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Jayathilake AG, Luwor RB, Nurgali K, Su XQ. Molecular Mechanisms Associated with the Inhibitory Role of Long Chain n-3 PUFA in Colorectal Cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2024; 23:15347354241243024. [PMID: 38708673 PMCID: PMC11072084 DOI: 10.1177/15347354241243024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world. Multiple evidence suggests that there is an association between excess fat consumption and the risk of CRC. The long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential for human health, and both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that these fatty acids can prevent CRC development through various molecular mechanisms. These include the modulation of arachidonic acid (AA) derived prostaglandin synthesis, alteration of growth signaling pathways, arrest of the cell cycle, induction of cell apoptosis, suppression of angiogenesis and modulation of inflammatory response. Human clinical studies found that LC n-3 PUFA combined with chemotherapeutic agents can improve the efficacy of treatment and reduce the dosage of chemotherapy and associated side effects. In this review, we discuss comprehensively the anti-cancer effects of LC n-3 PUFA on CRC, with a main focus on the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodney Brain Luwor
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Muscular Skeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiao Qun Su
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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2
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Khan I, Hussain M, Jiang B, Zheng L, Pan Y, Hu J, Khan A, Ashraf A, Zou X. Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Metabolism and health implications. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 92:101255. [PMID: 37838255 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) have gained substantial interest due to their specific structure and biological functions. Humans cannot naturally produce these fatty acids (FAs), making it crucial to obtain them from our diet. This comprehensive review details n-3 LC-PUFAs and their role in promoting and maintaining optimal health. The article thoroughly analyses several sources of n-3 LC-PUFAs and their respective bioavailability, covering marine, microbial and plant-based sources. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth analysis of the biological impacts of n-3 LC-PUFAs on health conditions, with particular emphasis on cardiovascular disease (CVD), gastrointestinal (GI) cancer, diabetes, depression, arthritis, and cognition. In addition, we highlight the significance of fortification and supplementation of n-3 LC-PUFAs in both functional foods and dietary supplements. Additionally, we conducted a detailed analysis of the several kinds of n-3 LC-PUFAs supplements currently available in the market, including an assessment of their recommended intake, safety, and effectiveness. The dietary guidelines associated with n-3 LC-PUFAs are also highlighted, focusing on the significance of maintaining a well-balanced intake of n-3 PUFAs to enhance health benefits. Lastly, we highlight future directions for further research in this area and their potential implications for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mudassar Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bangzhi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuechao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jijie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Adil Khan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Azqa Ashraf
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 2666100, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Moon YA. Emerging roles of polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathway in colorectal cancer. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2023; 27:61-71. [PMID: 36970499 PMCID: PMC10035963 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2023.2189933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of colorectal cancer typically involves the accumulated influences of genetic alterations, medical issues, lifestyle, and diet. Dietary fatty acids appear to affect the tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer. Despite conflicting results, the current consensus on the effects of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on colorectal cancer is that low levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, and high levels of arachidonic acid are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Altered levels of arachidonic acid in membrane phospholipids can change the levels of prostaglandin E2, which affect the biological activities of cancer cells in multiple stages. Arachidonic acid and other very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids can affect tumorigenesis in prostaglandin E2-independent manners as well, including stabilization of β-catenine, ferroptosis, ROS generation, regulation of transcription factors, and de novo lipogenesis. Recent studies have revealed an association between the activities of enzymes synthesizing very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and tumorigenesis and cancer progression, although the mechanisms are still unknown. In this study, PUFA effects on tumorigenesis, the endogenous very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathway, metabolites of arachidonic acid and their effects on tumorigenesis and progression of CRC, and current knowledge that supports the association of the enzymes involved in the polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis pathway with colorectal cancer tumorigenesis and progression are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ah Moon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
- Young-Ah Moon Department of Molecular Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
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4
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Story MJ. Zinc, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin D: An essential combination for prevention and treatment of cancers. Biochimie 2020; 181:100-122. [PMID: 33307154 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zinc, ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and vitamin D are essential nutrients for health, maturation and general wellbeing. Extensive literature searches have revealed the widespread similarity in molecular biological properties of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D, and their similar anti-cancer properties, even though they have different modes of action. These three nutrients are separately essential for good health, especially in the aged. Zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D are inexpensive and safe as they are fundamentally natural and have the properties of correcting and inhibiting undesirable actions without disturbing the normal functions of cells or their extracellular environment. This review of the anticancer properties of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D is made in the context of the hallmarks of cancer. The anticancer properties of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D can therefore be used beneficially through combined treatment or supplementation. It is proposed that sufficiency of zinc, ω-3 PUFAs and vitamin D is a necessary requirement during chemotherapy treatment and that clinical trials can have questionable integrity if this sufficiency is not checked and maintained during efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Story
- Story Pharmaceutics Pty Ltd, PO Box 6086, Linden Park, South Australia, 5065, Australia.
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Ungaro F, D’Alessio S, Danese S. The Role of Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Colorectal Cancer-Associated Inflammation: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082060. [PMID: 32722560 PMCID: PMC7463689 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a recognized hallmark of cancer that contributes to the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Anti-inflammatory drugs currently used for the treatment of CRC show many adverse side effects that prompted researchers to propose the polyunsaturated fatty acids-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) as promoters of resolution of cancer-associated inflammation. SPMs were found to inhibit the CRC-associated pro-inflammatory milieu via specific G-coupled protein receptors, although clinical data are still lacking. This review aims to summarize the state-of-the-art in this field, ultimately providing insights for the development of innovative anti-CRC therapies that promote the endogenous lipid-mediated resolution of CRC-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Ungaro
- IBD Center, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (S.D.); (S.D.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia D’Alessio
- IBD Center, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (S.D.); (S.D.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- IBD Center, Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy; (S.D.); (S.D.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy
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Fouladiha H, Marashi SA, Torkashvand F, Mahboudi F, Lewis NE, Vaziri B. A metabolic network-based approach for developing feeding strategies for CHO cells to increase monoclonal antibody production. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:1381-1389. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02332-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Jóźwiak M, Filipowska A, Fiorino F, Struga M. Anticancer activities of fatty acids and their heterocyclic derivatives. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 871:172937. [PMID: 31958454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional chemotherapy relies on the premise that rapidly proliferating cancer cells are more likely to be killed by a cytotoxic agent, but in reality, the long-standing problem of chemotherapy is the lack of tumor-specific treatments. Apart from the impact on tumor cells, the drugs' major limitation is their severe adverse side effects on normal cells and tissues. Nutritional and epidemiological studies have indicated that cancer progression is correlated with the consumption of fatty acids, but the exact mechanisms still remain unknown. In the first part of our review, we discussed the beneficial effects of free fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated) on the progress of carcinogenesis in different tumor cell lines. We presented various mechanisms proposed in the literature, which explain the possible impact on the cells metabolism. The second part describes modifications of different fatty acids with existing anticancer drugs and heterocyclic moieties by condensation reactions. Such conjugations increased the tissue selectivity and made chemotherapy potentially more effective and less toxic in in vivo and in vitro studies. This fatty acid modifications, which change the activity of compounds, their uptake selectivity and alter drug delivery methods, may be the key to unlocking true medical potential of fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Jóźwiak
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Filipowska
- Department of Biosensors and Processing of Biomedical Signals, Silesian University of Technology, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Ferdinando Fiorino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia Universita di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Struga
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Zhang N, Wang L, Luo G, Tang X, Ma L, Zheng Y, Liu S, A Price C, Jiang Z. Arachidonic Acid Regulation of Intracellular Signaling Pathways and Target Gene Expression in Bovine Ovarian Granulosa Cells. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9060374. [PMID: 31248190 PMCID: PMC6617051 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Arachidonic acid (AA) is one of the polyunsaturated fatty acids that presents in a very high proportion in the mammalian follicular fluid. However, the mechanism of its effects on bovine ovarian granulosa cells is not clear. In the present study, we found that arachidonic acid plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation, lipid accumulation and steroidogenesis of granulosa cells. In this sense, arachidonic acid can directly affect the functionality of granulosa cells and therefore follicular development and ovulation, which could provide useful information for future studies relating to increasing fecundity of bovine. Abstract In the present study, AA was used to challenge bovine ovarian granulosa cells in vitro and the related parameters of cellular and molecular biology were measured. The results indicated that lower doses of AA increased survival of bovine granulosa cells whereas higher doses of AA suppressed survival. While lower doses of AA induced accumulation of lipid droplet in granulosa cells, the higher dose of AA inhibited lipid accumulation, and AA increased abundance of FABP3, CD36 and SLC27A1 mRNA. Higher doses of AA decreased the secretion of E2 and increased the secretion of P4 accompanied by down-regulation of the mRNA abundance of CYP19A1, FSHR, HSD3B1 and STAR in granulosa cells. The signaling pathways employed by AA in the stimulation of genes expression included both ERK1/2 and Akt. Together, AA specifically affects physiological features, gene expression levels and steroid hormone secretion, and thus altering the functionality of granulosa cells of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Liqiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Guoya Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaorong Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lizhu Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Shujie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Plateau Yak Research Center, Qinhai University, Xining 810016, Qinghai, China.
| | - Christopher A Price
- Centre de recherche en reproduction fertility, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada.
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Sun L, Kang Q, Pan Y, Li N, Wang X, He Y, Wang H, Yu D, Xie H, Yang L, Lu Y, Jin P, Sheng J. Serum metabolite profiling of familial adenomatous polyposis using ultra performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 20:1017-1028. [PMID: 30983515 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1595277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an autosomal dominantly inherited intestinal polyposis syndrome accounting for about 1% of colorectal cancers (CRC). Despite increasing researches on the molecular pathogenesis of CRC, we are still unclear about metabolic pathways and alterations probably involved in the development of CRC. To obtain new insights into the mechanisms underlying APC mutation and to elucidate the mechanisms of CRC development, we performed to identify the potential metabolites in FAP based on metabolomic strategy. Serum metabolites from FAP patients (n = 30) and healthy individuals (n = 34) were detected and qualified using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC- MS/MS). 118 metabolites were identified with statistical tests of orthogonal partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), with the conditions of variable importance in projection (VIP) >1, p < 0.05 using the Mann-Whitney U test, and fold change (FC) ≥2 or ≤0.5. OPLS-DA model was useful for distinguishing FAP patients from healthy controls. Unique metabolic signatures were pooled in FAP patients covering tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, amino acids metabolism, vitamin D, fatty acids metabolism, and bile acids (BAs) metabolism. Our results demonstrated that metabolites alterations in FAP can be helpful for further analysis of metabonomics induced by APC mutation, and these alterations might be involved in the progress of intestinal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Sun
- a Medical School of Chinese PLA , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Qian Kang
- b Department of Gastroenterology , The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Yuanming Pan
- b Department of Gastroenterology , The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Na Li
- b Department of Gastroenterology , The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Xin Wang
- b Department of Gastroenterology , The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Yuqi He
- b Department of Gastroenterology , The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Haihong Wang
- b Department of Gastroenterology , The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Dongliang Yu
- b Department of Gastroenterology , The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Hui Xie
- b Department of Gastroenterology , The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Lang Yang
- b Department of Gastroenterology , The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Youyong Lu
- c Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Ministry of Education, Beijing Cancer Hospital/Institute, School of Oncology , Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Peng Jin
- b Department of Gastroenterology , The Seventh Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Jianqiu Sheng
- a Medical School of Chinese PLA , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , China
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Chu X, Zhou Q, Xu Y, Jiang J, Li Q, Zhou Q, Wu Q, Jin M, Wang H, Gu Y, Wang X, Wang B, He S, He X, Wu C, Zhang F, Zhang Y. Aberrant fatty acid profile and FFAR4 signaling confer endocrine resistance in breast cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:100. [PMID: 30795784 PMCID: PMC6387561 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that fatty acid receptor FFAR4 plays a tumor-promoting role in adipose tissue-adjacent malignancies, but its clinical relevance remains unexplored. Here, we investigated the clinical significance and underlying mechanisms of FFAR4 in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (HRPBC). METHODS FFAR4 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in an exploration cohort of 307 breast cancer cases collected from two independent institutes. Two public breast cancer microarray datasets served as validation cohorts. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed to identify FFAR4 ligands in normal and cancerous breast tissues. Survival analyses were performed in all cohorts and designated molecular subgroups. Mechanistic studies were performed in vitro in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and T-47D. RESULTS Aberrant FFAR4 expression and endogenous FFAR4 ligands were identified in breast cancer tissues, five FFAR4 ligands showed significantly elevated proportions in cancerous versus normal tissues. In the exploration cohort, FFAR4 was demonstrated as an independent prognostic factor for recurrences (HR: 2.183, 95% CI: 1.360-3.504, P = 0.001) and breast cancer-specific deaths (HR: 2.102, 95% CI: 1.173-3.766, P = 0.013) in HRPBC cases. In contrast, FFAR4 expression was not associated with prognosis in hormone receptor-negative cases. In the validation cohorts, FFAR4 mRNA levels were also observed to be associated with disease recurrence in estrogen receptor-positive cases, but not so in estrogen receptor-negative cases. FFAR4 activation by endogenous ligands and a synthetic ligand TUG891 significantly dampened tamoxifen's efficacy on HRPBC cells, whereas FFAR4 knockdown or antagonist AH7614 abrogated this effect. Furthermore, FFAR4-induced tamoxifen resistance was dependent on ERK and AKT pathways in HRPBC. CONCLUSIONS Our results establish a novel role of FFAR4 and its ligands in the complicated interactions between tissue lipid profile and cancer biology. FFAR4 signaling confers tamoxifen resistance in HRPBC cell line and FFAR4 expression can serve as a prognostic biomarker for tamoxifen-treated HRPBC patients. FFAR4 may serve as a potential target for anti-breast cancer therapies, especially in endocrine resistant cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Jingting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianjun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Jin
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuting Gu
- Department of Oncology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Songbing He
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaozhou He
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changping Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital and Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, SJTUSM, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Wachtel N, Rohwer N, Pietzner A, Loew A, Weylandt KH. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation – A possible dietary adjunct to enhance immune checkpoint inhibition therapy in cancer? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/jcb-180013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Wachtel
- Department of Medical, Division of Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Hand, Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Nadine Rohwer
- Department of Medical, Division of Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Pietzner
- Department of Medical, Division of Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Diabetes, Ruppiner Kliniken, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Andreas Loew
- Department of Medical, Division of Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Diabetes, Ruppiner Kliniken, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Karsten H. Weylandt
- Department of Medical, Division of Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical, Division of Gastroenterology, Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology and Diabetes, Ruppiner Kliniken, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
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12
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Murad LB, da Silva Nogueira P, de Araújo WM, Sousa-Squiavinato ACM, Rocha MR, de Souza WF, de-Freitas-Junior J, Barcellos-de-Souza P, Bastos LG, Morgado-Díaz JA. Docosahexaenoic acid promotes cell cycle arrest and decreases proliferation through WNT/β-catenin modulation in colorectal cancer cells exposed to γ-radiation. Biofactors 2019; 45:24-34. [PMID: 30521071 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of radiation are known to be potentiated by N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which modulate several signaling pathways, but the molecular mechanisms through which these fatty acids enhance the anticancer effects of irradiation in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment remain poorly elucidated. Here, we aimed to ascertain whether the fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exerts a modulating effect on the response elicited by radiation treatment (RT). Two CRC cell lines, Caco-2 and HT-29, were exposed to RT, DHA, or both (DHA + RT) for various times, and then cell viability, proliferation, and clonogenicity were assessed. Moreover, cell cycle, apoptosis, and necrosis were analyzed using flow cytometry, and the involvement of WNT/β-catenin signaling was investigated by immunofluorescence to determine nuclear β-catenin, GSK3β phosphorylation status, and TCF/LEF-activity reporter. DHA and RT applied separately diminished the viability of both HT-29 and Caco-2 cells, and DHA + RT caused a further reduction in proliferation mainly in HT-29 cells, particularly in terms of colony formation. Concomitantly, our results verified cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase, a reduction of cyclin D1 expression, and a decrease in GSK3β phosphorylation after the combined treatment. Furthermore, immunofluorescence quantification revealed that nuclear β-catenin was increased in RT-exposed cells, but this effect was abrogated in cells exposed to DHA + RT, and the results of TCF/LEF-activity assays confirmed that DHA attenuated the increase in nuclear β-catenin activity induced by irradiation. Our finding shows that DHA applied in combination with RT enhanced the antitumor effects of irradiation on CRC cells, and that the underlying mechanism involved the WNT/β-catenin pathway. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(1):24-34, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Borges Murad
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Perôny da Silva Nogueira
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wallace Martins de Araújo
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Murilo Ramos Rocha
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Júlio de-Freitas-Junior
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pedro Barcellos-de-Souza
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lilian Gonçalves Bastos
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jose Andrés Morgado-Díaz
- Cellular and Molecular Oncobiology Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Brandão D, Ribeiro L. Dietary fatty acids modulation of human colon cancer cells: mechanisms and future perspectives. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:437-450. [PMID: 28984495 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1382456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and its pathogenesis is proven to be related with dietary patterns, namely dietary fatty acid (FA) intake. We reviewed the evidences regarding the effect of different dietary FAs on human CRC cell lines proliferation and apoptosis. Altogether, the results obtained from in vitro studies show that monounsaturated FAs lack evidence regarding both proliferation and apoptosis, whereas there is a consensus about the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects, involving different intracellular targets, of n-3 polyunsaturated FAs, while n-6 series show a similar effect or no effects. The response to these dietary components depends on the cell type as well as the amount and duration of exposure. These results highlight the importance of identifying molecular targets for dietary components aiming to interfere with one of the main risk factors related with CRC incidence and prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brandão
- a Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education , Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - L Ribeiro
- a Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry , Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education , Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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14
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Shams R, Abu-Khudir R, Ali EM. Sulforaphane, polyphenols and related anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities changes of Egyptian broccoli during growth. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-017-9589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Miccadei S, Masella R, Mileo AM, Gessani S. ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as Immunomodulators in Colorectal Cancer: New Potential Role in Adjuvant Therapies. Front Immunol 2016; 7:486. [PMID: 27895640 PMCID: PMC5108786 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet composition may affect the onset and progression of chronic degenerative diseases, including cancer, whose pathogenesis relies on inflammatory processes. Growing evidence indicates that diet and its components critically contribute to human health, affecting the immune system, secretion of adipokines, and metabolic pathways. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Antineoplastic drugs are widely used for CRC treatment, but drug resistance and/or off-target toxicity limit their efficacy. Dietary ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been gaining great interest in recent years as possible anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents, especially in areas such as the large bowel, where the pro-inflammatory context promotes virtually all steps of colon carcinogenesis. Growing epidemiological, experimental, and clinical evidence suggests that ω3 PUFA may play a role in several stages of CRC management exhibiting antineoplastic activity against human CRC cells, improving the efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy, ameliorating cancer-associated secondary complications, and preventing CRC recurrence. These effects are most likely related to the immunomodulatory activities of ω3 PUFA that are able to influence several aspects of the inflammatory process ranging from inflammasome activation, leukocyte recruitment, production of immune mediators to differentiation, and activation of immune cells. In this review, we will focus on the potential use of ω3 PUFA as adjuvant agents together with chemo/radiotherapy, highlighting the immunomodulatory effects most likely responsible for their beneficial effects in different stages of CRC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Miccadei
- Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Roberta Masella
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Anna Maria Mileo
- Unit of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute , Rome , Italy
| | - Sandra Gessani
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
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Serini S, Ottes Vasconcelos R, Fasano E, Calviello G. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression and M2 macrophage polarization as new potential omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid targets in colon inflammation and cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:843-58. [PMID: 26781478 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1139085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has become increasingly clear that dietary habits may affect the risk/progression of chronic diseases with a pathogenic inflammatory component, such as colorectal cancer. Considerable attention has been directed toward the ability of nutritional agents to target key molecular pathways involved in these inflammatory-related diseases. AREAS COVERED ω-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and their oxidative metabolites have attracted considerable interest as possible anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents, especially in areas such as the large bowel, where the influence of orally introduced substances is high and tumors show deranged PUFA patterns. On this basis, we have analyzed pre-clinical findings that have recently revealed new insight into the molecular pathways targeted by ω-3 PUFA. EXPERT OPINION The findings analyzed herein demonstrate that ω-3 PUFA may exert beneficial effects by targeting the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and altering M2 macrophage polarization during the inflammatory response. These mechanisms need to be better explored in the large bowel, and further studies could better clarify their role and the potential of dietary interventions with ω-3 PUFA in the large bowel. The epigenomic mechanism is discussed in view of the potential of ω-3 PUFA to enhance the efficacy of other agents used in the therapy of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Serini
- a Institute of General Pathology , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Renata Ottes Vasconcelos
- a Institute of General Pathology , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy.,b Institute of Biological Sciences , Federal University of Rio Grande - FURG , Rio Grande , Brazil
| | - Elena Fasano
- c Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Medical Oncology , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Gabriella Calviello
- a Institute of General Pathology , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Rome , Italy
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Eltweri AM, Thomas AL, Metcalfe M, Calder PC, Dennison AR, Bowrey DJ. Potential applications of fish oils rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of gastrointestinal cancer. Clin Nutr 2016; 36:65-78. [PMID: 26833289 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Despite advances in chemotherapeutic agents and surgical approaches for its management, gastrointestinal cancer still accounts for 27% of new cancer cases and 35% of cancer related mortality worldwide. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities and are used as immuno-nutrients. METHODS A literature search was conducted to identify primary research reporting on applications of the omega-3 PUFAs in gastrointestinal cancer. RESULTS Reported laboratory studies indicate a clear role for omega-3 PUFAs in preventing cancer development at various stages including cancer cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis. In clinical settings, omega-3 PUFAs have been reported to improve the immune response, maintain lean body mass, improve quality of life and improve overall survival in patients with colorectal and pancreatic cancer. In contrast to other GI cancers, there is a strong connection between inflammation and oesophageal cancer. CONCLUSIONS Little work has been done exploring the role for omega-3 PUFAs in oesophageal cancer prevention and management. The authors are conducting a clinical trial investigating the use of parenteral omega-3 PUFAs supplementary to the standard of care (epirubicin, oxaliplatin and capecitabine palliative chemotherapy) in patients with advanced oesophagogastric cancer as a promising new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Eltweri
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 5WW, United Kingdom.
| | - A L Thomas
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - M Metcalfe
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - P C Calder
- Human Development & Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - A R Dennison
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - D J Bowrey
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 5WW, United Kingdom
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Sam MR, Ahangar P, Nejati V, Habibian R. Treatment of LS174T colorectal cancer stem-like cells with n-3 PUFAs induces growth suppression through inhibition of survivin expression and induction of caspase-3 activation. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 39:69-77. [PMID: 26671842 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0254-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer stem cells (CCSCs) are thought to contribute to tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, chemo-resistance and therapy failure. Therefore, assessment of the effectiveness of agents with anti-proliferative activities against CCSCs is warranted. Several studies have shown that different tumorigenic steps, ranging from initiation to metastasis, can be affected by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Here, we evaluated the effects of the PUFA components docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), alone or in combination, on LS174T cells that serve as a model for colorectal cancer initiating cells with stem cell-like properties. METHODS LS174T cells were treated with 50, 100 and 150 μM DHA and EPA, or equal mixtures of DHA/EPA (i.e., 25/25, 50/50 and 75/75 μM), after which cell number, viability, growth inhibition, survivin expression, caspase-3 activation and apoptotic rate were evaluated. RESULTS We found that treatment of LS174T cells with increasing PUFA concentrations significantly increased growth inhibition in a dose- and time-dependent manner. After a 72 h treatment with 150 μM DHA and EPA, or their combination (75/75 μM), growth rates were inhibited by 80.3 ± 5.5%, 79.3 ± 5% and 71.1 ± 1%, respectively, compared to untreated cells. We also found that treatment for 48 h with 100 μM DHA and EPA, or their combination (50/50 μM), resulted in 2.9-, 3- and 2.6-fold increases in caspase-3 activation, as well as 54, 62.4 and 100% decreases in survivin mRNA expression levels, respectively, compared to untreated cells. Low survivin mRNA levels combined with high caspase-3 activity levels were found to correlate with a higher growth inhibition in PUFA-treated cells. DHA appears to be a more potent growth inhibitor than EPA and the DHA/EPA combination. An increase in the number of apoptotic cells (early + late), ranging from 12.9 to 44.7%, was observed with increasing DHA doses. CONCLUSION From our data we conclude that PUFAs induce growth inhibition via targeting survivin expression in LS174T cells, which serve as a model for CCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Sam
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran, P.O. Box: 165. .,Royan Stem Cell Technology Company, West Azerbaijan Cord Blood Bank, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Parinaz Ahangar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran, P.O. Box: 165
| | - Vahid Nejati
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Reza Habibian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Kortz L, Dorow J, Ceglarek U. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of eicosanoids and related lipids in human biological matrices: a review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 964:1-11. [PMID: 24583205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Today, there is an increasing number of liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) methods for the analysis of eicosanoids and related lipids in biological matrices. An overview of currently applied LC-MS/MS methods is given with attention to sample preparation strategies, chromatographic separation including ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and chiral separation, as well as to mass spectrometric detection using multiple reacting monitoring (MRM). Further, the application in recent clinical research is reviewed with focus on preanalytical aspects prior to LC-MS/MS analysis as well as applications in major diseases of Western civilization including respiratory diseases, diabetes, cancer, liver diseases, atherosclerosis, and neurovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kortz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Germany
| | - Juliane Dorow
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Universität Leipzig, Germany.
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20
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Identification of G-protein-coupled receptor 120 as a tumor-promoting receptor that induces angiogenesis and migration in human colorectal carcinoma. Oncogene 2013; 32:5541-50. [PMID: 23851494 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) functions as a receptor for unsaturated long-chain free fatty acids and has an important role in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. However, a role for GPR120 in the development of tumors has not yet been clarified. Here, we show that GPR120 signaling promotes angiogenic switching and motility of human colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells. We show that the expression of GPR120 is significantly induced in CRC tissues and cell lines, which is associated with tumor progression. Activation of GPR120 signaling in human CRC promotes angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, largely by inducing the expression and secretion of proangiogenic mediators such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-8 and cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandin E2. The PI3K/Akt-NF-κB pathway is activated by GPR120 signaling and is required for GPR120 signaling-induced angiogenic switching in CRC cells. And, GPR120 activation enhances the motility of CRC cells and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, in vivo study shows that activation of GPR120 promotes angiogenesis and tumor growth. Finally, we find that GPR120 expression is positively correlated with VEGF expression and inversely correlated with the epithelial marker E-cadherin in CRC tissues. Collectively, our results demonstrate that GPR120 functions as a tumor-promoting receptor in CRC and, therefore, shows promise as a new potential target for cancer therapeutics.
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21
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Zhang J, Zhang L, Ye X, Chen L, Zhang L, Gao Y, Kang JX, Cai C. Characteristics of fatty acid distribution is associated with colorectal cancer prognosis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:355-60. [PMID: 23465412 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To investigate tissue fatty acid distribution in relation to the incidence of colorectal cancer prognosis, adjacent normal tissue and cancerous tissue from 35 samples of clinically incident colorectal cancer were obtained. Fatty acids were measured in the colorectal mucosa phospholipid fraction by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Palmitoleic acid and oleic acid were significantly lower in colorectal cancerous tissue, ranging from 20% to 50% less than the adjacent normal tissue. The omega-6 (n-6) fatty acid family members (20:2, 20:3, 20:4 and 22:4) were higher by 1-3 fold in cancerous colorectal tissue. Contrary with the high level of n-6 fatty acids, about a 37% to 87% reduction in EPA and DHA was observed in colorectal cancerous tissue. A higher level of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid was detected in the C cancer stage than in the B cancer stage (p<0.05), but a lower level of oleic acid and docosahexenoic acid was detected in the C cancer stage (p<0.05). The fatty acid distribution of colorectal tissue is strongly linked to the incidence of colorectal cancer. This study also provides scientific basis for identifying novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Lijian Zhang, Guangdong Medical College. No.2, Eastern Wenming Road, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524023, PR China
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22
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Fenton JI, McCaskey SJ. Curcumin and docosahexaenoic acid block insulin-induced colon carcinoma cell proliferation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88:219-26. [PMID: 23266210 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diets high in fish and curcumin are associated with a decreased risk of CRC. Insulin resistance and obesity are associated with increased CRC risk and higher reoccurrence rates. We utilized cell culture to determine if dietary compounds could reduce insulin-induced cell proliferation comparing the response in normal and metastatic colon epithelial cells. We treated model normal murine colon epithelial cells (YAMC) and adenocarcinoma cells (MC38) with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or curcumin alone and then co-treatments of the diet-derived compound and insulin were combined. Cell proliferation was stimulated with insulin (1 ug/mL) to model insulin resistance in obesity. Despite the presence of insulin, proliferation was reduced in the MC38 cells treated with 10 μM curcumin (p<0.001) and 50 μM DHA (p<0.001). Insulin stimulated MAPK and MEK phosphorylation was inhibited by DHA and curcumin in MC38 cancer cells. Here we show that curcumin and DHA can block insulin-induced colon cancer cell proliferation in vitro via a MEK mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer I Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Fatty acids in habitual diet, plasma phospholipids, and tumour and normal colonic biopsies in young colorectal cancer patients. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:254801. [PMID: 23319946 PMCID: PMC3540828 DOI: 10.1155/2012/254801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism is altered in colorectal cancer (CRC). We aimed to investigate incorporation of dietary n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) into plasma phospholipids (PLs), tumour tissue, and normal mucosa in young CRC patients. We also aimed to study differences in PUFA composition between tumour and normal mucosa, and PUFA status associated with cancer stage. Sixty-five CRC patients younger than 55 years were included in a multicenter study. We assessed dietary fatty acid composition by food-frequency questionnaire. Fatty acid composition in plasma PL (n = 65) and tumour and normal colonic biopsies (n = 32) were analysed by gas chromatography. We observed a significant correlation for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) between dietary intake and concentration in plasma PL (weight%) (r = 0.42; P = 0.001), but not for any n-6 PUFA. Tissue concentrations of arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and DHA (weight%) were 1.7–2.5 times higher in tumour than normal mucosa (P ≤ 0.001). Concentrations of n-3 and n-6 PUFA in plasma PL and tissues were not related to Duke's stage, although patients with more severe cancer stage reported higher intake of n-3 PUFA. In conclusion, we found accumulation of the long-chained n-3 and n-6 PUFA in tumour tissue in young CRC patients.
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Skender B, Vaculova AH, Hofmanova J. Docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA) in the regulation of colon cell growth and cell death: a review. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2012; 156:186-99. [PMID: 23069883 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2012.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental, epidemiological and clinical data substantiate the beneficial role of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in preventing inflammation and cancer of the colon. This review covers the unsaturated docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA), describes some of its important cellular and molecular mechanisms, its interaction with another dietary lipid, butyrate and with endogenous apoptotic regulators of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family. We also discuss the clinical impact of this knowledge and the use of these lipids in colon cancer prevention and treatment. RESULTS From the literature, DHA has been shown to suppress the growth, induce apoptosis in colon cancer cells in vitro and decrease the incidence and growth of experimental tumours in vivo. Based on these data and our own experimental results, we describe and discuss the possible mechanisms of DHA anticancer effects at various levels of cell organization. We show that DHA can sensitize colon cancer cells to other chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive agents and affect the action of physiological apoptotic regulators of the TNF family. CONCLUSION Use of n-3 PUFAs could be a relatively non-toxic form of supportive therapy for improving colon cancer treatment and slowing down or preventing its recurrence. However, it is necessary to use them with caution, based on solid scientific evidence of their mechanisms of action from the molecular to the cellular and organism levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belma Skender
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. Brno, Czech Republic
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Cai F, Dupertuis YM, Pichard C. Role of polyunsaturated fatty acids and lipid peroxidation on colorectal cancer risk and treatments. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012; 15:99-106. [PMID: 22234166 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32834feab4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review aims at elucidating the role of lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) risk and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS CRC is one of the most overriding threats to public health. Despite a broad range of treatments, up to 50% of patients will inevitably develop incurable metastatic disease. Peroxidation of PUFAs contributes to augmentation of oxidative stress and causes in consequence inflammation, which is one of the possible carcinogenic factors of CRC. End products of PUFAs might be used as biomarkers for CRC detection and surveillance for treatment. They also have cytotoxic effect in CRC cells. Experimental results suggest that ω-3 PUFAs could increase the efficacy of radiotherapy and chemotherapy of CRC. SUMMARY Lipid peroxidation, one factor of oxidative stress, might play a paramount role not only in carcinogenesis but also in potential therapeutic strategy on CRC. End products of lipid peroxidation, such as malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, and isoprostanes, could be used as biomarkers for cancer detection, surveillance of treatment outcome and prognostic index for CRC patients. Furthermore, malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal have cytotoxic effect not only in normal cells but also in CRC cancer cells, which implies the potential role of PUFAs in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cai
- Nutrition Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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26
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Pan MH, Lai CS, Wu JC, Ho CT. Molecular mechanisms for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer by natural dietary compounds. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 55:32-45. [PMID: 21207511 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality in both men and women worldwide. This review focuses on preventing the initiation and promotion of neoplastic growth in colorectal cancer, particularly with natural dietary compounds. Chemoprevention is defined as the use of natural dietary compounds and/or synthetic substances that can delay, prevent, or even reverse the development of adenomas, as well as the progression from adenoma to carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms of their chemopreventive action are associated with the modulation of signaling cascades, gene expressions involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and the suppression of chronic inflammation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Here, we summarize the currently known targets and signaling pathways whereby natural dietary compounds interfere with the development of colorectal cancer, and thus providing evidence for these substances in colonic cancer chemopreventive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsiung Pan
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Targeting COX-2 expression by natural compounds: a promising alternative strategy to synthetic COX-2 inhibitors for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1801-15. [PMID: 20615394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is a pro-inflammatory immediate early response protein, chronically up-regulated in many pathological conditions. In autoimmune diseases, it is responsible for degenerative effects whereas in cancer, it correlates with poor prognosis. A constitutive expression of COX-2 is triggered since the earliest steps of carcinogenesis. Consequently, strategies aimed at inhibiting COX-2 enzymatic activity have been clinically applied for the treatment of autoimmune disorders; in addition, the same approaches are currently investigated for anti-cancer purposes. However, COX-2 protein inhibitors (i.e., NSAIDs and COXIBs) are not amenable to prolonged administration since they may cause severe side effects, and efforts are underway to identify alternative approaches for chemoprevention/therapy. COX-2 expression is a multi-step process, highly regulated at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Defects in the modulation of one or both of these steps may be found in pathological conditions. Targeting COX-2 expression may therefore represent a promising strategy, by which the same preventive and therapeutic benefits may be gained while avoiding the severe side effects of COX-2 enzymatic inhibition. Naturally occurring compounds derived from plants/organisms represent a huge source of biologically active molecules, that remains largely unexplored. Derived from plants/organisms used in traditional forms of medicine or as dietary supplements, these compounds have been experimentally investigated for their anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer potential. In this review, we will analyze how natural compounds may modulate the multistep regulation of COX-2 gene expression and discuss their potential as a new generation of COX-2 targeting agents alternative to the synthetic COX-2 inhibitors.
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Habermann N, Christian B, Luckas B, Pool-Zobel BL, Lund EK, Glei M. Effects of fatty acids on metabolism and cell growth of human colon cell lines of different transformation state. Biofactors 2009; 35:460-7. [PMID: 19798733 DOI: 10.1002/biof.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that high fish intake is associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer which has been linked to the high content of the n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in some fish. In this study, two different cell lines are compared in relation to their response to EPA and DHA versus the plant derived PUFAs, linoleic acid (LA), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and to the ubiquitous arachidonic acid (ARA). The uptake of 100 microM of each fatty acid (FA) was determined using GC. The 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole assay for DNA quantification and the Cell-Titer-Blue assay were used to determine cell survival and metabolic activity at 2-72 h after treatment. All FAs were utilized more efficiently by the human colon adenoma cell line LT97 than by the adenocarcinoma cell line HT29. LT97 were more susceptible than HT29 cells to the growth inhibitory activities of all FAs except for DHA where both were equally sensitive. Inhibition of survival and metabolic activity by EPA and DHA increased with treatment time in both cell lines. ALA or GLA were less growth inhibitory than EPA or DHA and ARA had intermediary activity. The data show that the tested FAs are incorporated into colon cells. Furthermore, adenoma cells are more susceptible than the adenocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Habermann
- Department for Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Strasse 24, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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