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Wang D, Wang XH, Yu X, Cao F, Cai X, Chen P, Li M, Feng Y, Li H, Wang X. Pharmacokinetics of Anthraquinones from Medicinal Plants. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:638993. [PMID: 33935728 PMCID: PMC8082241 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.638993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinones are bioactive natural products, some of which are active components in medicinal medicines, especially Chinese medicines. These compounds exert actions including purgation, anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, antihyperlipidemia, and anticancer effects. This study aimed to review the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of anthraquinones, which are importantly associated with their pharmacological and toxicological effects. Anthraquinones are absorbed mainly in intestines. The absorption rates of free anthraquinones are faster than those of their conjugated glycosides because of the higher liposolubility. A fluctuation in blood concentration and two absorption peaks of anthraquinones may result from the hepato-intestinal circulation, reabsorption, and transformation. Anthraquinones are widely distributed throughout the body, mainly in blood-flow rich organs and tissues, such as blood, intestines, stomach, liver, lung, kidney, and fat. The metabolic pathways of anthraquinones are hydrolysis, glycuronidation, sulfation, methylation/demethylation, hydroxylation/dehydroxylation, oxidation/reduction (hydrogenation), acetylation and esterification by intestinal flora and liver metabolic enzymes, among which hydrolysis, glycuronidation and sulfation are dominant. Of note, anthraquinones can be transformed into each other. The main excretion routes for anthraquinones are the kidney, recta, and gallbladder. Conclusion: Some anthraquinones and their glycosides, such as aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, rhein and sennosides, have attracted the most PK research interest due to their more biological activities and/or detectability. Anthraquinones are mainly absorbed in the intestines and are mostly distributed in blood flow-rich tissues and organs. Transformation into another anthraquinone may increase the blood concentration of the latter, leading to an increased pharmacological and/or toxicological effect. Drug-drug interactions influencing PK may provide insights into drug compatibility theory to enhance or reduce pharmacological/toxicological effects in Chinese medicine formulae and deserve deep investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongpeng Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research and School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xian-He Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiongjie Yu
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Fengjun Cao
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Minglun Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research and School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research and School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Xu Z, Xu C, Ge H, Li Y, Chu L, Zhang J, Cheng K. Modified dachengqi tang improves decreased gastrointestinal motility in postoperative esophageal cancer patients. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2015; 35:249-54. [PMID: 26237826 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical effects of modified dachengqi tang (DCQT) on promoting gastrointestinal motility in post-operative esophageal cancer patients. METHODS Sixty postoperative esophageal cancer patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to the modified treatment group or the control group (30 patients in each group). Patients in the treatment group were given DCQT made from decocted herbs and administered via nasojejunal tube at a dosage of 150 mL. Gastrointestinal motility was assessed by recording time for recovery of bowel sounds, flatus, defecation, and the total amount of gastric drainage during the first three postoperative days. Plasma motilin (MTL) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were measured one hour before and three days after surgery. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the times to first bowel sound, flatus, and defecation were significantly shorter and there was less gastric drainage in the treatment group (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.05, respectively). In the treatment group, postoperative plasma MTL was significantly higher (P < 0.01) and VIP was significantly lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no difference found in either MTL or VIP from before to after operation in the treatment group (P > 0.05). MTL was significantly lower and VIP was higher postoperatively in the control group, compared to before surgery (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Modified DCQT effectively improved decreased gastrointestinal motility in postoperative esophageal cancer patients by increasing MTL and reducing VIP.
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Hao K, Qi Q, Wan P, Zhang J, Hao H, Liang Y, Xie L, Wang G, Sun J. Prediction of human pharmacokinetics from preclinical information of rhein, an antidiabetic nephropathy drug, using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:160-7. [PMID: 24118734 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of rhein to predict human pharmacokinetics before dosing for the first time in human beings. After oral administration of rhein at the doses of 35, 70 and 140 mg/kg in rat, rhein had the following mean plasma pharmacokinetic properties: t1/2 of 3.2, 3.6 and 4.3 hr, AUC∞ of 69.5, 164.3 and 237.8 μg/h/ml and CL/F of 503.4, 426.1 and 588.8 ml/hr/kg, respectively. In vitro, the intrinsic clearance (Clint ) of rhein in cytochrome P450 (CYP450), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and sulfotransferase (SULT) metabolism of rat was 0.6, 7.8, and 5.5 μl/min/mg protein, respectively. The Clint of rhein in CYP450, UGT and SULT of human beings was 0.10, 1.36 and 0.68 μl/min/mg protein. The rat pharmacokinetics and the metabolism data in vitro were used to construct the PBPK model of rhein, and the observed plasma drug concentration profiles of rhein in rat were validated by a PBPK model. Subsequently, the plasma drug concentration profiles of human beings by the present PBPK model were validated by experimental data in human beings accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Gong HL, Tang WF, Ren YY, Wan MH, Chen GY, Xia Q, Huang X. Summary of integrative medicine for severe acute pancreatitis: 26-year clinical experiences and a report of 1 561 cases. Chin J Integr Med 2011; 17:381-5. [PMID: 21611903 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the changing trends of clinical management for severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) with integrative medicine. METHODS Clinical data of 1 561 patients with SAP from 1980 to 2005 was retrospectively analyzed. The mortality and morbidity of complications were compared. RESULTS Of the 1 561 patients, 400 patients accepted surgical operation, while the rest were treated conservatively with integrative medicine. There was a change toward conservative management together with Chinese purgative herbal medication use after 1990 (22.4% from 1980-1990 compared with 45.5% from 1991-1993) because of high postoperative mortality. From 1994-2005, the treatment integrating Western medicine with Chinese herbal medications came to be preferred over the classic Western operation-based method. This change was associated with decreased morbidity (35.4% in 1980-1990 compared with 24.7% in 1991-1993 and 11.0% in 1994-2005, P<0.05) and lower mortality (40.52% of 1980-1990 compared with 17.17% of 1991-1993 and <10.25% of 1994-2005, P<0.05). CONCLUSION The combination of conservative management with Chinese herbal medicines is preferable to classic Western medicine treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality of SAP, while surgery becomes a supplemental option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-lin Gong
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Gong HL, Tang WF, Yu Q, Xiang J, Xia Q, Chen GY, Huang X, Liang MZ. Effect of severe acute pancreatitis on pharmacokinetics of Da-Cheng-Qi Decoction components. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:5992-9. [PMID: 20014465 PMCID: PMC2795188 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.5992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) on pharmacokinetics of Da-Cheng-Qi Decoction (DCQD) components in rats.
METHODS: Rats were divided into SAP group and sham-operation group as a control group (n = 6). Rhein, chrysophanol, rheochrysidin, magnolol, hesperidin and naringin in DCQD were quantified in rat serum by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for studying their pharmacokinetics.
RESULTS: Early absorption of each DCQD component was tended to degrade in SAP group after treatment with DCQD by gavage. The Cmax (chrysophanol, P = 0.0059; rheochrysidin, P = 0.0288; magnolol, P = 0.0487; hesperidin, P = 0.0277; naringin, P = 0.0023) and AUC (rhein, P = 0.0186; chrysophanol, P = 0.0013; magnolol, P = 0.001; hesperidin, P = 0.0081; naringin, P = 0.0272) of DCQD component were obviously lower in SAP group than in control group. The T1/2α of chrysophanol and rheochrysidin (P = 0.0467 and 0.0005, respectively) and Tmax of chrysophanol and rheochrysidin (P = 0.0101 and 0.0037, respectively) lasted longer in SAP group than in control group.
CONCLUSION: SAP can significantly impact the absorption of DCQD components in rats and their pharmacokinetic parameters.
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