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Chibrikov V, Pieczywek PM, Cybulska J, Zdunek A. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics model to evaluate the mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose-hemicellulose composites. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 330:121827. [PMID: 38368106 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (PCW) inspires the preparation of fiber-based biomaterials, particularly emphasizing exploiting the intrinsic interactions within the load-bearing cellulose and hemicellulose network. Due to experimental difficulties in studying and interpreting the interaction between these polysaccharides, this research presents a numerical model based on coarse-grained molecular dynamics that evaluates the mechanical properties of fiber composites. To validate the model and explain the structural and mechanical role of hemicelluloses, bacterial cellulose (BC) was synthesized in the presence of different concentrations of xylan, arabinoxylan, xyloglucan, or glucomannan and subjected to nano- and macroscale structural and mechanical characterization. The data obtained were used to interpret the effects of each hemicellulose on the mechanics of the BC-hemicellulose composite based on the sensitivity of the model. The mechanical properties of the resulting simulated networks agreed well with the experimental observations of the BC-hemicellulose composites. Increased xylan and arabinoxylan contents increased the macroscale mechanical properties, fiber modulus (xylan), and fiber width (arabinoxylan). The addition of xyloglucan increased the mechanical properties of the composites in the elastic deformation phase, associated with an increase in the fiber modulus. Adding glucomannan to the culture medium decreased all the mechanical properties studied while the fiber width increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadym Chibrikov
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4 Str., 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Piotr Mariusz Pieczywek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4 Str., 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Justyna Cybulska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4 Str., 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4 Str., 20-290 Lublin, Poland.
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Pieczywek PM, Chibrikov V, Zdunek A. In silico studies of plant primary cell walls - structure and mechanics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:887-899. [PMID: 36692136 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Primary plant cell wall (PCW) is a highly organized network, its performance is dependent on cellulose, hemicellulose and pectic polysaccharides, their properties, interactions and assemblies. Their mutual relationships and functions in the cell wall can be better understood by means of conceptual models of their higher-order structures. Knowledge unified in the form of a conceptual model allows predictions to be made about the properties and behaviour of the system under study. Ongoing research in this field has resulted in a number of conceptual models of the cell wall. However, due to the currently limited research methods, the community of cell wall researchers have not reached a consensus favouring one model over another. Herein we present yet another research technique - numerical modelling - which is capable of resolving this issue. Even at the current stage of development of numerical techniques, due to their complexity, the in silico reconstruction of PCW remains a challenge for computational simulations. However, some difficulties have been overcome, thereby making it possible to produce advanced approximations of PCW structure and mechanics. This review summarizes the results concerning the simulation of polysaccharide interactions in PCW with regard to network fine structure, supramolecular properties and polysaccharide binding affinity. The in silico mechanical models presented herein incorporate certain physical and biomechanical aspects of cell wall architecture for the purposes of undertaking critical testing to bring about advances in our understanding of the mechanisms controlling cells and limiting cell wall expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mariusz Pieczywek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Vadym Chibrikov
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Doświadczalna 4, Lublin, 20-290, Poland
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Mani S, Cosgrove DJ, Voth GA. Anisotropic Motions of Fibrils Dictated by Their Orientations in the Lamella: A Coarse-Grained Model of a Plant Cell Wall. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:3527-3539. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sriramvignesh Mani
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Gregory A. Voth
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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4
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Yi H, Rui Y, Kandemir B, Wang JZ, Anderson CT, Puri VM. Mechanical Effects of Cellulose, Xyloglucan, and Pectins on Stomatal Guard Cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1566. [PMID: 30455709 PMCID: PMC6230562 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata function as osmotically tunable pores that facilitate gas exchange at the surface of plants. Stomatal opening and closure are regulated by turgor changes in guard cells that result in mechanically regulated deformations of guard cell walls. However, how the molecular, architectural, and mechanical heterogeneities that exist in guard cell walls affect stomatal dynamics is unclear. In this work, stomata of wild type Arabidopsis thaliana plants or of mutants lacking normal cellulose, hemicellulose, or pectins were experimentally induced to close or open. Three-dimensional images of these stomatal complexes were collected using confocal microscopy, images were landmarked, and three-dimensional finite element models (FEMs) were constructed for each complex. Stomatal opening was simulated with a 5 MPa turgor increase. By comparing experimentally measured and computationally modeled changes in stomatal geometry across genotypes, anisotropic mechanical properties of guard cell walls were determined and mapped to cell wall components. Deficiencies in cellulose or hemicellulose were both predicted to stiffen guard cell walls, but differentially affected stomatal pore area and the degree of stomatal opening. Additionally, reducing pectin molecular mass altered the anisotropy of calculated shear moduli in guard cell walls and enhanced stomatal opening. Based on the unique architecture of guard cell walls and our modeled changes in their mechanical properties in cell wall mutants, we discuss how each polysaccharide class contributes to wall architecture and mechanics in guard cells. This study provides new insights into how the walls of guard cells are constructed to meet the mechanical requirements of stomatal dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hojae Yi
| | - Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Baris Kandemir
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - James Z. Wang
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Charles T. Anderson
| | - Virendra M. Puri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Sorieul M, Dickson A, Hill SJ, Pearson H. Plant Fibre: Molecular Structure and Biomechanical Properties, of a Complex Living Material, Influencing Its Deconstruction towards a Biobased Composite. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9080618. [PMID: 28773739 PMCID: PMC5509024 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls form an organic complex composite material that fulfils various functions. The hierarchical structure of this material is generated from the integration of its elementary components. This review provides an overview of wood as a composite material followed by its deconstruction into fibres that can then be incorporated into biobased composites. Firstly, the fibres are defined, and their various origins are discussed. Then, the organisation of cell walls and their components are described. The emphasis is on the molecular interactions of the cellulose microfibrils, lignin and hemicelluloses in planta. Hemicelluloses of diverse species and cell walls are described. Details of their organisation in the primary cell wall are provided, as understanding of the role of hemicellulose has recently evolved and is likely to affect our perception and future study of their secondary cell wall homologs. The importance of the presence of water on wood mechanical properties is also discussed. These sections provide the basis for understanding the molecular arrangements and interactions of the components and how they influence changes in fibre properties once isolated. A range of pulping processes can be used to individualise wood fibres, but these can cause damage to the fibres. Therefore, issues relating to fibre production are discussed along with the dispersion of wood fibres during extrusion. The final section explores various ways to improve fibres obtained from wood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan Dickson
- Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand.
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Zhu H, Luo W, Ciesielski PN, Fang Z, Zhu JY, Henriksson G, Himmel ME, Hu L. Wood-Derived Materials for Green Electronics, Biological Devices, and Energy Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9305-74. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 876] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Zhu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wei Luo
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peter N. Ciesielski
- Biosciences
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Fang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - J. Y. Zhu
- Forest
Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Gunnar Henriksson
- Division
of Wood Chemistry and Pulp Technology, Department of Fiber and Polymer
Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael E. Himmel
- Biosciences
Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Micromechanical model of biphasic biomaterials with internal adhesion: Application to nanocellulose hydrogel composites. Acta Biomater 2016; 29:149-160. [PMID: 26525114 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of hydrated biomaterials are non-recoverable upon unconfined compression if adhesion occurs between the structural components in the material upon fluid loss and apparent plastic behaviour. We explore these micromechanical phenomena by introducing an aggregation force and a critical yield pressure into the constitutive biphasic formulation for transversely isotropic tissues. The underlying hypothesis is that continual fluid pressure build-up during compression temporarily supresses aggregation. Once compression stops and the pressure falls below some critical value, internal aggregation occurs over a time scale comparable to the poroelastic time. We demonstrate this model by predicting the mechanical response of bacterial nanocellulose hydrogel composites, which are promising biomaterials and a structural mimetic for the plant cell wall. Cross-linking of cellulose by xyloglucan creates an extensional resistance and substantially increases the compressive modulus under large compression and densification. In comparison, incorporating non-crosslinking arabinoxylan into the hydrogel has little effect on its mechanics at the strain rates investigated. These results assist in elucidating the mechanical role of these polysaccharides in the complex plant cell wall structure. They also suggest xyloglucan is a suitable candidate to tailor the stiffness of nanocellulose hydrogels in biomaterial design, which includes modulating cell-adhesion in tissue engineering applications. The model and overall approach may be utilised to characterise and design a myriad of biomaterials and mammalian tissues, particularly those with a fibrillar structure. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The mechanical properties of hydrated biomaterials can be non-recoverable upon compression due to increased adhesion occurring between the structural components in the material. Cellulose-hemicellulose composite hydrogels constitute a classical example of this phenomenon, since fibres can freely re-orient and adhere upon fluid loss to produce significant variations in the mechanical response to compression. Here, we model their micromechanics by introducing an aggregation force and a critical yield pressure into the constitutive formulation for transversely isotropic biphasic materials. The resulting model is easy to implement for routine characterization of this type of hydrated biomaterials through unconfined compression testing and produces physically meaningful and reproducible mechanical parameters.
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Jensen OE, Fozard JA. Multiscale models in the biomechanics of plant growth. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 30:159-66. [PMID: 25729061 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00030.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth occurs through the coordinated expansion of tightly adherent cells, driven by regulated softening of cell walls. It is an intrinsically multiscale process, with the integrated properties of multiple cell walls shaping the whole tissue. Multiscale models encode physical relationships to bring new understanding to plant physiology and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver E Jensen
- School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; and
| | - John A Fozard
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
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Saarikoski E, Rissanen M, Seppälä J. Effect of rheological properties of dissolved cellulose/microfibrillated cellulose blend suspensions on film forming. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 119:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Kim K, Yi H, Zamil MS, Haque MA, Puri VM. Multiscale stress-strain characterization of onion outer epidermal tissue in wet and dry states. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2015; 102:12-20. [PMID: 25587144 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED • PREMISE OF THE STUDY Quantitative measurements of water's effects on the tension response of plant tissue will assist in understanding the regulatory mechanism underlying expansive growth. Such measurements should be multiscale in nature to account for plants' hierarchical structure.• METHODS Outer onion epidermal tissues were cut and bonded to uniaxial displacement-controlled mechanical loading devices to apply and measure the force on the sample. Fluorescent polystyrene beads (500 nm in diameter) were dispersed on the sample surface under various levels of tensile load conditions to obtain displacement maps with a confocal fluorescent microscope. The resulting strain was measured using a digital image correlation technique by tracking individual bead displacements. The applied forces were obtained by measuring the displacement of the calibrated force-sensing device. Tissue- and cell-scale mechanical properties were quantified by calculating the applied stress and the corresponding global and local strains.• KEY RESULTS The Young's modulus values of individual cell walls of dehydrated and rehydrated samples were 3.0 ± 1.0 GPa and 0.4 ± 0.2 GPa, respectively, and are different from the Young's modulus values of the global tissue-scale dehydrated and rehydrated samples, which were 1.9 ± 0.3 GPa and 0.08 ± 0.02 GPa, respectively. Poisson's ratio increased more than 3-fold due to hydration.• CONCLUSION The results on global, cell-to-cell, and point-to-point mechanical property variations suggest the importance of the mechanical contribution of extracellular features including the middle lamella, cell shape, and dimension. This study shows that a multiscale investigation is essential for fundamental insights into the hierarchical deformation of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keekyoung Kim
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - M Shafayet Zamil
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - M Amanul Haque
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Virendra M Puri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
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