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Kölükçü V, Balta MG, Tapar H, Karaman T, Karaman S, Unsal V, Gevrek F, Yalçın K, Fırat F. Effects of ketamine on penile tissues in an experimental priapism model in rats. ULUS TRAVMA ACIL CER 2024; 30:309-315. [PMID: 38738674 PMCID: PMC11154065 DOI: 10.14744/tjtes.2024.33262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the histopathological and biochemical effects of ketamine on penile tissues following ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by priapism. METHODS Twenty-four male rats were randomized into three groups. Group 1 served as the control group. Group 2 underwent the priapism model to induce ischemia-reperfusion injury. Group 3, the treatment group, experienced a similar ischemia-reperfusion model as Group 2; additionally, 50 mg/kg of ketamine was administered intraperitoneally just before reperfusion. Blood biochemical analyses and penile histopathological evaluations were performed. RESULTS In Group 3, significant improvements were observed in all histopathological scores, including desquamation, edema, inflammation, and vasocongestion compared to Group 2 (p<0.001). Blood biochemical analyses showed that the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were recorded as 10 in Group 2, with a significant decrease in Group 3 (p=0.013). Similarly, proinflammatory cytokine levels, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), were found to be suppressed in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p=0.003, p=0.022, and p=0.028, respectively). Antioxidant enzyme activities, such as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were higher in Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p=0.016 and p=0.024, respec-tively). CONCLUSION Ketamine is an effective anesthetic agent in alleviating the effects of penile ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vildan Kölükçü
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat-Türkiye
| | - Mehtap Gürler Balta
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat-Türkiye
| | - Hakan Tapar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat-Türkiye
| | - Tugba Karaman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat-Türkiye
| | - Serkan Karaman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat-Türkiye
| | - Velid Unsal
- Mardin Artuklu University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Central Research Laboratory, Mardin-Türkiye
| | - Fikret Gevrek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat-Türkiye
| | - Kenan Yalçın
- Department of Urology, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat-Türkiye
| | - Fatih Fırat
- Department of Urology, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat-Türkiye
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Huang Z, Bai Y, Chen Y, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Zhou J. Attenuation of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion-injury by anesthetics: a potentially protective effect of anesthetic management in experimental studies. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1367170. [PMID: 38444936 PMCID: PMC10912591 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1367170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a potentially severe clinical syndrome after major surgical procedures. In addition to causing intestinal mucosa injury, intestinal IRI further damages distant organs, causing the severity of the condition in patients. So far, effective therapy for intestinal IRI is still absent, and the survival rate of the patients is low. Previous experimental studies have shown that some anesthetics can alleviate intestinal IRI and protect organs while exerting their pharmacological effects, indicating that reasonable perioperative anesthesia management may provide potential benefits for patients to avoid intestinal IRI. These meaningful findings drive scholars to investigate the mechanism of anesthetics in treating intestinal IRI in-depth to discuss the possible new clinical uses. In the present mini-review, we will introduce the protective effects of different anesthetics in intestinal IRI to help us enrich our knowledge in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dazhou Integrated TCM & Western Medicine Hospital, Dazhou Second People’s Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Yiping Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Protective Effect of Oxygen and Isoflurane in Rodent Model of Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032587. [PMID: 36768910 PMCID: PMC9917127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal research in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is mainly performed in rodent models. Previously, intraperitoneal (I.P.) injections with ketamine-xylazine mixtures were used. Nowadays, volatile anesthetics (isoflurane) are more common. However, the impact of the anesthetic method on intestinal IRI has not been investigated. We aim to analyze the different anesthetic methods and their influence on the extent of intestinal IRI in a rat model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to investigate the effect of I.P. anesthesia on 60 min of intestinal ischemia and 60 min of reperfusion in comparison to hyperoxygenation (100% O2) and volatile isoflurane anesthesia. In comparison to I.P. anesthesia with room air (21% O2), supplying 100% O2 improved 7-day survival by cardiovascular stabilization, reducing lactic acidosis and preventing vascular leakage. However, this had no effect on the intestinal epithelial damage, permeability, and inflammatory response observed after intestinal IRI. In contrast to I.P. + 100% O2, isoflurane anesthesia reduced intestinal IRI by preventing ongoing low-flow reperfusion hypotension, limiting intestinal epithelial damage and permeability, and by having anti-inflammatory effects. When translating the aforementioned results of this study to clinical situations, such as intestinal ischemia or transplantation, the potential protective effects of hyperoxygenation and volatile anesthetics require further research.
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Tayari H, Cuypers C, Schäffler L, Proost K, Schauvliege S. Fatal cardiac arrest in a calf with uroperitoneum. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte Cuypers
- Department of Surgery and Anaesthesia of Domestic AnimalsUniversiteit Gent Faculteit DiergeneeskundeMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Lisa Schäffler
- Department of Large Animal Internal MedicineUniversiteit Gent Faculteit DiergeneeskundeMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Kirsten Proost
- Department of Surgery and AnaesthesiologyGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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Alexandropoulos D, Bazigos GV, Doulamis IP, Tzani A, Konstantopoulos P, Tragotsalou N, Kondi-Pafiti A, Kotsis T, Arkadopoulos N, Smyrniotis V, Perrea DN. Protective effects of N -acetylcystein and atorvastatin against renal and hepatic injury in a rat model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:673-680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Tong F, Dong B, Chai R, Tong K, Wang Y, Chen S, Zhou X, Liu D. Simvastatin nanoparticles attenuated intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury by downregulating BMP4/COX-2 pathway in rats. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:2477-2488. [PMID: 28408819 PMCID: PMC5383092 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s126063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the research was to explore the therapeutic action of simvastatin-loaded poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(gamma-benzyl l-glutamate) (PEG-b-PBLG50) on intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury (II/RI) through downregulating bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4)/cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway as compared to free simvastatin (Sim). Sprague Dawley rats were preconditioned with 20 mg/kg Sim or simvastatin/PEG-b-PBLG50 (Sim/P) compounds, and then subjected to 45 min of ischemia and 1 h of reperfusion. The blood and small intestines were collected, serum levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α, and nitric oxide (NO) were checked, and the dry/wet intestine ratios, superoxide dismutase activity, myeloperoxidase content, reactive oxygen species, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, protein 47 kDa phagocyte oxidase (p47phox), BMP4, COX-2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) expressions were measured in intestinal tissues. Both Sim and Sim/P pretreatment reduced intestinal oxidative damnification, restricted inflammatory harm, and downregulated the BMP4 and COX-2 expressions as compared to II/RI groups, while Sim/P remarkably improved this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tong
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Discipline of Pharmacology, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, Zhejiang
- Correspondence: Fei Tong, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Discipline of Pharmacology, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Bo Dong
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Discipline of Pharmacology, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, Zhejiang
| | - Rongkui Chai
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Discipline of Pharmacology, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, Zhejiang
| | - Ke Tong
- College of Life Science and Engineering
- State Defense Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science on Nuclear Wastes and Environment, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan
| | - Yini Wang
- Department of Nursing, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, The Third People’s Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang
| | - Shipiao Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Discipline of Pharmacology, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, Zhejiang
| | - Xinmei Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Provincial Key Discipline of Pharmacology, Jiaxing University Medical College, Jiaxing, Zhejiang
| | - Daojun Liu
- Department of Pharmacochemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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Filpa V, Moro E, Protasoni M, Crema F, Frigo G, Giaroni C. Role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the enteric nervous system and brain-gut axis in health and disease. Neuropharmacology 2016; 111:14-33. [PMID: 27561972 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have been carried out in the last 30 years in the attempt to clarify the possible role of glutamate as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the gastrointestinal tract. Such effort has provided immunohistochemical, biomolecular and functional data suggesting that the entire glutamatergic neurotransmitter machinery is present in the complex circuitries of the enteric nervous system (ENS), which participates to the local coordination of gastrointestinal functions. Glutamate is also involved in the regulation of the brain-gut axis, a bi-directional connection pathway between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gut. The neurotransmitter contributes to convey information, via afferent fibers, from the gut to the brain, and to send appropriate signals, via efferent fibers, from the brain to control gut secretion and motility. In analogy with the CNS, an increasing number of studies suggest that dysregulation of the enteric glutamatergic neurotransmitter machinery may lead to gastrointestinal dysfunctions. On the whole, this research field has opened the possibility to find new potential targets for development of drugs for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The present review analyzes the more recent literature on enteric glutamatergic neurotransmission both in physiological and pathological conditions, such as gastroesophageal reflux, gastric acid hypersecretory diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Filpa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, I-21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Moro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marina Protasoni
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, via F. Guicciardini 9, I-21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Francesca Crema
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianmario Frigo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Section of Pharmacology, via Ferrata 9, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, I-21100 Varese, Italy
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Fayed NA, Sayed EI, Saleh SM, Ehsan NA, Elfert AY. Effect of dexmedetomidine on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the setting of adult living donor liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2016; 30:470-82. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nirmeen A. Fayed
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care; National Liver Institute; Menoufia University; ShebeenAlkoom Menoufia Egypt
| | - Eman I. Sayed
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care; National Liver Institute; Menoufia University; ShebeenAlkoom Menoufia Egypt
| | - Sherif M. Saleh
- Hepatobiliary Surgery; National Liver Institute; Menoufia University; ShebeenAlkoom Menoufia Egypt
| | - Nermen A. Ehsan
- Pathology; National Liver Institute; Menoufia University; ShebeenAlkoom Menoufia Egypt
| | - Ashraf Y. Elfert
- Clinical Biochemistry; National Liver Institute; Menoufia University; ShebeenAlkoom Menoufia Egypt
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Preventive Treatment with Ketamine Attenuates the Ischaemia-Reperfusion Response in a Chronic Postischaemia Pain Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:380403. [PMID: 26161236 PMCID: PMC4487903 DOI: 10.1155/2015/380403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia and inflammation may be pathophysiological mechanisms of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Ketamine has proposed anti-inflammatory effects and has been used for treating CRPS. This study aimed to evaluate anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of ketamine after ischaemia-reperfusion injury in a chronic postischaemia pain (CPIP) model of CRPS-I. Using this model, ischemia was induced in the hindlimbs of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Ketamine, methylprednisolone, or saline was administered immediately after reperfusion. Physical effects, (oedema, temperature, and mechanical and cold allodynia) in the bilateral hindpaws, were assessed from 48 hours after reperfusion. Fewer (56%) rats in the ketamine group developed CPIP at the 48th hour after reperfusion (nonsignificant). Ketamine treated rats showed a significantly lower temperature in the ischaemic hindpaw compared to saline (P < 0.01) and methylprednisolone (P < 0.05) groups. Mechanical and cold allodynia were significantly lower in the ischaemic side in the ketamine group (P < 0.05). Proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-2 were significantly lower at the 48th hour after reperfusion in ketamine and methylprednisolone groups, compared to saline (all P < 0.05). In conclusion, immediate administration of ketamine after an ischaemia-reperfusion injury can alleviate pain and inflammation in the CPIP model and has potential to treat postischaemic pain.
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Zhang Z, Zhang L, Zhou C, Wu H. Ketamine inhibits LPS-induced HGMB1 release in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23:14-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Guzmán-de la Garza FJ, Cordero-Pérez P, Alarcón-Galván G, Ibarra-Hernández JM, Muñoz-Espinosa LE, Fernández-Garza NE. Bupropion reduces the inflammatory response and intestinal injury due to ischemia-reperfusion. Transplant Proc 2014; 45:2502-5. [PMID: 23953570 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) causes severe organ failure and intense inflammatory responses, which are mediated in part by the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Bupropion is an antidepressant known to inhibit TNF-alpha production. We sought to examine the protective effects of bupropion on intestinal I/R injury in 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats that were randomized to sham surgery, 45 minutes of intestinal ischemia followed by 180 minutes reperfusion, or bupropion (100 mg/kg) before the intestinal I/R injury. To evaluate the systemic inflammatory response induced by intestinal I/R, we measured serum levels of TNF-alpha, interleukins-1 and -6, lipid peroxidation, and transaminases. Histologic analysis evaluated intestinal injury using the Chiu muscosal injury score. After I/R, Chiu score in control animals was 3.6 ± 1.2 vs 2.6 ± 0.53 in animals that received bupropion (P < .05). Bupropion pretreatment reduced intestinal. I/R injury and blunted serum elevations of TNF-alpha (0.96 ± 1.1 ng/mL vs 0.09 ± 0.06 ng/mL, P < .05) and interleukin-1 (0.53 ± 0.24 ng/mL vs 0.2 ± 0.11 ng/mL, P < .05). Bupropion in reduced intestinal I/R injury through immunomodulatory machanisms that involve inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Cámara-Lemarroy
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.
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Hatipoglu S, Yildiz H, Bulbuloglu E, Coskuner I, Kurutas EB, Hatipoglu F, Ciralik H, Berhuni MS. Protective effects of intravenous anesthetics on kidney tissue in obstructive jaundice. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3320-3326. [PMID: 24695809 PMCID: PMC3964402 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i12.3320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the protective effects on kidney tissue of frequently used intravenous anesthetics (ketamine, propofol, thiopental, and fentanyl) in rats with obstructive jaundice.
METHODS: There is an increased incidence of postoperative acute renal failure in patients with obstructive jaundice. Thirty-two Wistar-albino rats were randomly divided into four equal groups. Laparatomy was performed on each animal in the four groups and common bile ducts were ligated and severed on day 0. After 7 d, laparotomy was again performed using ketamine, propofol, thiopental, or fentanyl anesthesia whose antioxidative properties are well known in oxidative stress in a rat liver model of obstructive jaundice. After 2 h, the rats were sacrificed. Renal tissue specimens were analyzed for catalase, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde enzymes activities. All values are expressed as the mean ± SD. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS: All animals survived without complications until the end of the study. Enlargement in the bile duct and obstructive jaundice were observed in all rats. Catalase was found to be significantly lower in the fentanyl group than in the ketamine (P = 0.039), propofol (P = 0.012), and thiopental (P = 0.001) groups. Superoxide dismutase activities were similar in all groups (P > 0.05). Malondialdehyde was found to be significantly lower in the ketamine group than in the propofol (P = 0.028), thiopental (P = 0.002) and fentanyl (P = 0.005) groups. Malondialdehyde was also lower in the fentanyl group than in the thiopental group (P = 0.001). The results showed that obstructive jaundice sensitizes renal tissue to damage under the different anesthetics.
CONCLUSION: Among the agents tested, ketamine and propofol generated the least amount of oxidative stres on renal tissues in this rat model of obstructive jaundice created by common bile duct ligation. The importance of free radical injury in renal tissue in obstructive jaundice under different intravenous anesthetics during hepatobiliary and liver transplant surgery should be considered for prevention of postoperative acute renal failure.
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Eroglu A. The effect of intravenous anesthetics on ischemia-reperfusion injury. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:821513. [PMID: 24527458 PMCID: PMC3914339 DOI: 10.1155/2014/821513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of intravenous anesthetics on ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) have been investigated in both animals and clinical studies. The protective effects and the dosages of the intravenous anesthetics on IRI were discussed in this paper. The prevention of the tissue injury after the IRI was demonstrated with intravenous anesthetics in some studies. In the future, the studies should be focused on the dosage of the anesthetics related to diminishing the tissue injuries. Further studies might be required in order to investigate the effects of the anesthetics on molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Eroglu
- Karadeniz Technical University, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 61000 Trabzon, Turkey
- *Ahmet Eroglu:
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Understanding intestinal circulation – Many barriers, many unknowns. TRENDS IN ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tacc.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Study of the influence of anti-inflammatory and antioxidative substances on rat kidneys in ischaemia-reperfusion of the superior mesenteric artery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13126-013-0050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yang X, Bai H, Cai W, Li J, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Han J, Zhu X, Dong M, Hu D. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides reduce intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injuries in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 204:166-72. [PMID: 23743330 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress exert important roles in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs) have shown effective antioxidative and immunomodulatory functions in different models. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects and potential mechanisms of LBPs in intestinal IRI. Several free radical-generating and lipid peroxidation models were used to assess the antioxidant activities of LBPs in vitro. A common IRI model was used to induce intestinal injury by clamping and unclamping the superior mesenteric artery in rats. Changes in the malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, activated nuclear factor (NF)-κB, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, E-selectin, and related antioxidant enzyme levels, polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) accumulation, intestinal permeability, and intestinal histology were examined. We found that LBPs exhibited marked inhibitory action against free radicals and lipid peroxidation in vitro. LBPs increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes and reduced intestinal oxidative injury in animal models of intestinal IRI. In addition, LBPs inhibited PMN accumulation and ICAM-1 expression and ameliorated changes in the TNF-α level, NF-κB activation, intestinal permeability, and histology. Our results indicate that LBPs treatment may protect against IRI-induced intestinal damage, possibly by inhibiting IRI-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekang Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710032, PR China
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Kornyushin O, Galagudza M, Kotslova A, Nutfullina G, Shved N, Nevorotin A, Sedov V, Vlasov T. Intestinal injury can be reduced by intra-arterial postischemic perfusion with hypertonic saline. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:209-218. [PMID: 23345943 PMCID: PMC3547561 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i2.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of local intestinal perfusion with hypertonic saline (HTS) on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in both ex vivo and in vivo rat models.
METHODS: All experiments were performed on male Wistar rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium given intraperitoneally at a dose of 60 mg/kg. Ex vivo vascularly perfused rat intestine was subjected to 60-min ischemia and either 30-min reperfusion with isotonic buffer (controls), or 5 min with HTS of 365 or 415 mOsm/L osmolarity (HTS365mOsm or HTS415mOsm, respectively) followed by 25-min reperfusion with isotonic buffer. The vascular intestinal perfusate flow (IPF) rate was determined by collection of the effluent from the portal vein in a calibrated tube. Spontaneous intestinal contraction rate was monitored throughout. Irreversible intestinal injury or area of necrosis (AN) was evaluated histochemically using 2.3.5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. In vivo, 30-min ischemia was followed by either 30-min blood perfusion or 5-min reperfusion with HTS365mOsm through the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) followed by 25-min blood perfusion. Arterial blood pressure (BP) was measured in the common carotid artery using a miniature pressure transducer. Histological injury was evaluated in both preparations using the Chui score.
RESULTS: Ex vivo, intestinal IRI resulted in a reduction in the IPF rate during reperfusion (P < 0.05 vs sham). The postischemic recovery of the IPF rate did not differ between the controls and the HTS365mOsm group. In the HTS415mOsm group, postischemic IPF rates were lower than in the controls and the HTS365mOsm group (P < 0.05). The intestinal contraction rate was similar at baseline in all groups. An increase in this parameter was observed during the first 10 min of reperfusion in the control group as compared to the sham-treated group, but no such increase was seen in the HTS365mOsm group. In controls, AN averaged 14.8% ± 5.07% of the total tissue volume. Administration of HTS365mOsm for 5 min after 60-min ischemia resulted in decrease in AN (5.1% ± 1.20% vs controls, P < 0.01). However, perfusion of the intestine with the HTS of greater osmolarity (HTS415mOsm) failed to protect the intestine from irreversible injury. The Chiu score was lower in the HTS365mOsm group in comparison with controls (2.4 ± 0.54 vs 3.2 ± 0.44, P = 0.042), while intestinal perfusion with HTS415mOsm failed to improve the Chiu score. Intestinal reperfusion with HTS365mOsm in the in vivo series secured rapid recovery of BP after its transient fall, whereas in the controls no recovery was seen. The Chiu score was lower in the HTS365mOsm group vs controls (3.1 ± 0.26 and 3.8 ± 0.22, P = 0.0079 respectively,), although the magnitude of the effect was lower than in the ex vivo series.
CONCLUSION: Brief intestinal postischemic perfusion with HTS365mOsm through the SMA followed by blood flow restoration is a protective procedure that could be used for the prevention of intestinal IRI.
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Wong YW, Lam LH, Tang HC, Liang Y, Tan S, Yew DT. Intestinal and liver changes after chronic ketamine and ketamine plus alcohol treatment. Microsc Res Tech 2012; 75:1170-5. [PMID: 22623411 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of long-term chronic ketamine treatment on the intestine and the liver were studied in the ICR mice which had daily intraperitoneal injection of ketamine at 30 mg/kg per day for 7 months. The intestine showed no significant pathology after treatment but had a decrease of the positive sites of proliferative cell nuclear antigen in the mucosae of the intestines after ketamine and ketamine plus alcohol (added in the last month) treatment. No significant apoptosis (via TUNEL) nor necrosis (via lactic acid dehydrogenase) was detected in the intestines of all control and ketamine-treated groups, with the exception of an increase of lactic acid dehydrogenase in the mucosae of the intestines of the ketamine plus alcohol group. In the liver, loss of glycogen was observed in animals after ketamine and ketamine plus alcohol treatment, in addition to the pathology reported in a previous work. The decrease in quantity of glycogen in the liver reflected either a failure of glycogen synthesis from glucose or an increase of glycogenolysis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeuk W Wong
- Brain Research Centre, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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The effects of dexmedetomidine on mesenteric arterial occlusion-associated gut ischemia and reperfusion-induced gut and kidney injury in rabbits. J Surg Res 2012; 178:223-32. [PMID: 22560540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We assessed the antioxidant activity of dexmedetomidine (Dex) administered during the ischemic period in a rabbit model of mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury using biochemical and histopathological methods. METHODS A total of 24 male New Zealand white rabbits weighing between 2.5 and 3.0 kg were randomly divided into three groups: the sham group (Group S, n = 8), the I/R group (Group I/R, n = 8), and the I/R plus Dex treatment group (Group Dex, n = 8). In the I/R group, ischemia was achieved with 60 min of mesenteric occlusion. The sham group provided normal basal values. The rabbits in Group I/R were operated to achieve I/R. Group Dex received intravenous Dex 30 min after the commencement of reperfusion (10 μg/kg Dex was infused within 10 min, and then a maintenance dose of 10 μg/kg/h Dex was infused intravenously). For the measurement of tissue malondialdehyde, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, lipid hydroperoxide levels, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and myeloperoxidase activity levels in the renal tissue samples of animals, the rabbits in each group were sacrificed 3 h after reperfusion. The histopathological examination scores were determined using the intestinal and renal tissues. RESULTS The mean malondialdehyde, total oxidant status, myeloperoxidase, and lipid hydroperoxide levels were significantly higher in Group I/R than in Groups S and Dex (P < 0.05). There also were significant decreases in the mean total antioxidant status, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities in Group I/R compared with Groups S and Dex (P < 0.05). The histopathological examination scores of the intestinal and renal tissues were significantly higher in Group I/R compared with Groups S and Dex (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Dex treatment may have biochemical and histopathological benefits by preventing I/R-related cellular damage of intestinal and renal tissues as shown in an experimental mesenteric ischemia model. The preference to use Dex for anesthesia during the mesenteric ischemia procedure may attenuate I/R injury in intestinal and renal tissues.
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Effects of ketamine on endotoxin and traumatic brain injury induced cytokine production in the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 70:1471-9. [PMID: 21817985 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e31821c38bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endotoxemia from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces systemic cytokine production, whereas traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases intracerebral cytokine production. In anesthetic doses, ketamine has potent anti-inflammatory properties. However, its anti-inflammatory effects at subanesthetic doses and its effects on TBI-induced inflammation have not been fully investigated. We hypothesized that ketamine would attenuate both LPS- and TBI-induced inflammatory responses. METHODS Male rats received intraperitoneal (i.p.) ketamine (70 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg, or 1 mg/kg) or saline 1 hour before LPS (20 mg/kg i.p.) or saline. Five hours after LPS, rats were killed. Serum was collected for cytokine analysis. In other experiments, male rats were given ketamine (7 mg/kg i.p.) or saline 1 hour before induction of TBI with controlled cortical impact (or sham). One hour and 6 hours after injury, brain was extracted for analysis of cerebral edema and cytokine production. RESULTS LPS increased the serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ. Ketamine dose dependently attenuated these changes. TBI caused cerebral edema and increased concentrations of cerebral IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α. However, ketamine had minimal effect on TBI-induced inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Although ketamine did not seem to exert any beneficial effects against TBI in the rat, it did not exacerbate cytokine production or enhance cerebral edema as some studies have suggested.
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Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Guzmán-de la Garza FJ, Cordero-Pérez P, Alarcón-Galván G, Torres-Gonzalez L, Muñoz-Espinosa LE, Fernández-Garza NE. Comparative effects of triflusal, S-adenosylmethionine, and dextromethorphan over intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. ScientificWorldJournal 2011; 11:1886-92. [PMID: 22125445 PMCID: PMC3217601 DOI: 10.1100/2011/583603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a condition that stimulates an intense inflammatory response. No ideal treatment exists. Triflusal is an antiplatelet salicylate derivative with anti-inflammatory effects. S-adenosylmethionine is a metabolic precursor for glutathione, an endogenous antioxidant. Dextromethorphan is a low-affinity N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor inhibitor. There is evidence that these agents modulate some of the pathways involved in I/R physiopathology. Intestinal I/R was induced in rats by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 60 minutes, followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. Rats either received saline or the drugs studied. At the end of the procedure, serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), malonaldehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined and intestinal morphology analyzed. I/R resulted in tissue damage, serum TNF-alpha and MDA elevations, and depletion of TAC. All drugs showed tissue protection. Only triflusal reduced TNF-alpha levels. All drugs lowered MDA levels, but only triflusal and S-adenosylmethionine maintained the serum TAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R Cámara-Lemarroy
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, UANL, Avenida Francisco I. Madero y Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño S/No, Col. Mitras Centro, 64460 Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
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Zhang Y, Leng YF, Xue X, Zhang Y, Wang T, Kang YQ. Effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride in small intestinal damage caused by limb ischemia-reperfusion. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:254-9. [PMID: 21246001 PMCID: PMC3020382 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i2.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the protective effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride post-conditioning in the damage to the barrier function of the small intestinal mucosa caused by limb ischemia-reperfusion (LIR) injury.
METHODS: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (36 rats each): the sham-operation group (group S), lower limb ischemia-reperfusion group (group LIR), and penehyclidine hydrochloride post-conditioning group (group PHC). Each group was divided into subgroups (n = 6 in each group) according to ischemic-reperfusion time, i.e. immediately 0 h (T1), 1 h (T2), 3 h (T3), 6 h (T4), 12 h (T5), and 24 h (T6). Bilateral hind-limb ischemia was induced by rubber band application proximal to the level of the greater trochanter for 3 h. In group PHC, 0.15 mg/kg of penehyclidine hydrochloride was injected into the tail vein immediately after 3 h of bilateral hind-limb ischemia. The designated rats were sacrificed at different time-points of reperfusion; diamine oxidase (DAO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, myeloperoxidase (MPO) of small intestinal tissue, plasma endotoxin, DAO, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-10 in serum were detected in the rats.
RESULTS: The pathological changes in the small intestine were observed under light microscope. The levels of MPO, endotoxin, serum DAO, and IL-10 at T1-T6, and TNF-α level at T1-T4 increased in groups LIR and PHC (P < 0.05) compared with those in group S, but tissue DAO and SOD activity at T1-T6 decreased (P < 0.05). In group PHC, the tissue DAO and SOD activity at T2-T6, and IL-10 at T2-T5 increased to higher levels than those in group LIR (P < 0.05); however, the levels of MPO, endotoxin, and DAO in the blood at T2-T6, and TNF-α at T2 and T4 decreased (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Penehyclidine hydrochloride post-conditioning may reduce the permeability of the small intestines after LIR. Its protection mechanisms may be related to inhibiting oxygen free radicals and inflammatory cytokines for organ damage.
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Guzmán-De La Garza FJ, Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Ballesteros-Elizondo RG, Alarcón-Galván G, Cordero-Pérez P, Fernández-Garza NE. Ketamine reduces intestinal injury and inflammatory cell infiltration after ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Surg Today 2010; 40:1055-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00595-009-4177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Allford M, Bew S. Ventricular fibrillation in an ex-premature neonate following reperfusion of ischemic gut incarcerated within an inguinal hernia. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20:763-6. [PMID: 20670241 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We describe the case of a neonate who underwent surgery for bowel obstruction. The child was born at 25 weeks postconception, and at the time of surgery, he had a postconceptual age of 44 weeks. He had undergone two previous laparotomy procedures for necrotizing enterocolitis. At laparotomy, there was unexpected extensive compromise to gut perfusion. The child developed ventricular fibrillation following the reperfusion of a segment of ischemic gut found incarcerated in an inguinal hernial orifice. We discuss the pathophysiology of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury. We have reviewed the interventions that may be employed to minimize the systemic impact of I-R.
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Guzmán-de la Garza FJ, Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Ballesteros-Elizondo RG, Alarcón-Galván G, Cordero-Pérez P, Fernández-Garza NE. Ketamine and the myenteric plexus in intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:1878-85. [PMID: 19760156 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0976-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is a common clinical entity with severe consequences. We studied the effects of ketamine and the participation of the myenteric plexus in I/R injury. METHODS Rats were divided into six groups: sham, IR (30 min ischemia/60 min reperfusion), KET+IR (50 mg/kg i.p. ketamine injection before I/R), DEN (myenteric plexus ablated with benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and sham operation performed), DEN+IR (BAC treated and I/R induced), and DEN+KET+IR (BAC treated, ketamine administered, and I/R induced). Serum concentrations of p-selectin, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and antithrombin III (ATIII) were measured, and tissue samples were obtained for histological analysis. RESULTS IR group had higher intestinal mucosa injury and elevated serum concentrations of ICAM-1 and p-selectin, as well as ATIII depletion, compared with sham group (P < 0.05). In KET+IR group these alterations were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). DEN group showed ICAM-1 elevations when compared with sham group (P < 0.05), and DEN+IR group showed no difference in any parameter compared with IR group. However, ketamine administration in group DEN+KET+IR had no effect on any parameter when compared with DEN+IR group. CONCLUSIONS Ketamine was able to diminish alterations induced by I/R. Myenteric plexus ablation with BAC treatment alone had no effects on intestinal I/R injury. However, this procedure abolished ketamine's protective effects. Ketamine seems to require an intact enteric nervous system to exert its protective action.
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Cámara-Lemarroy CR, Guzmán-de la Garza FJ, Alarcón-Galván G, Cordero-Pérez P, Fernández-Garza NE. The effects of NMDA receptor antagonists over intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 621:78-85. [PMID: 19751722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion causes severe injury and alters motility. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists have been shown to reduce ischemia/reperfusion injury in the nervous system, and in other organs. In this study, we set out to investigate the effects of NMDA receptor antagonists over intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: (1) a control, sham-operated group; (2) an intestinal ischemia/reperfusion group subjected to 45 min ischemia and 1h reperfusion; (3) a group treated with 10 mg/kg ketamine before ischemia/reperfusion; and (4) a group treated with 10 mg/kg memantine before ischemia/reperfusion. Intestinal samples were taken for histological evaluation. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), P-selectin and antithrombin III (ATIII) were measured. Intestinal transit time was determined to evaluate intestinal motility. Fecal pellet output and animal weight were also registered daily for 7 days post-ischemia. After reperfusion, AST, LDH, TNF-alpha and P-selectin levels were elevated, ATIII levels were depleted, and ALT levels were unchanged in serum. Additionally, levels of MDA were increased and total antioxidant capacity was reduced in serum, indicating oxidative stress. Intestinal mucosa showed severe injury. Ketamine, but not memantine, diminished these alterations. Intestinal motility and fecal pellet output were also altered after ischemia/reperfusion. Both drugs abolished the alterations in motility. In conclusion, ketamine's protective effects over ischemia/reperfusion do not appear to be NMDA mediated, but they could be playing a role in protecting the intestine against ischemia-induced functional changes.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2009; 22:539-43. [DOI: 10.1097/aco.0b013e32832fa02c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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