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Wu WS, Chen RF, Cheng CC, Wei JL, Lin CF, You RI, Chen YC, Lee MC, Chen YC. Suppressing of Src-Hic-5-JNK-AKT Signaling Reduced GAPDH Expression for Preventing the Progression of HuCCT1 Cholangiocarcinoma. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122698. [PMID: 36559193 PMCID: PMC9784408 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignant neoplasm of the bile ducts, being the second most common type of cancer in the liver, and most patients are diagnosed at a late stage with poor prognosis. Targeted therapy aiming at receptors tyrosine kinases (RTKs) such as c-Met or EGFR have been developed but with unsatisfactory outcomes. In our recent report, we found several oncogenic molecules downstream of RTKs, including hydrogen peroxide clone-5 (Hic-5), Src, AKT and JNK, were elevated in tissues of a significant portion of metastatic CCAs. By inhibitor studies and a knockdown approach, these molecules were found to be within the same signal cascade responsible for the migration of HuCCT1 cells, a conventionally used CCA cell line. Herein, we also found Src inhibitor dasatinib and Hic-5 siRNA corporately suppressed HuCCT1 cell invasion. Moreover, dasatinib inhibited the progression of the HuCCT1 tumor on SCID mice skin coupled with decreasing the expression of Hic-5 and EGFR and the activities of Src, AKT and JNK. In addition, we found a glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and several cytoskeletal molecules such as tubulin and cofilin were dramatically decreased after a long-term treatment of the HuCCT1 tumor with a high dose of dasatinib. Specifically, GAPDH was shown to be a downstream effector of the Hic-5/Src/AKT cascade involved in HuCCT1 cell migration. On the other hand, TFK1, another CCA cell line without Hic-5 expression, exhibited very low motility, whereas an ectopic Hic-5 expression enhanced the activation of Src and AKT and marginally increased TFK1 migration. In the future, it is tempting to investigate whether cotargeting Src, Hic-5 and/or GAPDH is efficient for preventing CCA progression in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Wu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Rui-Fang Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chu Cheng
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ling Wei
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Fang Lin
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Ren-In You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chang Chen
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Lee
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cheng Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Wu WS, Ling CH, Lee MC, Cheng CC, Chen RF, Lin CF, You RI, Chen YC. Targeting Src-Hic-5 Signal Cascade for Preventing Migration of Cholangiocarcinoma Cell HuCCT1. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051022. [PMID: 35625759 PMCID: PMC9138979 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary liver cancer with poor prognosis. The deregulation of a lot of oncogenic signaling molecules, such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), has been found to be associated with CCA progression. However, RTKs-based target therapy showed limited improvement suggesting a need to search for alternative targets for preventing CCA progression. To address this issue, we screened the oncogenic signal molecules upregulated in surgical tissues of CCAs. Interestingly, over-expression of hydrogen peroxide inducible clone-5 (Hic-5) coupled with over-activation of Src, AKT, JNK were observed in 50% of the cholangiocarcinoma with metastatic potential. To investigate whether these molecules may work together to trigger metastatic signaling, their up-and-down relationship was examined in a well-established cholangiocarcinoma cell line, HuCCT1. Src inhibitors PP1 (IC50, 13.4 μM) and dasatinib (IC50, 0.1 μM) significantly decreased both phosphorylated AKT (phosphor-AKT Thr450) and Hic-5 in HuCCT1. In addition, a knockdown of Hic-5 effectively suppressed activation of Src, JNK, and AKT. These implicated a positive cross-talk occurred between Hic-5 and Src for triggering AKT activation. Further, depletion of Hic-5 and inhibition of Src suppressed HuccT1 cell migration in a dose-dependent manner. Remarkably, prior transfection of Hic-5 siRNA for 24 h followed by treatment with PP1 or dasatinib for 24 h resulted in additive suppression of HuCCT1 migration. This suggested that a promising combinatory efficacy can be achieved by depletion of Hic-5 coupled with inhibition of Src. In the future, target therapy against CCA progression by co-targeting Hic-5 and Src may be successfully developed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Wu
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (W.-S.W.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.C.); (R.-F.C.); (C.-F.L.)
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hsien Ling
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (W.-S.W.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.C.); (R.-F.C.); (C.-F.L.)
| | - Ming-Che Lee
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan;
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chu Cheng
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (W.-S.W.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.C.); (R.-F.C.); (C.-F.L.)
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Rui-Fang Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (W.-S.W.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.C.); (R.-F.C.); (C.-F.L.)
| | - Chen-Fang Lin
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (W.-S.W.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.C.); (R.-F.C.); (C.-F.L.)
| | - Ren-In You
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Cheng Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (W.-S.W.); (C.-H.L.); (C.-C.C.); (R.-F.C.); (C.-F.L.)
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Kaewmeesri P, Pocasap P, Kukongviriyapan V, Prawan A, Kongpetch S, Senggunprai L. Anti-metastatic Potential of Natural Triterpenoid Cucurbitacin B Against Cholangiocarcinoma Cells by Targeting Src Protein. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354221124861. [PMID: 36154723 PMCID: PMC9520142 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221124861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to the crucial role of Src in cancer metastasis, interruption of Src and its signaling has been considered a promising strategy for cancer metastasis treatment. Cucurbitacin B, a dietary triterpenoid, has been shown to possess anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells via suppressing the activation of FAK which is a main downstream Src effector. We hypothesized that cucurbitacin B might act as a Src suppressant which conferring anti-metastasis effect against CCA cells. To investigate this, the role of Src in regulating metastasis behavior of CCA cells and the effect of cucurbitacin B on Src-mediated metastatic phenotype of these cells were determined. The results showed that activation of Src significantly enhanced the migratory and invasive abilities of CCA cells. Molecular analysis revealed that Src-facilitated metastasis behavior of CCA cells occurred by modifying expression of a wide range of metastasis-related genes in the cells. Consistent with gene expression results, activation of Src significantly induced the protein expression of 2 important metastasis-associated molecules, MMP-9 and VEGF. Cucurbitacin B markedly suppressed activation of Src and its key effector, FAK. As a consequence, the alteration of expression profiles of metastasis-associated genes induced by Src activator in CCA cells was diminished by cucurbitacin B treatment. The compound also down-regulated Src-induced expression of MMP-9 and VEGF proteins in the cells. Moreover, molecular docking analysis revealed that cucurbitacin B could interact with Src kinase domain and possibly restrain the kinase from being activated by hindering the ATP binding. In conclusion, cucurbitacin B exhibited anti-metastatic property in CCA cells via negatively influencing Src and Src-related oncogenic signaling. This compound may therefore be a potential therapeutic drug for further development as an anti-Src agent for treatment of metastatic CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putthaporn Kaewmeesri
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Piman Pocasap
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Veerapol Kukongviriyapan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Auemduan Prawan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sarinya Kongpetch
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Laddawan Senggunprai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Song X, Xu H, Wang P, Wang J, Affo S, Wang H, Xu M, Liang B, Che L, Qiu W, Schwabe RF, Chang TT, Vogl M, Pes GM, Ribback S, Evert M, Chen X, Calvisi DF. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) promotes cholangiocarcinoma development and progression via YAP activation. J Hepatol 2021; 75:888-899. [PMID: 34052254 PMCID: PMC8453055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is upregulated in many tumor types and is a promising target for cancer therapy. Herein, we elucidated the functional role of FAK in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) development and progression. METHODS Expression levels and activation status of FAK were determined in human iCCA samples. The functional contribution of FAK to Akt/YAP murine iCCA initiation and progression was investigated using conditional Fak knockout mice and constitutive Cre or inducible Cre mice, respectively. The oncogenic potential of FAK was further examined via overexpression of FAK in mice. In vitro cell line studies and in vivo drug treatment were applied to address the therapeutic potential of targeting FAK for iCCA treatment. RESULTS FAK was ubiquitously upregulated and activated in iCCA lesions. Ablation of FAK strongly delayed Akt/YAP-driven mouse iCCA initiation. FAK overexpression synergized with activated AKT to promote iCCA development and accelerated Akt/Jag1-driven cholangiocarcinogenesis. Mechanistically, FAK was required for YAP(Y357) phosphorylation, supporting the role of FAK as a central YAP regulator in iCCA. Significantly, ablation of FAK after Akt/YAP-dependent iCCA formation strongly suppressed tumor progression in mice. Furthermore, a remarkable iCCA growth reduction was achieved when a FAK inhibitor and palbociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, were administered simultaneously in human iCCA cell lines and Akt/YAP mice. CONCLUSIONS FAK activation contributes to the initiation and progression of iCCA by inducing the YAP proto-oncogene. Targeting FAK, either alone or in combination with anti-CDK4/6 inhibitors, may be an effective strategy for iCCA treatment. LAY SUMMARY We found that the protein FAK (focal adhesion kinase) is upregulated and activated in human and mouse intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma samples. FAK promotes intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma development, whereas deletion of FAK strongly suppresses its initiation and progression. Combined FAK and CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment had a strong anti-cancer effect in in vitro and in vivo models. This combination therapy might represent a valuable and novel treatment against human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhua Song
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Liver Transplantation Division, Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Collaborative Innovation Center for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition & Health, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxiao Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Silvia Affo
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Liver Transplantation Division, Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Laboratory of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, PR China
| | - Binyong Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Che
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei Qiu
- Department of Surgery and Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL
| | | | - Tammy T Chang
- Department of Surgery and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marion Vogl
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Giovanni M. Pes
- Department of Medical, Surgical, and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Ribback
- Institute of Pathology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Evert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Diego F. Calvisi
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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5
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Loss of desmoglein-2 promotes gallbladder carcinoma progression and resistance to EGFR-targeted therapy through Src kinase activation. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:968-984. [PMID: 32989241 PMCID: PMC7937683 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) exhibits poor prognosis due to local recurrence, metastasis, and resistance to targeted therapies. Using clinicopathological analyses of GBC patients along with molecular in vitro and tumor in vivo analysis of GBC cells, we showed that reduction of Dsg2 expression was highly associated with higher T stage, more perineural, and lymphatic invasion. Dsg2-depleted GBC cells exhibited significantly enhanced proliferation, migration, and invasiveness in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo through Src-mediated signaling activation. Interestingly, Dsg2 binding inhibited Src activation, whereas its loss activated cSrc-mediated EGFR plasma membrane clearance and cytoplasmic localization, which was associated with acquired EGFR-targeted therapy resistance and decreased overall survival. Inhibition of Src activity by dasatinib enhanced therapeutic response to anti-EGFR therapy. Dsg2 status can help stratify predicted patient response to anti-EGFR therapy and Src inhibition could be a promising strategy to improve the clinical efficacy of EGFR-targeted therapy.
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Sae-Lao T, Luplertlop N, Janvilisri T, Tohtong R, Bates DO, Wongprasert K. Sulfated galactans from the red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri exerts anti-migration effect on cholangiocarcinoma cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 36:59-67. [PMID: 29157829 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seaweeds have a long history of use in Asian countries as functional foods, medicinal herbs, and the treatment of cancer. Polysaccharides from various seaweeds have shown anti-tumor activity. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), often with metastatic disease, is highly prevalent in Thailand as a consequence of liver fluke infection. Recently, we extracted sulfated galactans (SG) from Gracilaria fisheri (G. fisheri), a south east Asian seaweed, and found it exhibited anti-proliferation effect on CCA cells. PURPOSE In the present study, we evaluated the anti-migration activity of SG on CCA cells and its underlined mechanism. METHODS CCA cells were treated with SG alone or drugs targeting to epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) or pretreated with SG prior to incubation with EGF. Anti-migration activity was determined using a scratch wound-healing assay and zymography. Immunofluorescence staining and western blotting were used to investigate EGFR signaling mediators. RESULTS Under basal condition, SG reduced the migration rate of CCA, which was correlated with a decrease in the active-form of matrix metalloproteinases-9. SG decreased expression of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK), but increased expression of E-cadherin to promote cells stasis. Moreover, phosphorylation of EGFR and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), known to stimulate growth of cancer cells, was blocked in a comparable way to EGFR inhibitors Cetuximab and Erlotinib. Pretreatment cells with SG attenuated EGF induced phosphorylation of EGFR, ERK and FAK. CONCLUSION This study reveals that SG from G. fisheri retards migration of CCA cells, and its mechanism of inhibition is mediated, to some extent, by inhibitory effects on MAPK/ERK signal transduction pathway. Our findings suggest that there may be a therapeutic potential of SG in CCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thannicha Sae-Lao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Natthanej Luplertlop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Rajavithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tavan Janvilisri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Rutaiwan Tohtong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - David O Bates
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Queen Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Kanokpan Wongprasert
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Pak JH, Bashir Q, Kim IK, Hong SJ, Maeng S, Bahk YY, Kim TS. Clonorchis sinensis excretory-secretory products promote the migration and invasion of cholangiocarcinoma cells by activating the integrin β4-FAK/Src signaling pathway. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 214:1-9. [PMID: 28286026 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a slow-growing but highly metastatic cancer. Its metastatic potential largely explains its high mortality rate. A recognized risk factor for CCA development is infection with the liver flukes Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis. We previously reported that the excretory-secretory products (ESPs) of C. sinensis promoted the three-dimensional aggregation and invasion of CCA cells. In the present study, a quantitative real-time PCR array of extracellular matrix (ECM) and adhesion molecules was used to examine the regulatory mechanism of ESP-mediated CCA cell migration and invasion. In particular, the expression levels of integrin α isoforms and β4 were upregulated in response to ESPs. Increased expression of integrin β4 was probably correlated with activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the steroid receptor coactivator (Src) family kinase and the subsequent activation of two downstream focal adhesion molecules, paxillin and vinculin. Moreover, inhibition of FAK/Src activation reduced paxillin and vinculin phosphorylation and attenuated ESP-induced CCA cell migration and invasion. These findings suggest that the integrin β4-FAK/Src signaling axis may play a crucial role in clonorchiasis-associated CCA metastasis during tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhang Ho Pak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea.
| | - Qudsia Bashir
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - In Ki Kim
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jong Hong
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejung Maeng
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 138-736, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Yil Bahk
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Parasitology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-103, Republic of Korea
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Deoxycholic Acid Could Induce Apoptosis and Trigger Gastric Carcinogenesis on Gastric Epithelial Cells by Quantitative Proteomic Analysis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:9638963. [PMID: 28070185 PMCID: PMC5192292 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9638963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Pathologic duodenogastric reflux can induce or aggravate gastritis because of the presence of bile acids. Bile reflux has been generally considered to be associated with intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of the effects of bile acids on gastric mucosa are still unknown. Methods. To explore the mechanisms by which bile acids induce gastric mucosal lesions, we examined cell apoptosis in the gastric epithelial cell line GES-1 and investigated the changes in protein profiles of GES-1 cells in response to a bile acid deoxycholic acid using a proteomics approach. Changes in the profiles of the differently expressed proteins were analyzed using the DAVID and STRING programs. Results. We found apoptosis was significantly induced in GES-1 cells by deoxycholic acid. Using liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) methods, 134 upregulated proteins and 214 downregulated proteins were identified in the bile acid treated GES-1 cells. Bioinformatics analysis revealed the interactions and signaling networks of these differentially expressed proteins. Conclusion. These findings may improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of bile acids on gastric mucosa.
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9
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Nam AR, Kim JW, Park JE, Bang JH, Jin MH, Lee KH, Kim TY, Han SW, Im SA, Kim TY, Oh DY, Bang YJ. Src as a Therapeutic Target in Biliary Tract Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1515-24. [PMID: 27196758 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Src, a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, is involved in a number of cancer-related signaling pathways and aberrantly activated in biliary tract cancer (BTC). This study aimed to elucidate the potential role of Src as a therapeutic target in BTC. We tested bosutinib, an orally active c-Src/Abl kinase inhibitor, alone or in combination with cytotoxic agents using 9 human BTC cell lines: SNU-245, SNU-308, SNU-478, SNU-869, SNU-1079, SNU-1196, HuCCT1, TFK-1, and EGI-1. Of these, SNU-308 and SNU-478 were relatively sensitive to bosutinib. Bosutinib abrogated phosphorylation of Src and its downstream molecules, and significantly increased G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Bosutinib significantly inhibited cell migration and invasion and decreased epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers. Bosutinib combined with gemcitabine or cisplatin showed synergistic antiproliferative and antimigratory effects. In addition, this combination further inhibited phosphorylation of Src and its downstream molecules and decreased epithelial-mesenchymal transition marker expression compared with bosutinib alone. We established a SNU-478 xenograft model for in vivo experiments, because SNU-478 was more tumorigenic than SNU-308. Bosutinib combined with gemcitabine or cisplatin showed significantly more potent antitumor effects than bosutinib alone. Bosutinib combined with gemcitabine further decreased Ki-67 expression and Src phosphorylation, and further increased TUNEL expression. Our data suggest that Src might be a potential therapeutic target in BTC. Bosutinib demonstrated promising antitumor activity alone or in combination with gemcitabine or cisplatin in BTC cells, which supports further clinical development in patients with advanced BTC. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1515-24. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Rong Nam
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Bang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mei Hua Jin
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hun Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae-Won Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seock-Ah Im
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-You Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Youn Oh
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Yung-Jue Bang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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High glucose enhances progression of cholangiocarcinoma cells via STAT3 activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:18995. [PMID: 26743134 PMCID: PMC4705543 DOI: 10.1038/srep18995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated diabetes mellitus (DM) as a risk of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), however, the effects and mechanisms of high glucose on progression of CCA remain unclear. This study reports for the first time of the enhancing effects of high glucose on aggressive phenotypes of CCA cells via STAT3 activation. CCA cells cultured in high glucose media exerted significantly higher rates of cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and invasion than those cultured in normal glucose. The phosphokinase array revealed STAT3 as the dominant signal activated in response to high glucose. Increased nuclear STAT3, p-STAT3 and its downstream target proteins, cyclin D1, vimentin and MMP2, were shown to be underling mechanisms of high glucose stimulation. The link of high glucose and STAT3 activation was confirmed in tumor tissues from CCA patients with DM that exhibited higher STAT3 activation than those without DM. Moreover, the levels of STAT3 activation were correlated with the levels of blood glucose. Finally, decreasing the level of glucose or using a STAT3 inhibitor could reduce the effects of high glucose. These findings suggest that controlling blood glucose or using a STAT3 inhibitor as an alternative approach may improve the therapeutic outcome of CCA patients with DM.
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11
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Clapéron A, Mergey M, Nguyen Ho-Bouldoires TH, Vignjevic D, Wendum D, Chrétien Y, Merabtene F, Frazao A, Paradis V, Housset C, Guedj N, Fouassier L. EGF/EGFR axis contributes to the progression of cholangiocarcinoma through the induction of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Hepatol 2014; 61:325-32. [PMID: 24704591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular process involved in cancer progression. The first step of EMT consists in the disruption of E-cadherin-mediated adherens junctions. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a cancer with a poor prognosis due to local invasion and metastasis, displays EMT features. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase, plays a major role in CCA progression. The aim of the study was to determine if EMT is induced by EGFR in CCA cells. METHODS In vivo, the expression of E-cadherin was analysed in CCA tumours of 100 patients and correlated with pathological features and EGFR expression, and in a xenograft model in mice treated with gefitinib, an inhibitor of EGFR. In vitro, the regulation of EMT by EGFR was investigated in CCA cell lines. RESULTS In human CCA, a cytoplasmic localization of E-cadherin occurred in 50% of the tumours was associated with the peripheral type of CCA, tumour size, the presence of satellite nodules and EGFR overexpression. In xenografted tumours, E-cadherin displayed a cytoplasmic pattern whereas the treatment of mice with gefitinib restored the membranous expression of E-cadherin. In vitro, EGF induced scattering of CCA cells that resulted from the disruption of adherens junctions. Internalization and decreased expression of E-cadherin, as well as nuclear translocation of β-catenin, were observed in EGF-treated CCA cells. In these cells, EMT-transcription factors (i.e., Slug and Zeb-1) and mesenchymal markers (i.e., N-cadherin and α-SMA) were induced, favoring cell invasiveness through cytoskeleton remodeling. All these effects were inhibited by gefitinib. CONCLUSIONS The EGF/EGFR axis triggers EMT in CCA cells highlighting the key role of this pathway in CCA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Clapéron
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France; UPMC, Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Martine Mergey
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France; UPMC, Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Thanh Huong Nguyen Ho-Bouldoires
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France; UPMC, Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | | | - Dominique Wendum
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France; UPMC, Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Yves Chrétien
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France; UPMC, Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Fatiha Merabtene
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Plateforme Morphologie du Petit Animal, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Frazao
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France; UPMC, Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Paradis
- INSERM, UMRS_U773 & AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Service de Pathologie, F-92100 Clichy, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France; UPMC, Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Guedj
- INSERM, UMRS_U773 & AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Service de Pathologie, F-92100 Clichy, France
| | - Laura Fouassier
- INSERM, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France; UPMC, Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France.
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12
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Siemann DW, Dong M, Pampo C, Shi W. Src-signaling interference impairs the dissemination of blood-borne tumor cells. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:541-50. [PMID: 22526632 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although solid tumors continuously shed cells, only a small fraction of the neoplastic cells that enter the blood stream are capable of establishing metastases. In order to be successful, these cells must attach, extravasate, proliferate and induce angiogenesis. Preclinical studies have shown that small-molecule ATP-competitive Src kinase inhibitors can effectively impair metastasis-associated tumor cell functions in vitro. However, the impact of these agents on the metastatic cascade in vivo is less well understood. In the present studies, we have examined the ability of saracatinib, a dual-specific, orally available inhibitor of Src and Abl protein tyrosine kinases, to interfere with the establishment of lung metastases in mice by tumor cells introduced into the blood stream. The results demonstrate that Src inhibition most effectively interferes with the establishment of secondary tumor deposits when treatments are administered while tumor cells are in the initial phases of dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar W Siemann
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, 2000 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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13
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Cavalloni G, Peraldo-Neia C, Sarotto I, Gammaitoni L, Migliardi G, Soster M, Marchiò S, Aglietta M, Leone F. Antitumor activity of Src inhibitor saracatinib (AZD-0530) in preclinical models of biliary tract carcinomas. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1528-38. [PMID: 22452946 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biliary tract carcinoma (BTC) has a poor prognosis due to limited treatment options. There is, therefore, an urgent need to identify new targets and to design innovative therapeutic approaches. Among potential candidate molecules, we evaluated the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Src, observing promising antitumor effects of its small-molecule inhibitor saracatinib in BTC preclinical models. The presence of an active Src protein was investigated by immunohistochemistry in 19 surgical samples from patients with BTC. Upon saracatinib treatment, the phosphorylation of Src and of its downstream transducers was evaluated in the BTC cell lines TFK-1, EGI-1, HuH28, and TGBC1-TKB. The effect of saracatinib on proliferation and migration was analyzed in these same cell lines, and its antitumor activity was essayed in EGI-1 mouse xenografts. Saracatinib-modulated transcriptome was profiled in EGI-1 cells and in tumor samples of the xenograft model. Src was activated in about 80% of the human BTC samples. In cultured BTC cell lines, low-dose saracatinib counteracted the activation of Src and of its downstream effectors, increased the fraction of cells in G(0)-G(1) phase, and inhibited cell migration. At high concentrations (median dose from 2.26-6.99 μmol/L), saracatinib was also capable of inhibiting BTC cell proliferation. In vivo, saracatinib treatment resulted in delayed tumor growth, associated with an impaired vascular network. Here, we provide a demonstration that the targeted inhibition of Src kinase by saracatinib is of therapeutic benefit in preclinical models of BTC. We propose our results as a basis for the design of saracatinib-based clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Cavalloni
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Turin Medical School, Turin, Italy.
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14
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Sirica AE. The role of cancer-associated myofibroblasts in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 9:44-54. [PMID: 22143274 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is typically characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma, of which cancer-associated myofibroblasts (which express α-smooth muscle actin), are a major cellular component. These stromal myofibroblasts have a crucial role in accelerating the progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and in promoting resistance to therapy through interactive autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways that promote malignant cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, apoptosis resistance and/or epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These changes correlate with aggressive tumor behavior. Hypoxic desmoplasia and aberrant Hedgehog signaling between stromal myofibroblastic cells and cholangiocarcinoma cells are also critical modulators of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression and therapy resistance. A novel strategy has been developed to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, based on targeting of multiple interactive pathways between cancer-associated myofibroblasts and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells that are associated with disease progression and poor survival. Unique organotypic cell culture and orthotopic rat models of cholangiocarcinoma progression are well suited to the rapid preclinical testing of this potentially paradigm-shifting strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alphonse E Sirica
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis, Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, VA 23298-0297, USA.
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15
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The role of cancer-associated myofibroblasts in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. NATURE REVIEWS. GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY 2011. [PMID: 22143274 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.222.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is typically characterized by a dense desmoplastic stroma, of which cancer-associated myofibroblasts (which express α-smooth muscle actin), are a major cellular component. These stromal myofibroblasts have a crucial role in accelerating the progression of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and in promoting resistance to therapy through interactive autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways that promote malignant cell proliferation, migration, invasiveness, apoptosis resistance and/or epithelial-mesenchymal transition. These changes correlate with aggressive tumor behavior. Hypoxic desmoplasia and aberrant Hedgehog signaling between stromal myofibroblastic cells and cholangiocarcinoma cells are also critical modulators of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma progression and therapy resistance. A novel strategy has been developed to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, based on targeting of multiple interactive pathways between cancer-associated myofibroblasts and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells that are associated with disease progression and poor survival. Unique organotypic cell culture and orthotopic rat models of cholangiocarcinoma progression are well suited to the rapid preclinical testing of this potentially paradigm-shifting strategy.
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17
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CCR9 interactions support ovarian cancer cell survival and resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis in a PI3K-dependent and FAK-independent fashion. J Ovarian Res 2010; 3:15. [PMID: 20565782 PMCID: PMC2914045 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-3-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cisplatin is more often used to treat ovarian cancer (OvCa), which provides modest survival advantage primarily due to chemo-resistance and up regulated anti-apoptotic machineries in OvCa cells. Therefore, targeting the mechanisms responsible for cisplatin resistance in OvCa cell may improve therapeutic outcomes. We have shown that ovarian cancer cells express CC chemokine receptor-9 (CCR9). Others have also shown that CCL25, the only natural ligand for CCR9, up regulates anti-apoptotic proteins in immature T lymphocytes. Hence, it is plausible that CCR9-mediated cell signals might be involved in OvCa cell survival and inhibition of cisplatin-induced apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the potential role and molecular mechanisms of CCR9-mediated inhibition of cisplatin-induced apoptosis in OvCa cells. Methods Cell proliferation, vibrant apoptosis, and TUNEL assays were performed with or without cisplatin treatment in presence or absence of CCL25 to determine the role of the CCR9-CCL25 axis in cisplatin resistance. In situ Fast Activated cell-based ELISA (FACE) assays were performed to determine anti-apoptotic signaling molecules responsible for CCL25-CCR9 mediated survival. Results Our results show interactions between CCR9 and CCL25 increased anti-apoptotic signaling cascades in OvCa cells, which rescued cells from cisplatin-induced cell death. Specifically, CCL25-CCR9 interactions mediated Akt, activation as well as GSK-3β and FKHR phosphorylation in a PI3K-dependent and FAK-independent fashion. Conclusions Our results suggest the CCR9-CCL25 axis plays an important role in reducing cisplatin-induced apoptosis of OvCa cells.
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Menakongka A, Suthiphongchai T. Involvement of PI3K and ERK1/2 pathways in hepatocyte growth factor-induced cholangiocarcinoma cell invasion. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:713-22. [PMID: 20135719 PMCID: PMC2817059 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i6.713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell invasiveness and the mechanisms underlying such cellular responses.
METHODS: Effects of HGF on cell invasion and motility were investigated in two human CCA cell lines, HuCCA-1 and KKU-M213, using Transwell in vitro assay. Levels of proteins of interest and their phosphorylated forms were determined by Western blotting. Localization of E-cadherin was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining and visualized under confocal microscope. Activities of matrix degrading enzymes were determined by zymography.
RESULTS: Both CCA cell lines expressed higher Met levels than the H69 immortalized cholangiocyte cell line. HGF induced invasion and motility of the cell lines and altered E-cadherin from membrane to cytoplasm localization, but did not affect the levels of secreted matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and urokinase plasminogen activator, key matrix degrading enzymes involved in cell invasion. Concomitantly, HGF stimulated Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation but with slightly different kinetic profiles in the two cell lines. Inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway by the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, markedly suppressed HGF-stimulated invasion of both CCA cell lines, and inhibition of the ERK pathway by U0126 suppressed HGF-induced invasion of the KKU-M213 cell line but had a moderate effect on HuCCA-1 cells.
CONCLUSION: These data indicate that HGF promotes CCA cell invasiveness through dys-localization of E-cadherin and induction of cell motility by distinct signaling pathways depending on cell line type.
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Leupold JH, Asangani I, Maurer GD, Lengyel E, Post S, Allgayer H. Src InducesUrokinase ReceptorGene Expression and Invasion/Intravasation via Activator Protein-1/p-c-Jun in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:485-96. [PMID: 17510314 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase receptor [urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (u-PAR)] promotes invasion and metastasis and is associated with poor patient survival. Recently, it was shown that Src induces u-PAR gene expression via Sp1 bound to the u-PAR promoter region -152/-135. However, u-PAR is regulated by diverse promoter motifs, among them being an essential activator protein-1 (AP-1) motif at -190/-171. Moreover, an in vivo relevance of Src-induced transcriptional regulators of u-PAR-mediated invasion, in particular intravasation, and a relevance in resected patient tumors have not sufficiently been shown. The present study was conducted (a) to investigate if, in particular, AP-1-related transcriptional mediators are required for Src-induced u-PAR-gene expression, (b) to show in vivo relevance of AP-1-mediated Src-induced u-PAR gene expression for invasion/intravasation and for resected tissues from colorectal cancer patients. Src stimulation of the u-PAR promoter deleted for AP-1 region -190/-171 was reduced as compared with the wild-type promoter in cultured colon cancer cells. In gelshifts/chromatin immunoprecipitation, Src-transfected SW480 cells showed an increase of phospho-c-Jun, in addition to JunD and Fra-1, bound to region -190/-171. Src-transfected cells showed a significant increase in c-Jun phosphorylated at Ser(73) and also Ser(63), which was paralleled by increased phospho-c-jun-NH(2)-kinase. Significant decreases of invasion/in vivo intravasation (chorionallantoic membrane model) were observed in Src-overexpressing cells treated with Src inhibitors, u-PAR-small interfering RNA, and dominant negative c-Jun (TAM67). In resected tissues of 20 colorectal cancer patients, a significant correlation between Src activity, AP-1 complexes bound to u-PAR region -190/-171, and advanced pN stage were observed. These data suggest that Src-induced u-PAR gene expression and invasion/intravasation in vivo is also mediated via AP-1 region -190/-171, especially bound with c-Jun phosphorylated at Ser(73/63), and that this pathway is biologically relevant for colorectal cancer patients, suggesting therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg H Leupold
- Department of Experimental Surgery Mannheim Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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