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Valdés-Florido A, Tan L, Maguilla E, Simón-Porcar VI, Zhou YH, Arroyo J, Escudero M. Drivers of diversification in Linum (Linaceae) by means of chromosome evolution: correlations with biogeography, breeding system and habit. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:949-962. [PMID: 37738171 PMCID: PMC10808019 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chromosome evolution leads to hybrid dysfunction and recombination patterns and has thus been proposed as a major driver of diversification in all branches of the tree of life, including flowering plants. In this study we used the genus Linum (flax species) to evaluate the effects of chromosomal evolution on diversification rates and on traits that are important for sexual reproduction. Linum is a useful study group because it has considerable reproductive polymorphism (heterostyly) and chromosomal variation (n = 6-36) and a complex pattern of biogeographical distribution. METHODS We tested several traditional hypotheses of chromosomal evolution. We analysed changes in chromosome number across the phylogenetic tree (ChromEvol model) in combination with diversification rates (ChromoSSE model), biogeographical distribution, heterostyly and habit (ChromePlus model). KEY RESULTS Chromosome number evolved across the Linum phylogeny from an estimated ancestral chromosome number of n = 9. While there were few apparent incidences of cladogenesis through chromosome evolution, we inferred up to five chromosomal speciation events. Chromosome evolution was not related to heterostyly but did show significant relationships with habit and geographical range. Polyploidy was negatively correlated with perennial habit, as expected from the relative commonness of perennial woodiness and absence of perennial clonality in the genus. The colonization of new areas was linked to genome rearrangements (polyploidy and dysploidy), which could be associated with speciation events during the colonization process. CONCLUSIONS Chromosome evolution is a key trait in some clades of the Linum phylogeny. Chromosome evolution directly impacts speciation and indirectly influences biogeographical processes and important plant traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valdés-Florido
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Lu Tan
- Panxi Crops Research and Utilization Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Xichang University, Xichang, Sichuan, 615000, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Enrique Maguilla
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
- Área de Botánica, Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra de Utrera km 1 sn, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Violeta I Simón-Porcar
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Yong-Hong Zhou
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Juan Arroyo
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Marcial Escudero
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Reina Mercedes no. 6, 41012, Seville, Spain
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Williams JH. Consequences of whole genome duplication for 2n pollen performance. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:321-334. [PMID: 34302535 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The vegetative cell of the angiosperm male gametophyte (pollen) functions as a free-living, single-celled organism that both produces and transports sperm to egg. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) should have strong effects on pollen because of the haploid to diploid transition and because of both genetic and epigenetic effects on cell-level phenotypes. To disentangle historical effects of WGD on pollen performance, studies can compare 1n pollen from diploids to neo-2n pollen from diploids and synthetic autotetraploids to older 2n pollen from established neo-autotetraploids. WGD doubles both gene number and bulk nuclear DNA mass, and a substantial proportion of diploid and autotetraploid heterozygosity can be transmitted to 2n pollen. Relative to 1n pollen, 2n pollen can exhibit heterosis due to higher gene dosage, higher heterozygosity and new allelic interactions. Doubled genome size also has consequences for gene regulation and expression as well as epigenetic effects on cell architecture. Pollen volume doubling is a universal effect of WGD, whereas an increase in aperture number is common among taxa with simultaneous microsporogenesis and pored apertures, mostly eudicots. WGD instantly affects numerous evolved compromises among mature pollen functional traits and these are rapidly shaped by highly diverse tissue interactions and pollen competitive environments in the early post-WGD generations. 2n pollen phenotypes generally incur higher performance costs, and the degree to which these are met or evolve by scaling up provisioning and metabolic vigor needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Williams
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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Westermann J. Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party-Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112382. [PMID: 34834745 PMCID: PMC8623246 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Some cells grow by an intricately coordinated process called tip-growth, which allows the formation of long tubular structures by a remarkable increase in cell surface-to-volume ratio and cell expansion across vast distances. On a broad evolutionary scale, tip-growth has been extraordinarily successful, as indicated by its recurrent 're-discovery' throughout evolutionary time in all major land plant taxa which allowed for the functional diversification of tip-growing cell types across gametophytic and sporophytic life-phases. All major land plant lineages have experienced (recurrent) polyploidization events and subsequent re-diploidization that may have positively contributed to plant adaptive evolutionary processes. How individual cells respond to genome-doubling on a shorter evolutionary scale has not been addressed as elaborately. Nevertheless, it is clear that when polyploids first form, they face numerous important challenges that must be overcome for lineages to persist. Evidence in the literature suggests that tip-growth is one of those processes. Here, I discuss the literature to present hypotheses about how polyploidization events may challenge efficient tip-growth and strategies which may overcome them: I first review the complex and multi-layered processes by which tip-growing cells maintain their cell wall integrity and steady growth. I will then discuss how they may be affected by the cellular changes that accompany genome-doubling. Finally, I will depict possible mechanisms polyploid plants may evolve to compensate for the effects caused by genome-doubling to regain diploid-like growth, particularly focusing on cell wall dynamics and the subcellular machinery they are controlled by.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Westermann
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Noroozi M, Ghahremaninejad F, Bogler D, Witherspoon JM, Ryan GL, Miller JS, Riahi M, Cohen JI. Parsing a plethora of pollen: the role of pollen size and shape in the evolution of Boraginaceae. Cladistics 2021; 38:204-226. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Noroozi
- Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Biological Sciences Kharazmi University Tehran 15719‐14911 Iran
| | - Farrokh Ghahremaninejad
- Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Biological Sciences Kharazmi University Tehran 15719‐14911 Iran
| | - David Bogler
- Missouri Botanical Garden 4344 Shaw Blvd. St Louis MO 63110 USA
| | | | - Gillian L. Ryan
- Department of Physics Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Ave. Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | - James S. Miller
- Missouri Botanical Garden 4344 Shaw Blvd. St Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Mehrshid Riahi
- Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Biological Sciences Kharazmi University Tehran 15719‐14911 Iran
| | - James I. Cohen
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology Weber State University 1415 Edvalson St., Dept. 2504 Ogden UT 84408 USA
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Srisuwan S, Sihachakr D, Martín J, Vallès J, Ressayre A, Brown SC, Siljak-Yakovlev S. Change in nuclear DNA content and pollen size with polyploidisation in the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas, Convolvulaceae) complex. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:237-247. [PMID: 30468688 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Genome size evolution and its relationship with pollen grain size has been investigated in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), an economically important crop which is closely related to diploid and tetraploid species, assessing the nuclear DNA content of 22 accessions from five Ipomoea species, ten sweet potato varieties and two outgroup taxa. Nuclear DNA amounts were determined using flow cytometry. Pollen grains were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. 2C DNA content of hexaploid I. batatas ranged between 3.12-3.29 pg; the mean monoploid genome size being 0.539 pg (527 Mbp), similar to the related diploid accessions. In tetraploid species I. trifida and I. tabascana, 2C DNA content was, respectively, 2.07 and 2.03 pg. In the diploid species closely related to sweet potato e.g. I. ×leucantha, I. tiliacea, I. trifida and I. triloba, 2C DNA content was 1.01-1.12 pg. However, two diploid outgroup species, I. setosa and I. purpurea, were clearly different from the other diploid species, with 2C of 1.47-1.49 pg; they also have larger chromosomes. The I. batatas genome presents 60.0% AT bases. DNA content and ploidy level were positively correlated within this complex. In I. batatas and the more closely related species I. trifida, the genome size and ploidy levels were correlated with pollen size. Our results allow us to propose alternative or complementary hypotheses to that currently proposed for the formation of hexaploid Ipomoea batatas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Srisuwan
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - D Sihachakr
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - J Martín
- Laboratori de Botànica (UB) - Unitat associada al CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Vallès
- Laboratori de Botànica (UB) - Unitat associada al CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Ressayre
- GQE- Le Moulon, INRA, University of Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S C Brown
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell, UMR 9198, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud/CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Siljak-Yakovlev
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, CNRS AgroParisTech, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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Lozada-Gobilard S, Weigend M, Fischer E, Janssens SB, Ackermann M, Abrahamczyk S. Breeding systems in Balsaminaceae in relation to pollen/ovule ratio, pollination syndromes, life history and climate zone. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:157-166. [PMID: 30134002 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pollen/ovule (P/O) ratios are often used as proxy for breeding systems. Here, we investigate the relations between breeding systems and P/O ratios, pollination syndromes, life history and climate zone in Balsaminaceae. We conducted controlled breeding system experiments (autonomous and active self-pollination and outcrossing tests) for 65 Balsaminaceae species, analysed pollen grain and ovule numbers and evaluated the results in combination with data on pollination syndrome, life history and climate zone on a phylogenetic basis. Based on fruit set, we assigned three breeding systems: autogamy, self-compatibility and self-incompatibility. Self-pollination led to lower fruit set than outcrossing. We neither found significant P/O differences between breeding systems nor between pollination syndromes. However, the numbers of pollen grains and ovules per flower were significantly lower in autogamous species, but pollen grain and ovule numbers did not differ between most pollination syndromes. Finally, we found no relation between breeding system and climate zone, but a relation between climate zone and life history. In Balsaminaceae reproductive traits can change under resource or pollinator limitation, leading to the evolution of autogamy, but are evolutionary rather constant and not under strong selection pressure by pollinator guild and geographic range changes. Colonisation of temperate regions, however, is correlated with transitions towards annual life history. Pollen/ovule-ratios, commonly accepted as good indicators of breeding system, have a low predictive value in Balsaminaceae. In the absence of experimental data on breeding system, additional floral traits (overall pollen grain and ovule number, traits of floral morphology) may be used as proxies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lozada-Gobilard
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Biodiversity Research/Systematic Botany, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - M Weigend
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - E Fischer
- Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences - Biology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - M Ackermann
- Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences - Biology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany
| | - S Abrahamczyk
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Velázquez-López R, Wegier A, Alavez V, Pérez-López J, Vázquez-Barrios V, Arroyo-Lambaer D, Ponce-Mendoza A, Kunin WE. The Mating System of the Wild-to-Domesticated Complex of Gossypium hirsutum L. Is Mixed. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:574. [PMID: 29868048 PMCID: PMC5954804 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The domestication syndrome of many plants includes changes in their mating systems. The evolution of the latter is shaped by ecological and genetic factors that are particular to an area. Thus, the reproductive biology of wild relatives must be studied in their natural distribution to understand the mating system of a crop species as a whole. Gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton) includes both domesticated varieties and wild populations of the same species. Most studies on mating systems describe cultivated cotton as self-pollinated, while studies on pollen dispersal report outcrossing; however, the mating system of upland cotton has not been described as mixed and little is known about its wild relatives. In this study we selected two wild metapopulations for comparison with domesticated plants and one metapopulation with evidence of recent gene flow between wild relatives and the crop to evaluate the mating system of cotton's wild-to-domesticated complex. Using classic reproductive biology methods, our data demonstrate that upland cotton presents a mixed mating system throughout the complex. Given cotton's capacity for outcrossing, differences caused by the domestication process in cultivated individuals can have consequences for its wild relatives. This characterization of the diversity of the wild relatives in their natural distribution, as well as their interactions with the crop, will be useful to design and implement adequate strategies for conservation and biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Velázquez-López
- Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana Wegier
- Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valeria Alavez
- Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Pérez-López
- Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valeria Vázquez-Barrios
- Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Denise Arroyo-Lambaer
- Laboratorio de Genética de la Conservación, Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - William E. Kunin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Chansler MT, Ferguson CJ, Fehlberg SD, Prather LA. The role of polyploidy in shaping morphological diversity in natural populations of Phlox amabilis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:1546-1558. [PMID: 27589933 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1600183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Studies of natural populations of polyploids increasingly highlight complex patterns of variation in ploidy and geographic distribution of cytotypes. As our understanding of the complexity of polyploidy grows, our understanding of the morphological correlates of polyploidy should expand as well. Here we examine in what ways, and to what degree, polyploidy affects the overall phenotype of a species across its distribution when there are three ploidies and geographic complexity in cytotype distribution. METHODS We measured 31 morphological traits from stems, leaves, and flowers from up to 25 individuals from 11 sites across the distribution of Phlox amabilis. Chromosome counts and flow cytometry confirmed and expanded upon earlier research documenting diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid populations, and also identified a site with two ploidies. Univariate and multivariate statistics were used to characterize the morphological effects of polyploidy. KEY RESULTS We detected significant associations between morphology and ploidy in 11 traits spread across vegetative and reproductive structures. Generally, diploid individuals differed from polyploid individuals to a greater extent, and in different ways, than tetraploid and hexaploid plants differed from each other. Multivariate morphometrics demonstrated that the two primary axes of overall variation are driven by morphological traits associated with polyploidy, and individuals of different ploidies can be discriminated with 95% success. CONCLUSIONS Polyploidy plays a major role in shaping overall morphological diversity in natural populations of P. amabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Chansler
- Herbarium and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Carolyn J Ferguson
- Herbarium and Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506 USA
| | - Shannon D Fehlberg
- Research, Conservation, and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, 1201 North Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, Arizona 85008 USA
| | - L Alan Prather
- Herbarium and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
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Aguiar B, Vieira J, Cunha AE, Vieira CP. No evidence for Fabaceae Gametophytic self-incompatibility being determined by Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Plantaginaceae S-RNase lineage genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:129. [PMID: 26032621 PMCID: PMC4451870 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fabaceae species are important in agronomy and livestock nourishment. They have a long breeding history, and most cultivars have lost self-incompatibility (SI), a genetic barrier to self-fertilization. Nevertheless, to improve legume crop breeding, crosses with wild SI relatives of the cultivated varieties are often performed. Therefore, it is fundamental to characterize Fabaceae SI system(s). We address the hypothesis of Fabaceae gametophytic (G)SI being RNase based, by recruiting the same S-RNase lineage gene of Rosaceae, Solanaceae or Plantaginaceae SI species. RESULTS We first identify SSK1 like genes (described only in species having RNase based GSI), in the Trifolium pratense, Medicago truncatula, Cicer arietinum, Glycine max, and Lupinus angustifolius genomes. Then, we characterize the S-lineage T2-RNase genes in these genomes. In T. pratense, M. truncatula, and C. arietinum we identify S-RNase lineage genes that in phylogenetic analyses cluster with Pyrinae S-RNases. In M. truncatula and C. arietinum genomes, where large scaffolds are available, these sequences are surrounded by F-box genes that in phylogenetic analyses also cluster with S-pollen genes. In T. pratense the S-RNase lineage genes show, however, expression in tissues not involved in GSI. Moreover, levels of diversity are lower than those observed for other S-RNase genes. The M. truncatula and C. arietinum S-RNase and S-pollen like genes phylogenetically related to Pyrinae S-genes, are also expressed in tissues other than those involved in GSI. To address if other T2-RNases could be determining Fabaceae GSI, here we obtained a style with stigma transcriptome of Cytisus striatus, a species that shows significant difference on the percentage of pollen growth in self and cross-pollinations. Expression and polymorphism analyses of the C. striatus S-RNase like genes revealed that none of these genes, is the S-pistil gene. CONCLUSION We find no evidence for Fabaceae GSI being determined by Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Plantaginaceae S-RNase lineage genes. There is no evidence that T2-RNase lineage genes could be determining GSI in C. striatus. Therefore, to characterize the Fabaceae S-pistil gene(s), expression analyses, levels of diversity, and segregation analyses in controlled crosses are needed for those genes showing high expression levels in the tissues where GSI occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Aguiar
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 245, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto, 4150-180, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Vieira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 245, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto, 4150-180, Portugal.
| | - Ana E Cunha
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 245, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto, 4150-180, Portugal.
| | - Cristina P Vieira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 245, Porto, Portugal.
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto, 4150-180, Portugal.
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Marinho RC, Mendes-Rodrigues C, Bonetti AM, Oliveira PE. Pollen and stomata morphometrics and polyploidy in Eriotheca (Malvaceae-Bombacoideae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16:508-11. [PMID: 24341784 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 70% of the angiosperm species are polyploid, an important phenomenon in the evolution of those plants. But ploidy estimates have often been hindered because of the small size and large number of chromosomes in many tropical groups. Since polyploidy affects cell size, morphometric analyses of pollen grains and stomata have been used to infer ploidy level. Polyploidy is present in many species of the Cerrado, the Neotropical savanna region in Central Brazil, and has been linked to apomixis in some taxa. Eriotheca gracilipes and Eriotheca pubescens are common tree species in this region, and present cytotypes that form reproductive mosaics. Hexaploid individuals (2n = 6x = 276) are polyembryonic and apomictic, while tetraploid and diploid individuals (2n = 2x = 92, 2n = 4x = 184) are sexual and monoembryonic. We tested whether morphometric analysis can be used to estimate ploidy levels in E. gracilipes and E. pubescens individuals. Pollen material from diploid and hexaploid individuals of E. gracilipes, and tetraploid and hexaploid individuals of E. pubescens, were fixed in 50% FAA, and expanded leaves were dried in silica gel. Pollen grains and stomata of at least five individuals from each population were measured. The results demonstrate that all measures were significantly different among cytotypes. Individuals with higher levels of ploidy (hexaploid) all presented measurements that were higher than those with lower levels (diploid and tetraploid). There was no overlap between ploidy levels in each species at 95% confidence interval. Thus, the size of the pollen grains and stomata are effective parameters for analysis of ploidy levels in E. gracilipes and E. pubescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Marinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Bioquímica, INGEB, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Lilium spp. pollen in China (Liliaceae): taxonomic and phylogenetic implications and pollen evolution related to environmental conditions. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87841. [PMID: 24498208 PMCID: PMC3909241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent molecular and karyologic studies have significantly modified delimitation of Lilium. However, despite the importance of pollen evolution in the genus comprehensive studies with electron microscopy and evaluation of pollen evolution are lacking. Therefore, we studied pollen morphology in a sample of 65 individuals from 37 taxa covering all the sections distributed in the world, using scanning electron microscopy. Our collection of 49 individuals from 21 taxa covering all five sections in China was also included in the database. We found pollen tetrads in L. bakerianum. Based on present and previous studies, our results suggest that pollen from L. formosanum should be classified as a new type, Formosanum. Combined with morphological and molecular evidence, pollen sculpture patterns appear to reflect phylogenetic relationships and are useful for species or subsection delimitation. Based on a comprehensive survey and correlation with potential functional implications, we propose the following hypothesis: evolution of an exine sculpture shows pollen type trends from Martagon → Callose → Concolor → Formosanum. The evolutionary trend regarding pollen sculpture and size could be related to selective pressure to adapt to environmental conditions. Pollen size and shape showed a significantly positive correlation with annual precipitation, and smaller pollen grains appear to adapt better in habitats with extreme conditions. Evolution trends in exine sculpture do not appear to be definitively correlated with pollen size and shape.
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Bianchi FJJA, Cunningham SA. Unravelling the role of mate density and sex ratio in competition for pollen. OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pleistocene distribution range shifts were accompanied by breeding system divergence within Hornungia alpina (Brassicaceae) in the Alps. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 54:571-82. [PMID: 19695334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Impact of glacial history on the phylogeography of silicate-dwelling plants of the European Alps has been particularly well studied, whereas virtually no data are available for species growing on different bedrock types, as for Hornungia alpina. Bayesian clustering of AFLP data only partly support the distinction of three subspecies as morphologically defined. Whereas the phylogeographical N-group corresponds to subsp. alpina, the congruence of the SW-group and SE-group with subsp. brevicaulis, and subsp. austroalpina, respectively, is limited. High levels of rarity and genetic diversity in the N-group suggest Pleistocene survival along the outer margin of the Alpine arc. For subsp. brevicaulis we suggest a single origin from a refugium in the Southwestern Alps, whereas subsp. austroalpina might have originated twice in the Southern and Southeastern Alps. Different levels of genetic diversity and partitioning of genetic variation indicate a divergence in breeding system, which is corroborated by pollinator exclusion experiments revealing self-incompatibility in the N-group and autonomous selfing in the SE-group.
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Rausch JH, Morgan MT. THE EFFECT OF SELF-FERTILIZATION, INBREEDING DEPRESSION, AND POPULATION SIZE ON AUTOPOLYPLOID ESTABLISHMEN. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rausch JH, Morgan MT. THE EFFECT OF SELF-FERTILIZATION, INBREEDING DEPRESSION, AND POPULATION SIZE ON AUTOPOLYPLOID ESTABLISHMENT. Evolution 2005. [DOI: 10.1554/05-095.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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