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Beridze B, Sękiewicz K, Walas Ł, Thomas PA, Danelia I, Kvartskhava G, Farzaliyev V, Bruch AA, Dering M. Evolutionary history of Castanea sativa in the Caucasus driven by Middle and Late Pleistocene paleoenvironmental changes. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad059. [PMID: 37899977 PMCID: PMC10601393 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Due to global climate cooling and aridification since the Paleogene, members of the Neogene flora were extirpated from the Northern Hemisphere or were confined to a few refugial areas. For some species, the final reduction/extinction came in the Pleistocene, but some others have survived climatic transformations up to the present. This has occurred in Castanea sativa, a species of high commercial value in Europe and a significant component of the Caucasian forests' biodiversity. In contrast to the European range, neither the historical biogeography nor the population genetic structure of the species in its isolated Caucasian range has been clarified. Here, based on a survey of 21 natural populations from the Caucasus and a single one from Europe, we provide a likely biogeographic reconstruction and genetic diversity details. By applying Bayesian inference, species distribution modelling and fossil pollen data, we estimated (i) the time of the Caucasian-European divergence during the Middle Pleistocene, (ii) the time of divergence among Caucasian lineages and (iii) outlined the glacial refugia for species. The climate changes related to the Early-Middle Pleistocene Transition are proposed as the major drivers of the intraspecific divergence and European-Caucasian disjunction for the species, while the impact of the last glacial cycle was of marginal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berika Beridze
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sękiewicz
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Łukasz Walas
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Peter A Thomas
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Irina Danelia
- National Botanical Garden of Georgia, Botanikuri Street 1, Tbilisi, Georgia
- Faculty of Agricultural Science and Bio-System Engineering, Georgian Technical University, Guramishvili Str. 17, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Giorgi Kvartskhava
- Faculty of Agricultural Science and Bio-System Engineering, Georgian Technical University, Guramishvili Str. 17, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Vahid Farzaliyev
- Forest Development Service, Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, B. Agayev Str, 100 A, Baku, AZ1000, Azerbaijan
| | - Angela A Bruch
- The Role of Culture in Early Expansions of Humans (ROCEEH) Research Centre, Heidelberg Academy of Sciences, Senckenberg Research Institute, Senckenberganlage 2560325 Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Monika Dering
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
- Department of Silviculture, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 61-625, Poznań, Poland
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Kantor A, Kučera J, Šlenker M, Breidy J, Dönmez AA, Marhold K, Slovák M, Svitok M, Zozomová-Lihová J. Evolution of hygrophytic plant species in the Anatolia-Caucasus region: insights from phylogenomic analyses of Cardamine perennials. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:585-600. [PMID: 36656962 PMCID: PMC10147327 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Southwestern Asia is a significant centre of biodiversity and a cradle of diversification for many plant groups, especially xerophytic elements. In contrast, little is known about the evolution and diversification of its hygrophytic flora. To fill this gap, we focus on Cardamine (Brassicaceae) species that grow in wetlands over a wide altitudinal range. We aimed to elucidate their evolution, assess the extent of presumed historical gene flow between species, and draw inferences about intraspecific structure. METHODS We applied the phylogenomic Hyb-Seq approach, ecological niche analyses and multivariate morphometrics to a total of 85 Cardamine populations from the target region of Anatolia-Caucasus, usually treated as four to six species, and supplemented them with close relatives from Europe. KEY RESULTS Five diploids are recognized in the focus area, three of which occur in regions adjacent to the Black and/or Caspian Sea (C. penzesii, C. tenera, C. lazica), one species widely distributed from the Caucasus to Lebanon and Iran (C. uliginosa), and one western Anatolian entity (provisionally C. cf. uliginosa). Phylogenomic data suggest recent speciation during the Pleistocene, likely driven by both geographic separation (allopatry) and ecological divergence. With the exception of a single hybrid (allotetraploid) speciation event proven for C. wiedemanniana, an endemic of southern Turkey, no significant traces of past or present interspecific gene flow were observed. Genetic variation within the studied species is spatially structured, suggesting reduced gene flow due to geographic and ecological barriers, but also glacial survival in different refugia. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of the refugial regions of the Black and Caspian Seas for both harbouring and generating hygrophytic species diversity in Southwestern Asia. It also supports the significance of evolutionary links between Anatolia and the Balkan Peninsula. Reticulation and polyploidization played a minor evolutionary role here in contrast to the European relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kantor
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 01Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaromír Kučera
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Šlenker
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Joêlle Breidy
- National Genebank, Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Zahle 1801, Lebanon
| | - Ali A Dönmez
- Botany Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe-Ankara, Turkey
| | - Karol Marhold
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 01Prague, Czechia
| | - Marek Slovák
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 01Prague, Czechia
| | - Marek Svitok
- Department of Biology and General Ecology, Faculty of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Technical University in Zvolen, 960 01Zvolen, Slovakia
- Department of Ecosystem Biology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Judita Zozomová-Lihová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Walas Ł, Ganatsas P, Iszkuło G, Thomas PA, Dering M. Spatial genetic structure and diversity of natural populations of Aesculus hippocastanum L. in Greece. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226225. [PMID: 31826015 PMCID: PMC6905551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Horse-chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) is an endemic and relict species from the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot and a popular ornamental tree. Knowledge about the evolutionary history of this species remains scarce. Here, we ask what historical and ecological factors shaped the pattern of genetic diversity and differentiation of this species. We genotyped 717 individuals from nine natural populations using microsatellite markers. The influence of distance, topography and habitat variables on spatial genetic structure was tested within the approaches of isolation-by-distance and isolation-by-ecology. Species niche modeling was used to project the species theoretical range through time and space. The species showed high genetic diversity and moderate differentiation for which topography, progressive range contraction through the species’ history and long-term persistence in stable climatic refugia are likely responsible. A strong geographic component was revealed among five genetic clusters that are connected with very limited gene flow. The environmental variables were a significant factor in the spatial genetic structure. Modeling results indicated that future reduction of the species range may affect its survival. The possible impact of climate changes and high need of in situ conservation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Walas
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa, Kórnik, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Petros Ganatsas
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Forestry and Natural Environment, Laboratory of Silviculture, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Grzegorz Iszkuło
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafrana, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Peter A. Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, MA, United States of America
| | - Monika Dering
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa, Kórnik, Poland
- Faculty of Forestry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego, Poznań, Poland
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Naciri Y, Christe C, Bétrisey S, Song YG, Deng M, Garfì G, Kozlowski G. Species delimitation in the East Asian species of the relict tree genus Zelkova (Ulmaceae): A complex history of diversification and admixture among species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 134:172-185. [PMID: 30769098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Zelkova species, trees of the elm family (Ulmaceae), are part of the Cenozoic relict flora. In western Eurasia, the genus comprises three species that are restricted to disjunct areas (Z. sicula on Sicily, Z. abelicea on Crete and Z. carpinifolia in Transcaucasia). The situation is different in East Asia, where three species (Z. serrata, Z. schneideriana and Z. sinica) have at least partly overlapping distributions. The phylogenetic and phylogeographic status of these East Asian species is still not well understood, mainly since all previous studies used almost exclusively plant material collected in botanical gardens and were based on very small numbers of individuals. Our study is the first based on 33 natural populations covering all important areas with Zelkova species in the Sino-Japanese Floristic Region. Chloroplast and microsatellite markers were used, and Bayesian analyses were run for both types of markers. East Asian Zelkova species cluster into two groups that partially overlap when comparing the two types of markers. For chloroplast markers, the two groups coincide with all Japanese, some Korean and northern Chinese Z. serrata in one group and all other individuals in the other group, regardless of whether they are attributed to Z. serrata, Z. sinica or Z. schneideriana from Korea, mainland China and Taiwan. At the nuclear level, however, the clustering clearly groups all the Z. serrata individuals together, regardless of whether they are from Japan, Korea or China, and the two other species in a second group. This complex genetic pattern in East Asian Zelkova species is most likely due to a combination of ancient diversification and speciation events and more recent hybridization during the last glacial/interglacial retractions and recolonizations. One of the surprising results of our study concerns the populations from Taiwan, which are genetically similar to Z. schneideriana. Thus, their assignation to a separate taxon (Z. tarokoensis) or to a variety of Z. serrata (Z. serrata var. tarokoensis), as currently reported in all local and national floras, might be in need of revision. Furthermore, our results indicate that the East Asian species are more closely related to Z. carpinifolia than to any other Western European species. Haplotypes of Z. sicula and Z. abelicea (Mediterranean region) as well as those of Z. sinica and Z. schneideriana (East Asia) seem to have diversified more recently. The most ancient haplotypes are found among the western Eurasian Z. carpinifolia and the East Asian Z. serrata. This result is in agreement with the carpinifolia and serrata-like morphotypes commonly found in the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamama Naciri
- Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Chemin de l'Impératrice 1, 1292 Chambésy, Genève, Switzerland; Laboratoire de Systématique végétale et Biodiversité, University of Geneva, Chemin de l'Impératrice 1, 1292 Chambésy, Genève, Switzerland.
| | - Camille Christe
- Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Chemin de l'Impératrice 1, 1292 Chambésy, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Bétrisey
- Natural History Museum Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 6, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Biology and Botanic Garden, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yi-Gang Song
- Department of Biology and Botanic Garden, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201602 Shanghai, China
| | - Min Deng
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201602 Shanghai, China
| | - Giuseppe Garfì
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council, Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gregor Kozlowski
- Natural History Museum Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 6, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Biology and Botanic Garden, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Erichsen EO, Budde KB, Sagheb-Talebi K, Bagnoli F, Vendramin GG, Hansen OK. Hyrcanian forests-Stable rear-edge populations harbouring high genetic diversity of Fraxinus excelsior,
a common European tree species. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ortvald Erichsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Katharina Birgit Budde
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Khosro Sagheb-Talebi
- Research Institute of Forests & Rangelands; Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO); Tehran Iran
| | - Francesca Bagnoli
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources; National Research Council; Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze) Italy
| | | | - Ole Kim Hansen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
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Roy M, Pozzi AC, Gareil R, Nagati M, Manzi S, Nouioui I, Sharikadze N, Jargeat P, Gryta H, Moreau PA, Fernandez MP, Gardes M. Alder and the Golden Fleece: high diversity of Frankia and ectomycorrhizal fungi revealed from Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata roots close to a Tertiary and glacial refugium. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3479. [PMID: 28729950 PMCID: PMC5518731 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent climatic history has strongly impacted plant populations, but little is known about its effect on microbes. Alders, which host few and specific symbionts, have high genetic diversity in glacial refugia. Here, we tested the prediction that communities of root symbionts survived in refugia with their host populations. We expected to detect endemic symbionts and a higher species richness in refugia as compared to recolonized areas. METHODS We sampled ectomycorrhizal (EM) root tips and the nitrogen-fixing actinomycete Frankia communities in eight sites colonized by Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata close to the Caucasus in Georgia. Three sites were located in the Colchis, one major Eurasian climatic refugia for Arcto-Tertiary flora and alders, and five sites were located in the recolonized zone. Endemic symbionts and plant ITS variants were detected by comparing sequences to published data from Europe and another Tertiary refugium, the Hyrcanian forest. Species richness and community structure were compared between sites from refugia and recolonized areas for each symbionts. RESULTS For both symbionts, most MOTUs present in Georgia had been found previously elsewhere in Europe. Three endemic Frankia strains were detected in the Colchis vs two in the recolonized zone, and the five endemic EM fungi were detected only in the recolonized zone. Frankia species richness was higher in the Colchis while the contrary was observed for EM fungi. Moreover, the genetic diversity of one alder specialist Alnicola xanthophylla was particularly high in the recolonized zone. The EM communities occurring in the Colchis and the Hyrcanian forests shared closely related endemic species. DISCUSSION The Colchis did not have the highest alpha diversity and more endemic species, suggesting that our hypothesis based on alder biogeography may not apply to alder's symbionts. Our study in the Caucasus brings new clues to understand symbioses biogeography and their survival in Tertiary and ice-age refugia, and reveals that isolated host populations could be of interest for symbiont diversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Roy
- Laboratoire Evolution Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, ENFA, Toulouse, France
| | - Adrien C Pozzi
- Laboratoire Ecologie Microbienne (UMR5557), Université Claude Bernard (Lyon I), CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Raphaëlle Gareil
- Laboratoire Evolution Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, ENFA, Toulouse, France
| | - Melissande Nagati
- Laboratoire Evolution Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, ENFA, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Manzi
- Laboratoire Evolution Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, ENFA, Toulouse, France
| | - Imen Nouioui
- Laboratoire Ecologie Microbienne (UMR5557), Université Claude Bernard (Lyon I), CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nino Sharikadze
- Department of Neurobiology , Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Patricia Jargeat
- Laboratoire Evolution Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, ENFA, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Gryta
- Laboratoire Evolution Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, ENFA, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre-Arthur Moreau
- Laboratoire Impact de la Diversité Chimique sur la Santé Humaine (IMPECS, EA 4483), CHU, Institut Pasteur, Université du Droit et de la Sante (Lille II), Lille, France
| | - Maria P Fernandez
- Laboratoire Ecologie Microbienne (UMR5557), Université Claude Bernard (Lyon I), CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Monique Gardes
- Laboratoire Evolution Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, ENFA, Toulouse, France
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Maharramova E, Huseynova I, Kolbaia S, Gruenstaeudl M, Borsch T, Muller LAH. Phylogeography and population genetics of the riparian relict tree Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Juglandaceae) in the South Caucasus. SYST BIODIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2017.1333540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Maharramova
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Badamdar Highway 40, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Irada Huseynova
- Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Badamdar Highway 40, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Matbuat Ave. 2A, AZ1073 Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Sandro Kolbaia
- National Botanical Garden of Georgia, Botanikuri Str. 1, 0105 Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Michael Gruenstaeudl
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Borsch
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludo A. H. Muller
- Institut für Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstr. 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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