Rutin Prevents LTA Induced Oxidative Changes in H9c2 Cells

Pharmacological insight of rutin as a potential candidate against peptic ulcer

Peptic ulcer is a sore on the stomach lining that results from the erosion of the gastrointestinal tract mucosa due to various influencing factors. Of these, Helicobacter pylori infection and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) stand out as the most prominent causes. This condition poses a significant global health concern due to its widespread impact on individuals worldwide. While various treatment strategies have been employed, including proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists, these have notable side effects and limitations. Thus, there is a pressing need for new treatments to address this global health issue. Rutin, a natural flavonoid, exhibits a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. This review explores the potential anti-ulcer effect of rutin in experimental models and how rutin can be a better alternative for treating peptic ulcers. We used published literature from different online databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. This work highlights the abundance of rutin in various natural sources and its potential as a promising option for peptic ulcer treatment. Notably, the anti-inflammatory properties of rutin, which involve inhibiting inflammatory mediators and the COX-2 enzyme, are emphasized. While acknowledging the potential of rutin, it is important to underscore the necessity for further research to fully delineate its therapeutic potential and clinical applicability in managing peptic ulcers and ultimately improving patient outcomes. This review on the anti-ulcer potential of rutin opened a new door for further study in the field of alternative medicine in peptic ulcer management.

Rutin Supplementation Reduces Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis of Mammary Gland in Sheep During the Transition Period

Rutin, a common dietary flavonoid, exhibits remarkable pharmacological activities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. Metabolic stress in mammals during the transition period affects mammary gland health. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the protective effect of rutin supplementing against metabolic stress in the mammary glands of sheep during the transition period, particularly after parturition. Transition Hu sheep (2-3 years old with 62.90 ± 2.80 kg) were randomly divided into three groups, the control group was fed a diet without rutin, while rutin (50 and 100 mg/kg body weight/day) was administered to the two treatment groups (-28 day to +28 day relative to parturition). Serum and blood samples were collected from jugular vein on days -14, -7, +1, +2, +7, +14, +21, +28 relative to parturition. Mammary tissue biopsy samples of four sheep from the treatment group were harvested on day +28 postpartum. Compared to that in the control group, rutin supplementation resulted in lower β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) while increasing the concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and globulin after lactation. Furthermore, rutin treatment led to lower hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels, resulting in increased catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant potential (T-AOC). Compared to that in the control group, rutin inhibits the mRNA expression of inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In addition, rutin markedly downregulated the ratio of phosphorylated NF-κB p65 (p-p65) to total NF-κB p65 (p65). Meanwhile, rutin supplementation resulted in high mRNA abundance of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2, formerly NRF2) and its target gene, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which plays critical roles in maintaining the redox balance of the mammary gland. Furthermore, rutin treatment lowered the levels of various downstream apoptotic markers, including Bax, caspase3 and caspase9, while upregulating anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein. These data indicate the positive effect of rutin against inflammation, oxidative stress status, and anti-apoptotic activity in the mammary gland. The mechanism underlying these responses merits further study.

Mechanisms Underlying the Antidiabetic Activities of Polyphenolic Compounds: A Review

Polyphenolic compounds are thought to show considerable promise for the treatment of various metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review addresses evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies for the antidiabetic effects of certain polyphenolic compounds. We focus on the role of cytotoxic human amylin (hA) aggregates in the pathogenesis of T2DM, and how polyphenols can ameliorate this process by suppressing or modifying their formation. Small, soluble amylin oligomers elicit cytotoxicity in pancreatic islet β-cells and may thus cause β-cell disruption in T2DM. Amylin oligomers may also contribute to oxidative stress and inflammation that lead to the triggering of β-cell apoptosis. Polyphenols may exert antidiabetic effects via their ability to inhibit hA aggregation, and to modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, and other pathways that are β-cell-protective or insulin-sensitizing. There is evidence that their ability to inhibit and destabilize self-assembly by hA requires aromatic molecular structures that bind to misfolding monomers or oligomers, coupled with adjacent hydroxyl groups present on single phenyl rings. Thus, these multifunctional compounds have the potential to be effective against the pleiotropic mechanisms of T2DM. However, substantial further research will be required before it can be determined whether a polyphenol-based molecular entity can be used as a therapeutic for type 2 diabetes.