide an update on the status of animal models of DR to help investigators choose an appropriate system to validate their hypothesis. We also discuss the key cellular and physiological events of DR in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyamvada M. Pitale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Marina S. Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-205-934-6762; Fax: +1-205-934-3425
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Chakrabarty A, Gregory JM, Moore LM, Williams PE, Farmer B, Cherrington AD, Lord P, Shelton B, Cohen D, Zisser HC, Doyle FJ, Dassau E. A New Animal Model of Insulin-Glucose Dynamics in the Intraperitoneal Space Enhances Closed-Loop Control Performance. JOURNAL OF PROCESS CONTROL 2019; 76:62-73. [PMID: 31178632 PMCID: PMC6548466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprocont.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Current artificial pancreas systems (AP) operate via subcutaneous (SC) glucose sensing and SC insulin delivery. Due to slow diffusion and transport dynamics across the interstitial space, even the most sophisticated control algorithms in on-body AP systems cannot react fast enough to maintain tight glycemic control under the effect of exogenous glucose disturbances caused by ingesting meals or performing physical activity. Recent efforts made towards the development of an implantable AP have explored the utility of insulin infusion in the intraperitoneal (IP) space: a region within the abdominal cavity where the insulin-glucose kinetics are observed to be much more rapid than the SC space. In this paper, a series of canine experiments are used to determine the dynamic association between IP insulin boluses and plasma glucose levels. Data from these experiments are employed to construct a new mathematical model and to formulate a closed-loop control strategy to be deployed on an implantable AP. The potential of the proposed controller is demonstrated via in-silico experiments on an FDA-accepted benchmark cohort: the proposed design significantly outperforms a previous controller designed using artificial data (time in clinically acceptable glucose range: 97.3±1.5% vs. 90.1±5.6%). Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed closed-loop system to delays and noise in the measurement signal (for example, when glucose is sensed subcutaneously) and deleterious glycemic changes (such as sudden glucose decline due to physical activity) is investigated. The proposed model based on experimental canine data leads to the generation of more effective control algorithms and is a promising step towards fully automated and implantable artificial pancreas systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Chakrabarty
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - L. Merkle Moore
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Philip E. Williams
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Ben Farmer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Alan D. Cherrington
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | - Don Cohen
- Physiologic Devices, Inc., Alpine, CA
| | - Howard C. Zisser
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Francis J. Doyle
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Eyal Dassau
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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Modesto F, Heimann M, Donnelly TM. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF PANCREATIC NODULAR HYPERPLASIA BY PARTIAL PANCREATECTOMY IN A BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOG ( CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS ). J Exot Pet Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yin ZZ, Wang SS, Li Q, Huang Y, Chen L, Chen G, Liu R, Wang XM. Gastric submucosa is inferior to the liver as transplant site for autologous islet transplantation in pancreatectomized diabetic Beagles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:529-533. [PMID: 27465328 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intraportal transplantation of islets is no longer considered to be an ideal procedure and finding the extrahepatic alternative site is becoming a subject of high priority. Herein, in this study, we would introduce our initial outcomes of using gastric submucosa (GS) and liver as sites of islet autotransplantation in pancreatectomized diabetic Beagles. Total pancreatectomy was performed in Beagles and then their own islets extracted from the excised pancreas were transplanted into GS (GS group, n=8) or intrahepatic via portal vein (PV group, n=5). Forty-eight hours post transplantation, graft containing tissue harvested from the recipients revealed the presence of insulin-positive cells. All recipients in GS group achieved euglycemia within 1 day, but returned to a diabetic state at 6 to 8 days post-transplantation (mean survival time, 7.16±0.69 days). However, all of the animals kept normoglycemic until 85 to 155 days post-transplantation in PV group (mean survival time, 120±28.58 days; P<0.01 vs. GS group). The results of intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) confirmed that the marked improvement in glycometabolism was obtained in intrahepatic islet autotransplantation. Thus, our findings indicate that the liver is still superior to the GS as the site of islet transplantation, at least in our islet autotransplant model in pancreatectomized diabetic Beagles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Zeng Yin
- Department of Hepatopancreaticobiliary Surgical Oncology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shu-Sen Wang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Dparment of General Surgery, Tianjin Union Medicine Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Dparment of General Surgery, Tianjin Union Medicine Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
| | - Li Chen
- Dparment of General Surgery, Tianjin Union Medicine Center, Tianjin, 300121, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Department of Hepatopancreaticobiliary Surgical Oncology, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Xi-Mo Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM, Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China.
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