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Rakholiya B, Shah P, Patel Y, Patel G, Patel S, Patel A. A Review on Analytical Methods for Tigecycline Estimation From Its Bulk and Dosage Form. J AOAC Int 2023; 106:1689-1695. [PMID: 37676830 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tigecycline (TIG) is a third-generation glycylcycline derivative used as an antimicrobial and anticancer agent for the past few years. Its intricate structure makes it more vulnerable toward degradation under the influence of various environmental factors and leads to the generation of impurities. Due to its stability issues, TIG is available as a lyophilized powder for injection. The analysis of TIG becomes a cumbersome task for analysts due to its instability in solution form. As TIG works as a life-saving drug, it is important to review its analytical methods for its quality control. OBJECTIVE The present review discusses various analytical methodologies for determining TIG from its bulk, lyophilized powder, pharmacopoeial methods and factors responsible for its instability. METHODS The present review represents the analysis of data reported in the literature from 1999-2022 for the analysis of TIG. RESULTS Numerous alternative analytical techniques such as UV-visible spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetric methods, RP-HPLC (reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography) and FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared), and electrophoresis has been reported for quantification, identification, and characterization of TIG. CONCLUSIONS Several analytical techniques are available to be used as a quality control tool for tigecycline, including HPLC without derivatization, whereas the fluorescence technique requires derivatization using acidic dye. A few methods require tedious pre-sample preparation techniques, become time-consuming, and involve using one or more organic solvents; there is a need to develop eco-friendlier methods for analyzing tigecycline. HIGHLIGHTS Various analytical methods such as spectrometric, fluorimetric and chromatographic methods have been discussed for estimation of TIG from its bulk and different dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bansi Rakholiya
- Charotar University of Science and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Petlad, Anand, Gujarat 388 421, India
| | - Priyangi Shah
- Charotar University of Science and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Petlad, Anand, Gujarat 388 421, India
| | - Yash Patel
- Charotar University of Science and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Petlad, Anand, Gujarat 388 421, India
| | - Gayatri Patel
- Charotar University of Science and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Petlad, Anand, Gujarat 388 421, India
| | - Samir Patel
- Charotar University of Science and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Petlad, Anand, Gujarat 388 421, India
| | - Archita Patel
- Charotar University of Science and Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, Petlad, Anand, Gujarat 388 421, India
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Lewis SJ, Alves B, Ratnam S, Churchwell MD. Stability and compatibility of intraperitoneal antimicrobials in peritoneal dialysate solutions. Perit Dial Int 2023; 43:431-441. [PMID: 37728078 DOI: 10.1177/08968608231196034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To optimise antimicrobial administration in patients with peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis, healthcare providers need literature-based information to develop patient-centred pharmacotherapeutic plans. Traditional PD solutions promote osmosis using dextrose or icodextrin with a lactate buffer. Newer PD solutions have modified the osmotic vehicle and buffer. Knowledge of antimicrobial compatibility and stability with newer PD solutions will assist with determining the route of antimicrobial administration as compatible and stable solutions could be delivered directly to the peritoneum using intraperitoneal administration. This review updates the compatibility and stability of antimicrobial additives in newer PD solutions for PD-related peritonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Lewis
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Findlay College of Pharmacy, OH, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Mercy Health St Anne Hospital, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | - Shobha Ratnam
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - Mariann D Churchwell
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Toledo College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, OH, USA
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Ling CW, Sud K, Patel R, Peterson G, Wanandy T, Yeoh SF, Van C, Castelino R. Culture-directed antibiotics in peritoneal dialysis solutions: a systematic review focused on stability and compatibility. J Nephrol 2023; 36:1841-1859. [PMID: 37548827 PMCID: PMC10543841 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-023-01716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review summarises the stability of less commonly prescribed antibiotics in different peritoneal dialysis solutions that could be used for culture-directed therapy of peritonitis, which would be especially useful in regions with a high prevalence of multidrug antibiotic-resistant strains. METHODS A literature search of Medline, Scopus, Embase and Google Scholar for articles published from inception to 25 January, 2023 was conducted. Only antibiotic stability studies conducted in vitro and not recently reviewed by So et al. were included. The main outcomes were chemical, physical, antimicrobial and microbial stability. This protocol was registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42023393366). RESULTS We screened 1254 abstracts, and 28 articles were included in the study. In addition to those discussed in a recent systematic review (So et al., Clin Kidney J 15(6):1071-1078, 2022), we identified 18 antimicrobial agents. Of these, 9 have intraperitoneal dosing recommendations in the recent International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) peritonitis guidelines, and 7 of the 9 had stability data applicable to clinical practice. They were cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, daptomycin, ofloxacin, and teicoplanin in glucose-based solutions, tobramycin in Extraneal solution only and fosfomycin in Extraneal, Nutrineal, Physioneal 1.36% and 2.27% glucose solutions. CONCLUSIONS Physicochemical stability has not been demonstrated for all antibiotics with intraperitoneal dosing recommendations in the ISPD peritonitis guidelines. Further studies are required to determine the stability of antibiotics, especially in icodextrin-based and low-glucose degradation products, pH-neutral solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chau Wei Ling
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Kamal Sud
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Nepean Kidney Research Centre, Department of Renal Medicine, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Peritoneal Dialysis Unit, Regional Dialysis Centre, Blacktown Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rahul Patel
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Gregory Peterson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Troy Wanandy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Siang Fei Yeoh
- Department of Pharmacy, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Connie Van
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ronald Castelino
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW, Australia
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Hafez HM, Barghash SS, Soliman MM, Soltan MK, Abd Elrahman M, Katamesh NS. Central composite design driven optimization of sustainable stability indicating HPLC method for the determination of Tigecycline and greenness assessment. F1000Res 2023; 12:341. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130861.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tigecycline (TGC) is a recently developed antibiotic to battle resistant bacteria. The procedures outlined in the literature for analyzing TGC involve chemical solvents that could be hazardous. Therefore, this study aimed to create a sustainable and stable HPLC technique for quantifying Tigecycline in lyophilized powder. The powerful chemometric tool, experimental design (ED), will be applied to analyze the variables' interaction and impact on the selected analytical target profiles. Response surface methodology provides a tutorial on using the central composite design with three levels of variables and quadratic programming to optimize the design space of the developed method. Methods: The New HPLC method consisted of an aqueous buffer and ethanol as a green mobile phase run on a reversed-phase symmetry C18 column. A full resolution between the Tigecycline and its degradation product peaks was achieved in a short analytical runtime. Results: Further, the specificity, accuracy, precision, robustness and stability indicating power of the proposed approach were verified through stress degrading testing. Conclusions: Finally, the analytical eco-scale and the green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) were utilized to determine how environmentally friendly the recommended method was compared to other published approaches.
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Hafez HM, Barghash SS, Soliman MM, Soltan MK, Abd Elrahman M, Katamesh NS. Central composite design driven optimization of sustainable stability indicating HPLC method for the determination of Tigecycline and greenness assessment. F1000Res 2023; 12:341. [PMID: 37593362 PMCID: PMC10427804 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130861.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tigecycline (TGC) is a recently developed antibiotic to battle resistant bacteria. The procedures outlined in the literature for analyzing TGC involve chemical solvents that could be hazardous. Therefore, this study aimed to create a sustainable and stable HPLC technique for quantifying Tigecycline in lyophilized powder. The powerful chemometric tool, experimental design (ED), will be applied to analyze the variables' interaction and impact on the selected analytical target profiles. Response surface methodology provides a tutorial on using the central composite design with three levels of variables and quadratic programming to optimize the design space of the developed method. Methods: The New HPLC method consisted of an aqueous buffer and ethanol as a green mobile phase run on a reversed-phase symmetry C18 column. A full resolution between the Tigecycline and its degradation product peaks was achieved in a short analytical runtime. Results: Further, the specificity, accuracy, precision, robustness and stability indicating power of the proposed approach were verified through stress degrading testing. Conclusions: Finally, the analytical eco-scale and the green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) were utilized to determine how environmentally friendly the recommended method was compared to other published approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Mohammed Hafez
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Al-Esraa University, Baghdad, 10045, Iraq
| | - Sona Soliman Barghash
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. Soliman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moustafa K. Soltan
- Pharmacy Department, Oman College of health sciences, Muscat, Muscat, Oman
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharqia, Egypt
| | | | - Noha Salah Katamesh
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Shankar P, Singh S, Boorgula GD, Gumbo T, Heysell SK, Srivastava S. Challenges and a potential solution to perform drug susceptibility testing of omadacycline against nontuberculous mycobacteria. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2022; 137:102269. [PMID: 36209660 PMCID: PMC10626481 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2022.102269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of slow growing mycobacteria (SGM) often do not correlate with the treatment response. Among the challenges is the identification of MIC of drugs that degrade in solution faster than the doubling time of the SGM. METHODS First, we identified the rate of omadacycline degradation in solution, and its effect on the rapidly growing methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We then identified doubling times versus MICs for Mycobacterium abscessus, M. avium, and M. kansasii, with and without supplementation for degraded drug. RESULTS Omadacycline concentration in solution declined ∼50% over 24hr. In the MRSA experiments, omadacycline demonstrated 66.48 ± 19.38% loss in potency over 24hr, confirming the degradation rate in solution. M. abscessus had a doubling time of 8.75 ± 1.23hr and the omadacycline MIC after 24hr of incubation was 2mg/L with and without 50% daily drug supplementation, indicating that drug degradation had no effect on this rapid grower. The doubling time for M. avium was 29.52hr (95% confidence interval (CI): 23.18-33.89hr) and 31.15hr (95%CI: 19.45-38.49 hr) for M. kansasii. The M. avium MICs ±50% daily omadacycline supplementation were 1mg/L and 0.5mg/L on day 7, whereas the M. kansasii MICs ±50% daily supplementation were >128mg/L and 32mg/L on day 7. CONCLUSION Omadacycline degradation in solution leads to falsely high MICs when SGM doubling time exceed the drug degradation rates in solution. The challenge could be overcome by daily drug supplementation to account for the loss of potency, which is laborious, or perhaps stabilizing the drug from degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Shankar
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Gunavanthi D Boorgula
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - Tawanda Gumbo
- Quantitative Preclinical & Clinical Sciences Department, Praedicare Inc., Dallas, TX, USA; Hollow Fiber System & Experimental Therapeutics Laboratories, Praedicare Inc, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Scott K Heysell
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Shashikant Srivastava
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, University of Texas Health Science Centre at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA.
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Zhong X, Zhang X, Zhou T, Lv G, Zhao Q. Exploring kinetics, removal mechanism and possible transformation products of tigecycline by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152988. [PMID: 35026238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of antibiotics in wastewater leads to broad antibiotic resistance, threating human health. Microalgae have been receiving attention due to their ability to remove antibiotics from wastewater. Tigecycline (TGC) is a broad-spectrum glycylcycline antibiotic. It has not been investigated for removal by microalgae. The removal kinetics of TGC by Chlorella pyrenoidosa were evaluated under different initial dry cell densities, TGC concentrations, temperatures and light intensity conditions. Approximately 90% of TGC could be removed when the TGC concentration was 10 mg∙L-1 and the initial dry cell density was more than 0.2 g∙L-1. A low value of TGC per g dry cell weight ratio led to a high removal efficiency of TGC. The initial dry cell density of microalgae was also critical for the removal of TGC. A high initial dry cell density is better than a low initial dry cell density to remove TGC when the ratio of the TGC concentration to dry cell weight are the same at the beginning of the cultivation. The removal mechanisms were investigated. Photolysis was a slow process that did not lead to removal at the beginning. Adsorption, hydrolysis, photolysis and biodegradation by microalgae were the main contributors to the removal of TGC. TGC was easily hydrolyzed under high -temperature conditions. Three transformation products of TGC by microalgae were identified. The stability of TGC was evaluated in water and salt solutions of citric acid, K2HPO4·3H2O and ferric ammonium citrate. TGC was stable in ultrapure water and citric acid solution. TGC was hydrolyzed in K2HPO4·3H2O and ferric ammonium citrate solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Zhong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangping Lv
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, 2 Xuelin Road, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanyu Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China.
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Lui SL, Yap D, Cheng V, Chan TM, Yuen KY. Clinical practice guidelines for the provision of renal service in Hong Kong: Infection Control in Renal Service. Nephrology (Carlton) 2019; 24 Suppl 1:98-129. [PMID: 30900339 PMCID: PMC7167703 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Desmond Yap
- Department of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Vincent Cheng
- Department of MicrobiologyQueen Mary HospitalHong Kong
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Department of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
| | - Kwok Yung Yuen
- Department of MicrobiologyThe University of Hong KongHong Kong
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9
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Anidulafungin increases the antibacterial activity of tigecycline in polymicrobial Candida albicans/Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on intraperitoneally implanted foreign bodies. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 73:2806-2814. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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10
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Ma TKW, Leung CB, Chow KM, Kwan BCH, Li PKT, Szeto CC. Newer antibiotics for the treatment of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Clin Kidney J 2016; 9:616-23. [PMID: 27478608 PMCID: PMC4957733 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Peritonitis is a debilitating infectious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Drug-resistant bacterial peritonitis typically has a lower response rate to antibiotics. In the past 15 years, newer antibiotics with activities against drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria have been developed. In most circumstances, peritonitis due to methicillin-resistant staphylococci responds to vancomycin. If vancomycin cannot be used due to allergy and/or non-susceptibility, there is increasing evidence that linezolid and daptomycin are the drugs of choice. It is reasonable to start linezolid orally or intravenously, but subsequent dose reduction may be necessary in case of myelosuppression. Daptomycin can be given intravenously or intraperitoneally and has excellent anti-biofilm activity. Other treatment options for drug-resistant Gram-positive bacterial peritonitis include teicoplanin, tigecycline and quinupristin/dalfopristin. Teicoplanin is not available in some countries (e.g. the USA). Tigecycline can only be given intravenously. Quinupristin/dalfopristin is ineffective against Enterococcus faecalis and there is only low-quality evidence to support its efficacy in the treatment of peritonitis. Effective newer antibiotics against drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria are lacking. Polymyxins can be considered, but evidence on its efficacy is limited. In this review, we will discuss the potential use of newer antibiotics in the treatment of drug-resistant bacterial peritonitis in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry King-Wing Ma
- Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Chi Bon Leung
- Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Kai Ming Chow
- Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Bonnie Ching-Ha Kwan
- Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Philip Kam-Tao Li
- Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong
| | - Cheuk Chun Szeto
- Carol and Richard Yu Peritoneal Dialysis Research Centre, Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin , Hong Kong
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Li PKT, Szeto CC, Piraino B, de Arteaga J, Fan S, Figueiredo AE, Fish DN, Goffin E, Kim YL, Salzer W, Struijk DG, Teitelbaum I, Johnson DW. ISPD Peritonitis Recommendations: 2016 Update on Prevention and Treatment. Perit Dial Int 2016; 36:481-508. [PMID: 27282851 PMCID: PMC5033625 DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2016.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kam-Tao Li
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cheuk Chun Szeto
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Beth Piraino
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Javier de Arteaga
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Privado and Catholic University, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Stanley Fan
- Department of Renal Medicine and Transplantation, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ana E Figueiredo
- Nursing School-FAENFI, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Douglas N Fish
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric Goffin
- Department of Nephrology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Yong-Lim Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for End Stage Renal Disease, Daegu, Korea
| | - William Salzer
- University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease, MI, USA
| | - Dirk G Struijk
- Department of Nephrology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - David W Johnson
- Department of Nephrology, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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