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Chen Y, Li W, Yang Y, Zhong R, Hu H, Huang C, Chen J, Liang L, Liu Y. Significant increase of anticancer efficacy in vitro and in vivo of liposome entrapped ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 257:115541. [PMID: 37295162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(DIP)2(BIP)](PF6)2 (DIP = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthrolie, BIP = 2-(1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline, Ru1) and [Ru(DIP)2(CBIP)](PF6)2 (CBIP = 2-(4'-chloro-1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline, Ru2) were synthesized. The cytotoxic activities in vitro of Ru1, Ru2 toward B16, A549, HepG2, SGC-7901, HeLa, BEL-7402, non-cancer LO2 were investigated using MTT method (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole)-2,5-diphenltetraazolium bromide). Unexpectedly, Ru1, Ru2 can't prevent these cancer cells proliferation. To improve the anti-cancer effect, we used liposomes to entrap the complexes Ru1, Ru2 to form Ru1lipo, Ru2lipo. As expectation, Ru1lipo and Ru2lipo exhibit high anti-cancer efficacy, especially, Ru1lipo (IC50 3.4 ± 0.1 μM), Ru2lipo (IC50 3.5 ± 0.1 μM) display strong ability to block the cell proliferation in SGC-7901. The cell colony, wound healing, and cell cycle distribution show that the complexes can validly inhibit the cell growth at G2/M phase. Apoptotic studied with Annex V/PI doubling method showed that Ru1lipo and Ru2lipo can effectively induce apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde, glutathione and GPX4 demonstrate that Ru1lipo and Ru2lipo improve ROS and malondialdehyde levels, inhibit generation of glutathione, and finally result in a ferroptosis. Ru1lipo and Ru2lipo interact on the lysosomes and mitochondria and damage mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, Ru1lipo and Ru2lipo increase intracellular Ca2+ concentration and induce autophagy. The RNA-sequence and molecular docking were performed, the expression of Bcl-2 family was investigated by Western blot analysis. Antitumor in vivo experiments confirm that 1.23 mg/kg, 2.46 mg/kg of Ru1lipo possesses a high inhibitory rate of 53.53% and 72.90% to prevent tumor growth, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) results show that Ru1lipo doesn't cause chronic organ damage and strongly promotes the necrosis of solid tumor. Taken together, we conclude that Ru1lipo and Ru2lipo cause cell death through the following pathways: autophagy, ferroptosis, ROS-regulated mitochondrial dysfunction, and blocking the PI3K/AKT/mTOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Wenlong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, 510317, PR China.
| | - Ruitong Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Huiyan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Basu A, Namporn T, Ruenraroengsak P. Critical Review in Designing Plant-Based Anticancer Nanoparticles against Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1611. [PMID: 37376061 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for 85% of liver cancer cases, continues to be the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although various forms of chemotherapy and immunotherapy have been investigated in clinics, patients continue to suffer from high toxicity and undesirable side effects. Medicinal plants contain novel critical bioactives that can target multimodal oncogenic pathways; however, their clinical translation is often challenged due to poor aqueous solubility, low cellular uptake, and poor bioavailability. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery presents great opportunities in HCC therapy by increasing selectivity and transferring sufficient doses of bioactives to tumor areas with minimal damage to adjacent healthy cells. In fact, many phytochemicals encapsulated in FDA-approved nanocarriers have demonstrated the ability to modulate the tumor microenvironment. In this review, information about the mechanisms of promising plant bioactives against HCC is discussed and compared. Their benefits and risks as future nanotherapeutics are underscored. Nanocarriers that have been employed to encapsulate both pure bioactives and crude extracts for application in various HCC models are examined and compared. Finally, the current limitations in nanocarrier design, challenges related to the HCC microenvironment, and future opportunities are also discussed for the clinical translation of plant-based nanomedicines from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aalok Basu
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayutthaya Rd., Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanaphon Namporn
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayutthaya Rd., Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pakatip Ruenraroengsak
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, 447 Sri-Ayutthaya Rd., Rajathevi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Chen J, Liu H, Chen Y, Hu H, Huang C, Wang Y, Liang L, Liu Y. Iridium(III) complexes inhibit the proliferation and migration of BEL-7402 cells through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 241:112145. [PMID: 36709684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Iridium(III) complexes are largely studied as anti-cancer complexes due to their excellent anti-cancer activity. In this article, two new iridium(III) complexes [Ir(piq)2(THPIP)]PF6 (THPIP = 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthrolin-2-yl)phenol, piq = deprotonated 1-phenylisoquinoline) (Ir1) and [Ir(bzq)2(THPIP)]PF6 (bzq = deprotonated benzo[h]quinolone) (Ir2) were synthesized. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays showed that complex Ir1 exhibits moderate activity (IC50 = 29.9 ± 4.6 μM) and Ir2 shows high cytotoxicity (IC50 = 9.8 ± 1.8 μM) against BEL-7402 cells. Further studies on the mechanism showed that Ir1 and Ir2 induced apoptosis by changing the mitochondrial membrane potential, Ca2+ release, ROS accumulation, and cell cycle arrest at the S phase. The complexes can effectively inhibit cell colony formation and migration. The expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins, PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase), AKT (protein kinase B), mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), and p-mTOR was studied by immunoblotting. Complexes Ir1 and Ir2 downregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and increased the expression of autophagy-related proteins of Beclin-1 and LC3-II. Further experiments showed that the complexes inhibited the production of glutathione (GSH) and increased the amounts of malondialdehyde (MDA). Fluorescence of HMGB1 was significantly increased. We also investigated the effect of the complexes on the expression of genes using RNA-sequence analysis, we further calculated the lowest binding energies between the complexes and proteins using molecular docking. Taken together, the above results indicated that complexes Ir1 and Ir2 induce apoptosis in BEL-7402 cells through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Haimei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yichuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Huiyan Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chunxia Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yunjun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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Sharma E, Attri DC, Sati P, Dhyani P, Szopa A, Sharifi-Rad J, Hano C, Calina D, Cho WC. Recent updates on anticancer mechanisms of polyphenols. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1005910. [PMID: 36247004 PMCID: PMC9557130 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1005910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In today’s scenario, when cancer cases are increasing rapidly, anticancer herbal compounds become imperative. Studies on the molecular mechanisms of action of polyphenols published in specialized databases such as Web of Science, Pubmed/Medline, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were used as sources of information for this review. Natural polyphenols provide established efficacy against chemically induced tumor growth with fewer side effects. They can sensitize cells to various therapies and increase the effectiveness of biotherapy. Further pharmacological translational research and clinical trials are needed to evaluate theirs in vivo efficacy, possible side effects and toxicity. Polyphenols can be used to design a potential treatment in conjunction with existing cancer drug regimens such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshita Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Dharam Chand Attri
- High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre (HAPPRC), HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Priyanka Sati
- Graphic Era University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Praveen Dhyani
- Department of Biotechnology, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Christophe Hano, ; Daniela Calina, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Christophe Hano
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Orleans, Eure et Loir Campus, Chartres, France
- *Correspondence: Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Christophe Hano, ; Daniela Calina, ; William C. Cho,
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- *Correspondence: Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Christophe Hano, ; Daniela Calina, ; William C. Cho,
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Javad Sharifi-Rad, ; Christophe Hano, ; Daniela Calina, ; William C. Cho,
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Inhibitory Effect of Trihydroxy Isoflavone on Neuronal Apoptosis in Natural Aging Rats. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:4688203. [PMID: 36046381 PMCID: PMC9420620 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4688203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the impact of genistein (Gen) on the apoptosis of neuronal cells in naturally aged rats and its mechanism. Methods Fifty SD male rats were allocated into five groups at random, including youth group (3M group), natural aging group (24M group), and Gen low-, medium-, and high-dose groups. Starting from 18 months of age, Gen 10, 30, and 60 mg-kg−1 were administered via gavage to the Gen low-, medium-, and high-dose groups, respectively, while the rats in the natural aging group was given saline by gavage until 24 months of age, and the drug was stopped for 1 d per week for 6 months. The protein expression of target genes was examined using western blotting. Results In contrast to the 3M group, the 24M group rats showed disturbed neuronal cell arrangement and massive cell degeneration. After 6 months of Gen intervention, in contrast to the 24M group, the neural cell pathology in the CA3 area of the hippocampus improved and cell apoptotic decreased observably. In contrast to the 3M group, the protein expression of c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (p-JNK), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), inflammatory vesicle 3-associated factor (NLRP3), cysteine protease-1 (Caspase-1), and apoptosis-related punctate protein (ASC) and downstream inflammatory factors in the hippocampus was obviously increased in the 24M group. In contrast to the 24M group, the protein expression of p-JNK, CHOP, NLRP3, Caspase-1, and ASC and downstream inflammatory factors in the hippocampus was observably declined in Gen groups. Conclusion Gen has a protective effect on hippocampal neurons in aging rat brain tissue via the inhibition of the ERS apoptotic signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammatory vesicle activation.
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Talib WH, Daoud S, Mahmod AI, Hamed RA, Awajan D, Abuarab SF, Odeh LH, Khater S, Al Kury LT. Plants as a Source of Anticancer Agents: From Bench to Bedside. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154818. [PMID: 35956766 PMCID: PMC9369847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases. Conventional anticancer therapies are associated with lack of selectivity and serious side effects. Cancer hallmarks are biological capabilities acquired by cancer cells during neoplastic transformation. Targeting multiple cancer hallmarks is a promising strategy to treat cancer. The diversity in chemical structure and the relatively low toxicity make plant-derived natural products a promising source for the development of new and more effective anticancer therapies that have the capacity to target multiple hallmarks in cancer. In this review, we discussed the anticancer activities of ten natural products extracted from plants. The majority of these products inhibit cancer by targeting multiple cancer hallmarks, and many of these chemicals have reached clinical applications. Studies discussed in this review provide a solid ground for researchers and physicians to design more effective combination anticancer therapies using plant-derived natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wamidh H. Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (R.A.H.); (D.A.); (S.F.A.); (L.H.O.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Safa Daoud
- Department Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan;
| | - Asma Ismail Mahmod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (R.A.H.); (D.A.); (S.F.A.); (L.H.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Reem Ali Hamed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (R.A.H.); (D.A.); (S.F.A.); (L.H.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Dima Awajan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (R.A.H.); (D.A.); (S.F.A.); (L.H.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Sara Feras Abuarab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (R.A.H.); (D.A.); (S.F.A.); (L.H.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Lena Hisham Odeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (R.A.H.); (D.A.); (S.F.A.); (L.H.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Samar Khater
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutic, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (A.I.M.); (R.A.H.); (D.A.); (S.F.A.); (L.H.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Lina T. Al Kury
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 144534, United Arab Emirates;
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Genistein: Therapeutic and Preventive Effects, Mechanisms, and Clinical Application in Digestive Tract Tumor. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5957378. [PMID: 35815271 PMCID: PMC9259214 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5957378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genistein is one of the numerous recognized isoflavones that may be found in a variety of soybeans and soy products, including tofu and tofu products. The chemical name for genistein is 4', 5, 7-trihydroxyisoflavone, and it is found in plants. In recent years, the scientific world has become more interested in genistein because of its possible therapeutic effects on many forms of cancer. It has been widely investigated for its anticancer properties. The discovery of genistein's mechanism of action indicates its potential for apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest in gastrointestinal cancer, especially gastric and colorectal cancer. Genistein's pharmacological activities as determined by the experimental studies presented in this review lend support to its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer; however, additional research is needed in the future to determine its efficacy, safety, and the potential for using nanotechnology to increase bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy.
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Wang YL, Yang M, Li RS, Hu YQ, Pan YF, Tao Y. Simultaneous determination of eight analytes of Fuzheng Huayu recipe in beagle dog plasma by UHPLC-Q/Exactive Orbitrap HRMS and its application to toxicokinetics. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5329. [PMID: 34997600 PMCID: PMC9287080 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fuzheng Huayu recipe (FZHY) is a Chinese patent medicine for the treatment of liver fibrosis. This study aimed to investigate the toxicokinetics of FZHY in beagle dogs after oral administration. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 15 and 28 after oral gavage of FZHY dosages of 400 or 1,200 mg/kg body weight once a day. A UHPLC–Q‐Orbitrap method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine and quantify eight components of FZHY in beagle dog plasma. The times to peak concentration for eight components were18–120 min. The peak concentrations (Cmax) of amygdalin, genistein, daidzein and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde were 1.43–43.50 ng/ml, the areas under the concentration–time curve (AUC(0–t)) were 2.45–6,098.25 ng min/ml, and the apparent volumes of distribution (Vd) were 0.05–131.23 × 104 ml/kg. The values of Cmax of prunasin, schisantherin A, schisandrin A and schisandrin were 7.35–1,450.73 ng/ml, the values of AUC(0–t) were 3,642.30–330,388.65 ng min/ml, and the values of Vd were 11.15–1,087.18 × 104 ml/kg. No obvious accumulation of the eight compounds was observed in beagle dogs. The results showed that the method is rapid, accurate and sensitive, and is suitable for detecting the eight analytes of FZHY. This study provides an important basis for the assessment of FZHY safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjv Yang
- Grade 2018, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Ye-Qing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yang Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Rodriguez S, Skeet K, Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz T, Goldfarb M, Karri S, Rocha J, Shahinian M, Yazadi A, Poudel S, Subramani R. Phytochemicals as an Alternative or Integrative Option, in Conjunction with Conventional Treatments for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225753. [PMID: 34830907 PMCID: PMC8616323 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is globally ranked as the sixth most diagnosed cancer, and the second most deadly cancer. To worsen matters, there are only limited therapeutic options currently available; therefore, it is necessary to find a reservoir from which new HCC treatments may be acquired. The field of phytomedicine may be the solution to this problem, as it offers an abundance of plant-derived molecules, which show capabilities of being effective against HCC proliferation, invasion, migration, and metastasis. In our review, we collect and analyze current evidence regarding these promising phytochemical effects on HCC, and delve into their potential as future chemotherapies. Additionally, information on the signaling behind these numerous phytochemicals is provided, in an attempt to understand their mechanisms. This review makes accessible the current body of knowledge pertaining to phytochemicals as HCC treatments, in order to serve as a reference and inspiration for further research into this subject. Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most abundant form of liver cancer. It accounts for 75–85% of liver cancer cases and, though it ranks globally as the sixth most common cancer, it ranks second in cancer-related mortality. Deaths from HCC are usually due to metastatic spread of the cancer. Unfortunately, there are many challenges and limitations with the latest HCC therapies and medications, making it difficult for patients to receive life-prolonging care. As there is clearly a high demand for alternative therapy options for HCC, it is prudent to turn to plants for the solution, as their phytochemicals have long been used and revered for their many medicinal purposes. This review explores the promising phytochemical compounds identified from pre-clinical and clinical trials being used either independently or in conjunction with already existing cancer therapy treatments. The phytochemicals discussed in this review were classified into several categories: lipids, polyphenols, alkaloids, polysaccharides, whole extracts, and phytochemical combinations. Almost 80% of the compounds failed to progress into clinical studies due to lack of information regarding the toxicity to normal cells and bioavailability. Although large obstacles remain, phytochemicals can be used either as an alternative or integrative therapy in conjunction with existing HCC chemotherapies. In conclusion, phytochemicals have great potential as treatment options for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Rodriguez
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (S.R.); (T.M.-G.); (S.P.)
| | - Kristy Skeet
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Tugba Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (S.R.); (T.M.-G.); (S.P.)
| | - Madeline Goldfarb
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (M.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Shri Karri
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (M.G.); (S.K.)
| | - Jackelyn Rocha
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Mark Shahinian
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Abdallah Yazadi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Seeta Poudel
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (S.R.); (T.M.-G.); (S.P.)
| | - Ramadevi Subramani
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer Research, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (S.R.); (T.M.-G.); (S.P.)
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 79905, USA; (K.S.); (J.R.); (M.S.); (A.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-915-215-6851
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Lee Y, Lee J, Lim C. Anticancer activity of flavonoids accompanied by redox state modulation and the potential for a chemotherapeutic strategy. Food Sci Biotechnol 2021; 30:321-340. [PMID: 33868744 PMCID: PMC8017064 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-021-00899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since researchers began studying the mechanism of flavonoids' anticancer activity, little attention has been focused on the modulation of redox state in cells as a potential chemotherapeutic strategy. However, recent studies have begun identifying that the anticancer effect of flavonoids occurs both in their antioxidative activity which scavenges ROS and their prooxidative activity which generates ROS. Against this backdrop, this study attempts to achieve a comprehensive analysis of the individual and separate study findings regarding flavonoids' modulation of redox state in cancer cells. It focuses on the mechanism behind the anticancer effect, and mostly on the modulation of redox potential by flavonoids such as quercetin, hesperetin, apigenin, genistein, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), luteolin and kaempferol in both in vitro and animal models. In addition, the clinical applications of and bioavailability of flavonoids were reviewed to help build a treatment strategy based on flavonoids' prooxidative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkyu Lee
- Foood and Nutrition, College of Science and Engineering, Dongseo University, Jurae-ro 47, Sasang-Gu, Busan, 47011 Korea
| | - Jehyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, Daesingongwon-ro 32, Seo-Gu, Busan, 49201 Korea
| | - Changbaek Lim
- Central Research & Development Center, Daewoo Pharmaceutical Co, LTD. 153, Dadae-ro, Saha-gu, Busan, 49393 Korea
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Zhou Q, Jin P, Liu J, Li S, Liu W, Xi S. HER2 overexpression triggers the IL-8 to promote arsenic-induced EMT and stem cell-like phenotypes in human bladder epithelial cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111693. [PMID: 33396024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a natural chemical element that is strongly associated with bladder cancer. Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the association between arsenic and bladder cancer as well as identifying effective preventive interventions will help reduce the incidence and mortality of this disease. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) properties play key roles in cancer development and progression. Here, we reported that chronic exposure to arsenic resulted in EMT and increased levels of the CSC marker CD44 in human uroepithelial cells. Furthermore, IL-8 promoted a mesenchymal phenotype and upregulated CD44 by activating the ERK, AKT and STAT3 signaling. Phosphorylation of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) was key for arsenic-induced IL-8 overexpression and depended on the simultaneous activation of the MAPK, JNK, PI3K/AKT and GSK3β signaling pathways. We also found that genistein inhibited arsenic-induced HER2 phosphorylation and downregulated its downstream signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting progression of EMT, and reducing CD44 expression levels. These results demonstrate that the HER2/IL-8 axis is related to the acquisition of an EMT phenotype and CSCs in arsenic-treated cells. The inhibitory effects of genistein on EMT and CSCs provide a new perspective for the intervention and potential chemotherapy against arsenic-induced bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Peiyu Jin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Sihao Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Weijue Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Shuhua Xi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Arsenic Biological Effect and Poisoning, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, PR China.
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12
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Talib WH, Alsalahat I, Daoud S, Abutayeh RF, Mahmod AI. Plant-Derived Natural Products in Cancer Research: Extraction, Mechanism of Action, and Drug Formulation. Molecules 2020; 25:E5319. [PMID: 33202681 PMCID: PMC7696819 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the main causes of death globally and considered as a major challenge for the public health system. The high toxicity and the lack of selectivity of conventional anticancer therapies make the search for alternative treatments a priority. In this review, we describe the main plant-derived natural products used as anticancer agents. Natural sources, extraction methods, anticancer mechanisms, clinical studies, and pharmaceutical formulation are discussed in this review. Studies covered by this review should provide a solid foundation for researchers and physicians to enhance basic and clinical research on developing alternative anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wamidh H. Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan;
| | - Izzeddin Alsalahat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (I.A.); (S.D.); (R.F.A.)
| | - Safa Daoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (I.A.); (S.D.); (R.F.A.)
| | - Reem Fawaz Abutayeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan; (I.A.); (S.D.); (R.F.A.)
| | - Asma Ismail Mahmod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan;
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Ghazi T, Arumugam T, Foolchand A, Chuturgoon AA. The Impact of Natural Dietary Compounds and Food-Borne Mycotoxins on DNA Methylation and Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2004. [PMID: 32878338 PMCID: PMC7565866 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer initiation and progression is an accumulation of genetic and epigenetic modifications. DNA methylation is a common epigenetic modification that regulates gene expression, and aberrant DNA methylation patterns are considered a hallmark of cancer. The human diet is a source of micronutrients, bioactive molecules, and mycotoxins that have the ability to alter DNA methylation patterns and are thus a contributing factor for both the prevention and onset of cancer. Micronutrients such as betaine, choline, folate, and methionine serve as cofactors or methyl donors for one-carbon metabolism and other DNA methylation reactions. Dietary bioactive compounds such as curcumin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, and sulforaphane reactivate essential tumor suppressor genes by reversing aberrant DNA methylation patterns, and therefore, they have shown potential against various cancers. In contrast, fungi-contaminated agricultural foods are a source of potent mycotoxins that induce carcinogenesis. In this review, we summarize the existing literature on dietary micronutrients, bioactive compounds, and food-borne mycotoxins that affect DNA methylation patterns and identify their potential in the onset and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anil A. Chuturgoon
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (T.G.); (T.A.); (A.F.)
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Estrogen Receptors Alpha and Beta in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040907. [PMID: 32276421 PMCID: PMC7226505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) signaling has been widely studied in a variety of solid tumors, where the differential expression of ERα and ERβ subtypes can impact prognosis. ER signaling has only recently emerged as a target of interest in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), an aggressive hematological malignancy with sub-optimal therapeutic options and poor clinical outcomes. In a variety of tumors, ERα activation has proliferative effects, while ERβ targeting results in cell senescence or death. Aberrant ER expression and hypermethylation have been characterized in AML, making ER targeting in this disease of great interest. This review describes the expression patterns of ERα and ERβ in AML and discusses the differing signaling pathways associated with each of these receptors. Furthermore, we assess how these signaling pathways can be targeted by various selective estrogen receptor modulators to induce AML cell death. We also provide insight into ER targeting in AML and discuss pending questions that require further study.
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Smeriglio A, Calderaro A, Denaro M, Laganà G, Bellocco E. Effects of Isolated Isoflavones Intake on Health. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:5094-5107. [PMID: 28990503 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171006143047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflavones are naturally occurring flavonoids, commonly found in the food consumed for centuries in the East-Asian population, characterized by a structure able to exert nonsteroidal estrogen-like activity on human cells. They have attracted researcher interest all around the word, following the results obtained in epidemiological and clinical studies. The involvement of isoflavones and their metabolites in various biological processes suggests that they can influence several metabolic pathways and can influence the gene expression at epigenetic level, involving effects that probably are due to early life exposure. They show positive health effects on several diseases, especially in the prevention of coronary heart and neurological diseases, hormone-related cancers, osteoporosis, and postmenopausal symptoms. METHODS We have performed a critical evaluation of available literature trough a structured search of bibliographic databases about isoflavones health promoting properties, risk assessment and mechanisms of action. In addition, we supplied useful information on their biochemical properties, sources and bioavailability. RESULTS Although these molecules have been the subjects of numerous researches, their role for the wellness of the human organism remains controversial. Moreover, there are substantial inconsistencies between the results obtained by epidemiologic studies conducted on Eastern population, which found high health promoting properties, and Western clinical trials, which found much less positive effects. CONCLUSION Further epidemiologic studies and well-designed prospective human studies are to determine the beneficial effects of isoflavones exposure, as well as establishing its safe therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, University of Messina, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonella Calderaro
- Department of Chemical, University of Messina, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, Italy
| | - Marcella Denaro
- Department of Chemical, University of Messina, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Laganà
- Department of Chemical, University of Messina, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, Italy
| | - Ersilia Bellocco
- Department of Chemical, University of Messina, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, Messina, Italy
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Thangavel P, Puga-Olguín A, Rodríguez-Landa JF, Zepeda RC. Genistein as Potential Therapeutic Candidate for Menopausal Symptoms and Other Related Diseases. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213892. [PMID: 31671813 PMCID: PMC6864469 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived compounds have recently attracted greater interest in the field of new therapeutic agent development. These compounds have been widely screened for their pharmacological effects. Polyphenols, such as soy-derived isoflavones, also called phytoestrogens, have been extensively studied due to their ability to inhibit carcinogenesis. These compounds are chemically similar to 17β-estradiol, and mimic the binding of estrogens to its receptors, exerting estrogenic effects in target organs. Genistein is an isoflavone derived from soy-rich products and accounts for about 60% of total isoflavones found in soybeans. Genistein has been reported to exhibit several biological effects, such as anti-tumor activity (inhibition of cell proliferation, regulation of the cell cycle, induction of apoptosis), improvement of glucose metabolism, impairment of angiogenesis in both hormone-related and hormone-unrelated cancer cells, reduction of peri-menopausal and postmenopausal hot flashes, and modulation of antioxidant effects. Additionally, epidemiological and clinical studies have reported health benefits of genistein in many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis, and aid in the amelioration of typical menopausal symptoms, such as anxiety and depression. Although the biological effects are promising, certain limitations, such as low bioavailability, biological estrogenic activity, and effects on target organs, have limited the clinical applications of genistein to some extent. Moreover, studies report that modification of its molecular structure may eliminate the biological estrogenic activity and its effects on target organs. In this review, we summarize the potential benefits of genistein on menopause symptoms and menopause-related diseases like cardiovascular, osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes, anxiety, depression, and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Thangavel
- Programa de Posgrado en Neuroetología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa C.P. 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Abraham Puga-Olguín
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa C.P. 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Juan F Rodríguez-Landa
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa C.P. 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Rossana C Zepeda
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Dr. Luis Castelazo Ayala s/n, Col. Industrial Ánimas, Xalapa C.P. 91190, Veracruz, Mexico.
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Zhang W, Wang J, Gao J, Li HL, Han LH, Lan Q, Rothman N, Zheng W, Shu XO, Xiang YB. Prediagnostic Level of Dietary and Urinary Isoflavonoids in Relation to Risk of Liver Cancer in Shanghai, China. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28:1712-1719. [PMID: 31387968 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No epidemiologic studies have directly assessed the association between dietary and urinary isoflavonoids and risk of liver cancer in humans. METHODS A nested case-control study, including 217 incident cases of liver cancer and 427 individually matched control subjects, was conducted in Shanghai, China. Dietary isoflavonoid intakes were assessed through a validated food-frequency questionnaire and the Chinese Food Composition Tables. Urinary excretion levels of four major isoflavonoids were measured by the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were derived using conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS The adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for liver cancer across increasing quartiles of urinary genistein levels were 1.00 (reference), 0.55 (95% CI, 0.22-1.36), 0.57 (95% CI, 0.23-1.43), and 0.19 (95% CI, 0.06-0.59) (P trend = 0.008) in women and 1.00 (reference), 1.22 (0.52-2.86), 1.17(0.47-2.90), and 1.23 (0.55-2.76) in men, respectively. These associations were consistent by limiting the cases to primary malignant neoplasm of liver or malignant neoplasms of the intrahepatic bile ducts, or among participants without self-reported liver disease or cirrhosis at the baseline survey. No associations were found between dietary isoflavonoids and liver cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests for the first time that urinary excretion of genistein may be associated with reduced risk of liver cancer in women. IMPACT In this nested case-control study in China, we found that urinary excretion of genistein was associated with lower risk of liver cancer in women, and not in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes and Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes and Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes and Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes and Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Hua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes and Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Lan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, NCI, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medicine Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medicine Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes and Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Sanaei M, Kavoosi F. Effect of DNA Methyltransferase in Comparison to and
in Combination with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors on
Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:1119-1125. [PMID: 31030484 PMCID: PMC6948907 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.4.1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: DNA demethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors can affect reactivation of gene expression and apoptosis induction by DNA acetylation and demethylation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of DNA demethylating agent genistein (GE) and histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid VPA), alone and combined, on hepatocellular carcinoma Hep G2 cell line. Methods: The cells were treated with various doses of genistein and valproic acid (alone and combined) and the MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to determine cell viability and apoptosis. Results: Genistein and valproic acid inhibited the growth of HepG 2 cells significantly. Result of flow cytometry demonstrated that genistein and valproic acid (alone and combined) induce apoptosis significantly in a timedependent manner. Conclusions: Genistein and valproic acid can significantly inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in HepG2 cell line. The apoptotic effects of GE in combination with VPA were more significant that of each compound alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Sanaei
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Fraidoon Kavoosi
- Research Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
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Tyagi N, Song YH, De R. Recent progress on biocompatible nanocarrier-based genistein delivery systems in cancer therapy. J Drug Target 2018; 27:394-407. [PMID: 30124078 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1514040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Diets with naturally occuring chemopreventive agents are showing good potentials in serving dual purposes: firstly, for maintaining health, and secondly, for emerging as most puissant cost-effective strategy against chronic diseases like cancer. Genistein, one of the active soy isoflavone, is gaining attention due to its ability to impede carcinogenic processes by regulating wide range of associated molecules and signalling mechanisms. Epidemiologic and preclinical evidences suggest that sufficient consumption of soy-based food having genistein can be correlated to the reduction of cancer risk. However, certain adverse effects like poor oral bioavailability, low aqueous solubility and inefficient pharmacokinetics have pushed it down in the list of phytoconstituents currently undergoing successful clinical trials. In order to maximise the utilisation of therapeutic benefits of this phytoestrogen, suitable drug carrier designs are required. Recently, nanocarriers, mainly composed of polymeric materials, are progressively and innovatively exploited with the aim to improve pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of genistein. Here, we have briefly reviewed (a) the targeted molecular mechanisms of geinstein, (b) nanopolymeric approaches opted so far in designing carriers and (c) the reasons behind their restricted clinical applications. Finally, some mechanism-based approaches are proposed presenting genistein as the future paradigm in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Tyagi
- a Department of Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju , South Korea
| | - Yo Han Song
- a Department of Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju , South Korea
| | - Ranjit De
- a Department of Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju , South Korea
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Hu X, Wu X, Liu H, Cheng Z, Zhao Z, Xiang C, Feng X, Takeda S, Qing Y. Genistein-induced DNA damage is repaired by nonhomologous end joining and homologous recombination in TK6 cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2683-2692. [PMID: 30070703 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genistein (GES), a phytoestrogen, has potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects on cancer. The anticancer mechanism of GES may be related with topoisomerase II associated DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). However, the precise molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we performed genetic analyses using human lymphoblastoid TK6 cell lines to investigate whether non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR), the two major repair pathways of DSBs, were involved in repairing GES-induced DNA damage. Our results showed that GES induced DSBs in TK6 cells. Cells lacking Ligase4, an NHEJ enzyme, are hypersensitive to GES. Furthermore, the sensitivity of Ligase4-/- cells was associated with enhanced DNA damage when comparing the accumulation of γ-H2AX foci and number of chromosomal aberrations (CAs) with WT cells. In addition, cells lacking Rad54, a HR enzyme, also presented hypersensitivity and increased DNA damages in response to GES. Meanwhile, Treatment of GES-lacking enhanced the accumulation of Rad51, an HR factor, in TK6 cells, especially in Ligase4-/- . These results provided direct evidence that GES induced DSBs in TK6 cells and clarified that both NHEJ and HR were involved in the repair of GES-induced DNA damage, suggesting that GES in combination with inhibition of NHEJ or HR would provide a potential anticancer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ziyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zilu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cuifang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yong Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, and Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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The Role of Compounds Derived from Natural Supplement as Anticancer Agents in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010107. [PMID: 29301217 PMCID: PMC5796057 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is the most prominent kidney cancer derived from renal tubules and accounts for roughly 85% of all malignant kidney cancer. Every year, over 60,000 new cases are registered, and about 14,000 people die from RCC. The incidence of this has been increasing significantly in the U.S. and other countries. An increased understanding of molecular biology and the genomics of RCC has uncovered several signaling pathways involved in the progression of this cancer. Significant advances in the treatment of RCC have been reported from agents approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that target these pathways. These agents have become drugs of choice because they demonstrate clinical benefit and increased survival in patients with metastatic disease. However, the patients eventually relapse and develop resistance to these drugs. To improve outcomes and seek approaches for producing long-term durable remission, the search for more effective therapies and preventative strategies are warranted. Treatment of RCC using natural products is one of these strategies to reduce the incidence. However, recent studies have focused on these chemoprevention agents as anti-cancer therapies given they can inhibit tumor cell grow and lack the severe side effects common to synthetic compounds. This review elaborates on the current understanding of natural products and their mechanisms of action as anti-cancer agents. The present review will provide information for possible use of these products alone or in combination with chemotherapy for the prevention and treatment of RCC.
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Sanaei M, Kavoosi F, Salehi H. Genistein and Trichostatin A Induction of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Gene Expression, Apoptosis and Cell Growth Inhibition in Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG 2 Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:3445-3450. [PMID: 29286617 PMCID: PMC5980908 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.12.3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation play important roles in determining gene expression. Hypermethylation of CpG islands of the promoter region of tumor suppressor genes can greatly influence carcinogenesis through transcriptional silencing. Acetylation of lysine in histone tails causes relaxation of chromatin, which facilitates gene transcription, while deacetylation is associated with condensed chromatin resulting in gene silencing. DNA demethylating agents such as genistein (GE) and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) such as trichostatin A (TSA) may strongly reactivate silenced genes and exposure to these two agents in combination is reported to enhance estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) reactivation and induction of apoptosis. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of these compounds on ERα gene expression, cell viability and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Hep G2 cells. GE exerted biphasic effects; it stimulated cell growth at a low concentration (1 μM) but inhibitory influence was noted with high concentrations (10, 20 and 40 μM). In contrast, TSA demonstrated inhibitory effects on growth at all of concentrations tested. Furthermore, GE and GE/TSA significantly induced apoptosis at all concentrations, but TSA only after 72 h. GE induced ERα re-expression and this was maximal in combined treatment groups treated with GE/TSA for 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Sanaei
- Research Center for Non-communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
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Sanaei M, Kavoosi F, Atashpour S, Haghighat S. Effects of Genistein and Synergistic Action in Combination with Tamoxifen on the HepG2 Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:2381-2385. [PMID: 28950682 PMCID: PMC5720640 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.9.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The flavonoids comprise a diverse group of polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant activity that is present in edible plants like soybeans and soy products. In vivo studies have concentrated on the effects of flavonoids on cancer and genistein (GE), a soy-derived isoflavone, has been reported to reduce prostate, colon, hepatic and breast adenocarcinoma risk. Tamoxifen (TAM) is an important drug for cancer treatment worldwide, which can induce apoptosis in various cancers, including examples in the liver, breast and ovaries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of GE and TAM, alone and in combination, on proliferation and apoptosis in the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HepG2 cell line. Materials and Methods: HepG 2 cells were treated with GE, TAM and GE/TAM and then MTT and flow cytometry assays were conducted to determine effects on viability and apoptosis, respectively. Results: GE and TAM inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in the HepG 2 cell lines. Discussion: Our findings clearly indicated that GE and TAM may exert inhibitory and apoptotic effects in liver cancer cells. Conclusion: GE and TAM can significantly inhibit growth of HCC cells and play a significant role in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Sanaei
- Research Center for Non-communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
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Estrela JM, Mena S, Obrador E, Benlloch M, Castellano G, Salvador R, Dellinger RW. Polyphenolic Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Bioavailability versus Bioefficacy. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9413-9436. [PMID: 28654265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural polyphenols are organic chemicals which contain phenol units in their structures. They show antitumor properties. However, a key problem is their short half-life and low bioavailability under in vivo conditions. Still, definitively demonstrating the human benefits of isolated polyphenolic compounds (alone or in combination) using modern scientific methodology has proved challenging. The most common discrepancy between experimental and clinical observations is the use of nonphysiologically relevant concentrations of polyphenols in mechanistic studies. Thus, it remains highly controversial how applicable underlying mechanisms are with bioavailable concentrations and biological half-life. The present Perspective analyses proposed antitumor mechanisms, in vivo reported antitumor effects, and possible mechanisms that may explain discrepancies between bioavailability and bioefficacy. Polyphenol metabolism and possible toxic side effects are also considered. Our main conclusion emphasizes that these natural molecules (and their chemical derivatives) indeed can be very useful, not only as cancer chemopreventive agents but also in oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Estrela
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Mena
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Obrador
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Benlloch
- Department of Health and Functional Valorization, San Vicente Martir Catholic University , 46008 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Castellano
- Department of Health and Functional Valorization, San Vicente Martir Catholic University , 46008 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosario Salvador
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia , 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Wei D, Yang L, Lv B, Chen L. Genistein suppresses retinoblastoma cell viability and growth and induces apoptosis by upregulating miR-145 and inhibiting its target ABCE1. Mol Vis 2017; 23:385-394. [PMID: 28706438 PMCID: PMC5501691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoblastoma is a rare malignancy in developing retina tissue in children with limited therapeutic options. Here we sought to investigate the potential clinical value of genistein, the phytoestrogen derived from the soybean with antioxidant activity, in this disease. METHODS Retinoblastoma cells were treated with genistein. Colony formation capacity was measured with soft agar assay. MiRNA was identified with microarray. Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression was determined with dual-luciferase reporter assay. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured with the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method and annexin V-propidium iodide (PI) staining. The xenograft model was administered with genistein, and tumor growth was monitored. RESULTS The results showed that genistein treatment significantly suppressed proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of the human retinoblastoma cell line Y79 in vitro, which partially attributed to apoptosis induction. MicroRNA array screening identified that miR-145 was upregulated by genistein. Through post-transcriptional regulation of ABCE1, miR-145 functioned as a key downstream effector in genistein-mediated tumor suppression in retinoblastoma. Moreover, the in vivo data consolidated the inhibitory effect of genistein against retinoblastoma xenograft via upregulation of miR-145. CONCLUSIONS The data highlighted the therapeutic potency of genistein in this disease and showed that further clinical investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology 3, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical School, No.1 Taiping Road, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lieying Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology 2, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical School, No.1 Taiping Road, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bo Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology 3, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical School, No.1 Taiping Road, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology 2, Hongqi Hospital, Mudanjiang Medical School, No.1 Taiping Road, Heilongjiang, China
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Tafrihi M, Nakhaei Sistani R. E-Cadherin/β-Catenin Complex: A Target for Anticancer and Antimetastasis Plants/Plant-derived Compounds. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:702-722. [PMID: 28524727 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1320415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants reputed to have cancer-inhibiting potential and putative active components derived from those plants have emerged as an exciting new field in cancer study. Some of these compounds have cancer-inhibiting potential in different clinical staging levels, especially metastasis. A few of them which stabilize cell-cell adhesions are controversial topics. This review article introduces some effective herbal compounds that target E-cadherin/β-catenin protein complex. In this article, at first, we briefly review the structure and function of E-cadherin and β-catenin proteins, Wnt signaling pathway, and its target genes. Then, effective compounds of the Teucrium persicum, Teucrium polium, Allium sativum (garlic), Glycine max (soy), and Brassica oleracea (broccoli) plants, which influence stability and cellular localization of E-cadherin/β-catenin complex, were studied. Based on literature review, there are some compounds in these plants, including genistein of soy, sulforaphane of broccoli, organosulfur compounds of garlic, and the total extract of Teucrium genus that change the expression of variety of Wnt target genes such as MMPs, E-cadherin, p21, p53, c-myc, and cyclin D1. So they may induce cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis and/or inhibition of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Tafrihi
- a Molecular and Cell Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences , University of Mazandaran , Babolsar , Mazandaran , Iran
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Kavoosi F, Dastjerdi MN, Valiani A, Esfandiari E, Sanaei M, Hakemi MG. Genistein potentiates the effect of 17-beta estradiol on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:133. [PMID: 27656602 PMCID: PMC5025906 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.187395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. This cancer may be due to a multistep process with an accumulation of epigenetic alterations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), leading to hypermethylation of the genes. Hypermethylation of TSGs is associated with silencing and inactivation of them. It is well-known that DNA hypomethylation is the initial epigenetic abnormality recognized in human tumors. Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is one of the TSGs which modulates gene transcription and its hypermethylation is because of overactivity of DNA methyltransferases. Fortunately, epigenetic changes especially hypermethylation can be reversed by pharmacological compounds such as genistein (GE) and 17-beta estradiol (E2) which involve in preventing the development of certain cancers by maintaining a protective DNA methylation. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of GE on ERα and DNMT1 genes expression and also apoptotic and antiproliferative effects of GE and E2 on HCC. Materials and Methods: Cells were treated with various concentrations of GE and E2 and the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay was used. Furthermore, cells were treated with single dose of GE and E2 (25 μM) and flow cytometry assay was performed. The expression level of the genes was determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: GE increased ERα and decreased DNMT1 genes expression, GE and E2 inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis significantly. Conclusion: GE can epigenetically increase ERα expression by inhibition of DNMT1 expression which in turn increases apoptotic effect of E2. Furthermore, a combination of GE and E2 can induce apoptosis more significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraidoon Kavoosi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nikbakht Dastjerdi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Valiani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Esfandiari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masumeh Sanaei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani Hakemi
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Xiao X, Liu Z, Wang R, Wang J, Zhang S, Cai X, Wu K, Bergan RC, Xu L, Fan D. Genistein suppresses FLT4 and inhibits human colorectal cancer metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3225-39. [PMID: 25605009 PMCID: PMC4413649 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary consumption of genistein, found in soy, has been associated with a potentially protective role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and progression. Herein we demonstrate that genistein will inhibit human CRC cell invasion and migration, that it does so at non-cytotoxic concentrations and we demonstrate this in multiple human CRC cell lines. After orthotopic implantation of human CRC tumors into mice, oral genistein did not inhibit tumor growth, but did inhibit distant metastasis formation, and was non-toxic to mice. Using a qPCR array, we screened for genistein-induced changes in gene expression, followed by Western blot confirmation, demonstrating that genistein downregulated matrix metalloproteinase 2 and Fms-Related Tyrosine Kinase 4 (FLT4; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3). After demonstrating that genistein suppressed neo-angiogenesis in mouse tumors, we examined FLT4 expression in primary CRC and adjacent normal colonic tissue from 60 human subjects, demonstrating that increased FLT4 significantly correlates with increased stage and decreased survival. In summary, we demonstrate for the first time that genistein inhibits human CRC metastasis at dietary, non-toxic, doses. FLT4 is identified as a marker of metastatic disease, and as a response marker for small molecule therapeutics that inhibit CRC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Jiayin Wang
- The Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Xiqiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Kaichun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Raymond C Bergan
- Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center and Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
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Kojima-Yuasa A, Huang X, Matsui-Yuasa I. Synergistic Anticancer Activities of Natural Substances in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Diseases 2015; 3:260-281. [PMID: 28943624 PMCID: PMC5548258 DOI: 10.3390/diseases3040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is highly resistant to currently available chemotherapeutic agents. The clinical outcome of HCC treatment remains unsatisfactory. Therefore, new effective and well-tolerated therapy strategies are needed. Natural products are excellent sources for the development of new medications for disease treatment. Recently, we and other researchers have suggested that the combined effect of natural products may improve the effect of chemotherapy treatments against the proliferation of cancer cells. In addition, many combination treatments with natural products augmented intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review we will demonstrate the synergistic anticancer effects of a combination of natural products with chemotherapeutic agents or natural products against human HCC and provide new insight into the development of novel combination therapies against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kojima-Yuasa
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Xuedan Huang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirogane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Isao Matsui-Yuasa
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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Spagnuolo C, Russo GL, Orhan IE, Habtemariam S, Daglia M, Sureda A, Nabavi SF, Devi KP, Loizzo MR, Tundis R, Nabavi SM. Genistein and cancer: current status, challenges, and future directions. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:408-19. [PMID: 26178025 PMCID: PMC4496735 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.008052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary prevention through lifestyle interventions is a cost-effective alternative for preventing a large burden of chronic and degenerative diseases, including cancer, which is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the past decade, epidemiologic and preclinical evidence suggested that polyphenolic phytochemicals present in many plant foods possess chemopreventive properties against several cancer forms. Thus, there has been increasing interest in the potential cancer chemopreventive agents obtained from natural sources, such as polyphenols, that may represent a new, affordable approach to curb the increasing burden of cancer throughout the world. Several epidemiologic studies showed a relation between a soy-rich diet and cancer prevention, which was attributed to the presence of a phenolic compound, genistein, present in soy-based foods. Genistein acts as a chemotherapeutic agent against different types of cancer, mainly by altering apoptosis, the cell cycle, and angiogenesis and inhibiting metastasis. Targeting caspases, B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2, kinesin-like protein 20A (KIF20A), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB), Wingless and integration 1 β-catenin (Wnt/β-catenin), and phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathways may act as the molecular mechanisms of the anticancer, therapeutic effects of genistein. Genistein also shows synergistic behavior with well-known anticancer drugs, such as adriamycin, docetaxel, and tamoxifen, suggesting a potential role in combination therapy. This review critically analyzes the available literature on the therapeutic role of genistein on different types of cancer, focusing on its chemical features, plant food sources, bioavailability, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Spagnuolo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences, National Research Council, Avellino, Italy;
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories, Medway School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress and CIBERobn (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India; and
| | - Monica Rosa Loizzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Rosa Tundis
- Department of Pharmacy, Health, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
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Dastjerdi MN, Kavoosi F, Valiani A, Esfandiari E, Sanaei M, Sobhanian S, Hakemi MG, Mobarakian M. Inhibitory Effect of Genistein on PLC/PRF5 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line. Int J Prev Med 2015; 6:54. [PMID: 26180625 PMCID: PMC4498311 DOI: 10.4103/2008-7802.158914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural compounds including flavonoids like genistein (GE) are able to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. GE is the main representative of these groups. GE inhibits carcinogenic tumors such as colon, stomach, lung, and pancreas tumors. The aim of the present study was to analyze the apoptotic effect of GE in the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) PLC/PRF5 cell line. METHODS Cells were treated with various doses of GE (1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM/L) at different times (24, 48, and 72 h) and the MTT assay was commonly used. Furthermore, cells were treated with single dose of GE (25 μM) at different times and flow cytometry was performed. RESULTS GE inhibited the growth of liver cancer cells significantly with a time- and dose-dependent manner. The percentage of living cells in GE treatment groups with a concentration of 25 μM at different times were 53, 48 and 47%, respectively (P < 0.001). Result of flow cytometry demonstrated that GE at a 25 μM concentration induces apoptosis significantly in a time-dependent manner. The percentage of apoptotic cells at different times were 44, 56, and 60%, respectively (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS GE can significantly inhibit the growth of HCC cells and plays a significant role in apoptosis of this cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nikbakht Dastjerdi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Fraidoon Kavoosi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Ali Valiani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Ebrahim Esfandiari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Masume Sanaei
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Medical School, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, I.R. Iran
| | - Saeed Sobhanian
- School of Nursing, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, I.R. Iran
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani Hakemi
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Maryam Mobarakian
- Department Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Lorestan, Iran
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Kinoshita S, Noda K, Tagawa Y, Inafuku S, Dong Y, Fukuhara J, Dong Z, Ando R, Kanda A, Ishida S. Genistein attenuates choroidal neovascularization. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:1177-1182. [PMID: 25113565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genistein is a dietary-derived flavonoid abundantly present in soybeans and known to possess various biological effects including anti-inflammation and anti-angiogenic activity. To investigate the effects of genistein on intraocular neovascularization, we used an animal model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Male C57BL/6J mice were treated in accordance with the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. CNV was induced by laser photocoagulation. The animals were fed a mixture diet containing 0.5% genistein or a control diet ad libitum for 7 days before laser photocoagulation and the treatment was continued until the end of the study. Seven days after laser injury, the size of CNV lesions was quantified. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid complex was also harvested 1 or 3 days after laser injury and the level of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression levels of Ets-1 and F4/80 were examined by real-time PCR. A significant decrease in CNV size was observed in animals treated with genistein (15441.9±1511.8 μm(2)) compared to control mice (21074.0±1940.7μm(2), P<.05). Genistein significantly reduced the protein level of MCP-1, ICAM-1, and MMP-9 in the RPE-choroid complex (P<.05). In addition, genistein suppressed the expression levels of Ets-1 and F4/80 (P<.05). The current data indicate the anti-angiogenic property of genistein during CNV formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kinoshita
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science; Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Noda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science; Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Tagawa
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science; Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Saori Inafuku
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science; Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoko Dong
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science; Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junichi Fukuhara
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science; Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Zhenyu Dong
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science; Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryo Ando
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science; Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science; Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science; Department of Ophthalmology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Wang SD, Chen BC, Kao ST, Liu CJ, Yeh CC. Genistein inhibits tumor invasion by suppressing multiple signal transduction pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:26. [PMID: 24433534 PMCID: PMC3933236 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genistein (Gen) exhibits anti-mutagenic and anti-metastatic activities in hepatoma cell lines. Gen has suppressive effects on tumor growth and angiogenesis in nude mice. Gen suppresses the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9; however, the mechanism underlying its anti-invasive activity on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells is unclear. METHODS In this study, the possible mechanisms underlying Gen-mediated reduction of 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced cell invasion and inhibition of secreted and cytosolic MMP-9 production in human hepatoma cells (HepG2, Huh-7, and HA22T) and murine embryonic liver cells (BNL CL2) were investigated. RESULTS Gen suppressed MMP-9 transcription by inhibiting activator protein (AP)-1 and nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κB) activity. Gen suppressed TPA-induced AP-1 activity through inhibitory phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways, and TPA-stimulated inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation through IκB inhibitory signaling pathways. Moreover, Gen suppressed TPA-induced activation of ERK/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt upstream of NF-κB and AP-1. CONCLUSIONS Gen and its inhibition of multiple signal transduction pathways can control the invasiveness and metastatic potential of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulhn-Der Wang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Collage of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Chyuan Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, 2 Min-Sheng Road, Dalin Town, Chia-Yi 62247, Taiwan
| | - Shung-Te Kao
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ju Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, 2 Min-Sheng Road, Dalin Town, Chia-Yi 62247, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chou Yeh
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, 2 Min-Sheng Road, Dalin Town, Chia-Yi 62247, Taiwan
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Medigović I, Ristić N, Trifunović S, Manojlović-Stojanoski M, Milošević V, Žikić D, Nestorović N. Genistein affects ovarian folliculogenesis: A stereological study. Microsc Res Tech 2012; 75:1691-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Stagos D, Amoutzias GD, Matakos A, Spyrou A, Tsatsakis AM, Kouretas D. Chemoprevention of liver cancer by plant polyphenols. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2155-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Weng CJ, Yen GC. Flavonoids, a ubiquitous dietary phenolic subclass, exert extensive in vitro anti-invasive and in vivo anti-metastatic activities. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2012; 31:323-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jiang R, Yan S, Teng Y, Huang Y, Gu J, Li M. Effect of preeclampsia serum on human uterine spiral artery smooth muscle cell apoptosis in a coculture model with cytotrophoblasts. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2012; 73:201-10. [PMID: 22248491 DOI: 10.1159/000332401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To investigate cytotrophoblast (CTB) invasive ability and human uterine spiral artery smooth muscle cell (HUSASMC) apoptosis in a coculture model with serum from preeclamptic pregnancies. METHODS Transwell migration assay was used to detect the invasive ability of CTBs. Cocultured CTBs and HUSASMCs were incubated with normal or preeclamptic serum for 24 h. Monocultures of CTBs and HUSASMCs were treated identically to the cocultures and served as controls. HUSASMC viability and apoptosis rates were determined by MTT and annexin V-FITC assays. The expressions of Fas ligand (FasL) mRNA in CTBs and Fas mRNA in HUSASMCs were detected by RT-PCR. The expression of the Fas protein in HUSASMCs was detected by Western blotting. RESULTS In a model of CTBs cocultured with HUSASMCs, preeclamptic serum effectively decreased the invasive ability and FasL mRNA expression of the CTBs. Preeclampsia serum also increased HUSASMC viability, decreased their apoptotic rate, and decreased the expression of Fas mRNA and protein. CONCLUSION The abnormal invasive ability of CTBs and decreased expression of the Fas/FasL system may be directly involved in the defective remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries during preeclampsia. Furthermore, the decrease in HUSASMC apoptosis may be related to the abnormal expression of Fas/FasL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzhen Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiaotong University No. 6 People's Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
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Mark-Kappeler CJ, Hoyer PB, Devine PJ. Xenobiotic effects on ovarian preantral follicles. Biol Reprod 2011; 85:871-83. [PMID: 21697514 PMCID: PMC3197911 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Women are born with a finite population of ovarian follicles, which are slowly depleted during their reproductive years until reproductive failure (menopause) occurs. The rate of loss of primordial follicles is determined by genetic and environmental influences, but certain toxic exposures can accelerate this process. Ionizing radiation reduces preantral follicle numbers in rodents and humans in a dose-dependent manner. Cigarette smoking is linked to menopause occurring 1-4 yr earlier than with nonsmokers, and components of smoke, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, can cause follicle depletion in rodents or in ovaries in vitro. Chemotherapeutic agents, such as alkylating drugs and cisplatin, also cause loss of preantral ovarian follicles. Effects depend on dose, type, and reactivity of the drug, and the age of the individual. Evidence suggests DNA damage may underlie follicle loss induced by one common alkylating drug, cyclophosphamide. Occupational exposures have also been linked to ovarian damage. In an industrial setting, 2-bromopropane caused infertility in men and women, and it can induce ovarian follicle depletion in rats. Solvents, such as butadiene, 4-vinylcyclohexene, and their diepoxides, can also cause specific preantral follicle depletion. The mechanism(s) underlying effects of the latter compound may involve alterations in apoptosis, survival factors such as KIT/Kit Ligand, and/or the cellular signaling that maintains primordial follicle dormancy. Estrogenic endocrine disruptors may alter follicle formation/development and impair fertility or normal development of offspring. Thus, specific exposures are known or suspected of detrimentally impacting preantral ovarian follicles, leading to early ovarian failure.
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Abstract
A high intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of cancer. In this context, considerable attention is paid to Asian populations who consume high amounts of soy and soy-derived isoflavones, and have a lower risk for several cancer types such as breast and prostate cancers than populations in Western countries. Hence, interest focuses on soyfoods, soy products, and soy ingredients such as isoflavones with regard to their possible beneficial effects that were observed in numerous experiments and studies. The outcomes of the studies are not always conclusive, are often contradictory depending on the experimental conditions, and are, therefore, difficult to interpret. Isoflavone research revealed not only beneficial but also adverse effects, for instance, on the reproductive system. This is also the case with tumor-promoting effects on, for example, breast tissue. Isoflavone extracts and supplements are often used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and for the prevention of age-associated conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. In relation to this, questions about the effectiveness and safety of isoflavones have to be clarified. Moreover, there are concerns about the maternal consumption of isoflavones due to the development of leukemia in infants. In contrast, men may benefit from the intake of isoflavones with regard to reducing the risk of prostate cancer. Therefore, this review examines the risks but also the benefits of isoflavones with regard to various kinds of cancer, which can be derived from animal and human studies as well as from in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Andres
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Fu J, Wang W, Liu YH, Lu H, Luo Y. In vitro anti-angiogenic properties of LGD1069, a selective retinoid X-receptor agonist through down-regulating Runx2 expression on Human endothelial cells. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:227. [PMID: 21649908 PMCID: PMC3120806 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background LGD1069 (Targretin®) is a selective retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligand, which is used in patients for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Our published study reported that LGD1069 inhibited tumor-induced angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. In present study, we found that LGD1069 suppressed the proliferation, adhesion, invasion and migration of endothelial cells directly, and affected the expression of vegf and some matrix genes. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used for in vitro study. MTT assay and Sulforhodamine B assay were used for cell viability assay; the tube formation assay was used to investigate the effect of LGD1069 on angiogenesis in vitro. In vitro adhesion, migration and invasion of HUVEC cells were analyzed by Matrigel adhesion, migration and invasion assay. Gene expressions were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Results Our data showed here that LGD1069 inhibited the activation of TGF-β/Smad pathway significantly. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that expression of Runx2 was suppressed pronouncedly during incubation with LGD1069. Runx2 is a DNA-binding transcription factor which plays a master role in tumor-induced angiogenesis and cancer cells metastasis by interaction with the TGF-β/Smad pathway of transcriptional modulators. Conclusions Our results suggested that LGD1069 may impair angiogenic and metastatic potential induced by tumor cells through suppressing expression of Runx2 directly on human endothelial cells, which may point out new pathway through which LGD1069 display anti-angiogenic properties, and provide new molecular evidence to support LGD1069 as a potent anti-metastatic agent in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjiang Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004 China.
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Ma Y, Wang J, Liu L, Zhu H, Chen X, Pan S, Sun X, Jiang H. Genistein potentiates the effect of arsenic trioxide against human hepatocellular carcinoma: role of Akt and nuclear factor-κB. Cancer Lett 2011; 301:75-84. [PMID: 21078540 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly lethal malignancy mostly because of de novo and acquired resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Constitutive activation of Akt and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) represent major cellular abnormalities associated with both the pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance of HCC. The aim of the present study was to determine whether genistein, a natural Akt/NF-κB inhibitor, could enhance the anti-HCC efficacy of ATO both in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrated that genistein not only potentiated the proliferation-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing effect of ATO on human HCC cell lines in vitro, but also dramatically augmented its suppressive effect on both tumor growth and angiogenesis in nude mice. The mechanism is at least partially due to the suppressive effect of genistein both on the proper and ATO-induced Akt activation, and on the activity of NF-κB, and the latter correlated with the suppression of NF-κB regulated gene products, including cyclin D1, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, c-myc, COX-2, and VEGF. These data suggest that the combination of ATO with genistein presents a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ma
- The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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Zhuang XL, Fu YC, Xu JJ, Kong XX, Chen ZG, Luo LL. Effects of genistein on ovarian follicular development and ovarian life span in rats. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:998-1002. [PMID: 20600685 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently, studies reported that neonatal genistein treatment inhibited breakdown of oocyte nests and increased oocyte survival, resulting in multi-oocyte survival in adult mice. However, whether the inhibition effect in ovarian follicular development exists also in other stages during ovarian development (e.g. adult or climacteric) is unknown. So far, few studies have investigated the effect of genistein in adult or pre-menopausal ovarian follicular development and follicular reserves. We investigated ovarian follicular development in 4-month and 15-month-old rats after 4 weeks and 4 months treatment with genistein in a dose of 160 mg/kg d. Genistein-treated rats obtained a higher percentage of primordial follicles by 4 months of age and a greater number of surviving follicles at 15 months of age compared to a control group (P<0.05). In addition, vaginal cytology showed that age-dependent cessation of regular estrus was delayed for 2 months in the genistein-treated group than control group. These results suggest that genistein alters rat ovarian follicular development and increases the number of surviving follicles, which may prolong ovarian reproductive life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Zhuang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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Anti-neoplastic effects of gallic acid, a major component of Toona sinensis leaf extract, on oral squamous carcinoma cells. Molecules 2010; 15:8377-89. [PMID: 21081858 PMCID: PMC6259246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15118377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extract of Toona sinensis (TS) has been reported to have various effects on cultured cell lines, including anti-proliferative activity in cancer cells. We have studied the effects of TS on various human oral squamous carcinoma cell lines (HOSCC), including UM1, UM2, SCC-4, and SCC-9. These cell lines were treated with TS leaf extract and screened for viability, apoptosis, necrosis, and apoptotic gene expression. Normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK) served as a control for cytotoxic assays. Viability of TS-treated HOSCC was reduced, whereas that of NHOK was not affected. FACScan analysis revealed that the leaf extract induced apoptosis or a combination of apoptosis and necrosis, depending on cell type. Microarray and semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis for apoptotic-related gene expression revealed that 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (gallic acid, one of the major bioactive compounds purified from TS extract) up-regulated pro-apoptotic genes such TNF-α, TP53BP2, and GADD45A, and down-regulated the anti-apoptotic genes Survivin and cIAP1, resulting in cell death. This study suggests that gallic acid, the major bioactive compound present, is responsible for the anti-neoplastic effect of Toona sinensis leaf extract.
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Meeran SM, Ahmed A, Tollefsbol TO. Epigenetic targets of bioactive dietary components for cancer prevention and therapy. Clin Epigenetics 2010; 1:101-116. [PMID: 21258631 PMCID: PMC3024548 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-010-0011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergent interest in cancer epigenetics stems from the fact that epigenetic modifications are implicated in virtually every step of tumorigenesis. More interestingly, epigenetic changes are reversible heritable changes that are not due to the alteration in DNA sequence but have potential to alter gene expression. Dietary agents consist of many bioactive ingredients which actively regulate various molecular targets involved in tumorigenesis. We present evidence that numerous bioactive dietary components can interfere with various epigenetic targets in cancer prevention and therapy. These agents include curcumin (turmeric), genistein (soybean), tea polyphenols (green tea), resveratrol (grapes), and sulforaphane (cruciferous vegetables). These bioactive components alter the DNA methylation and histone modifications required for gene activation or silencing in cancer prevention and therapy. Bioactive components mediate epigenetic modifications associated with the induction of tumor suppressor genes such as p21WAF1/CIP1 and inhibition of tumor promoting genes such as the human telomerase reverse transcriptase during tumorigenesis processes. Here, we present considerable evidence that bioactive components and their epigenetic targets are associated with cancer prevention and therapy which should facilitate novel drug discovery and development. In addition, remarkable advances in our understanding of basic epigenetic mechanisms as well as the rapid progress that is being made in developing powerful new technologies, such as those for sensitive and quantitative detection of epigenetic and epigenomic changes in cancer biology, hold great promise for novel epigenetic approaches to cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M. Meeran
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Campbell Hall 175, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170 USA
| | - Amiya Ahmed
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Campbell Hall 175, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170 USA
| | - Trygve O. Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Campbell Hall 175, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170 USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
- Center for Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
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Zhu W, Xu H, Wang SWJ, Hu M. Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and sulfotransferases contribute significantly to the disposition of genistein in mouse intestine. AAPS JOURNAL 2010; 12:525-36. [PMID: 20582579 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-010-9209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The low bioavailability of genistein has impeded its development into a therapeutic agent. Our earlier studies indicate that glucuronidation is one of the major barriers to genistein oral bioavailability. This study will determine how sulfotransferases and efflux transporters affect its intestinal disposition. A rodent intestinal perfusion model and S9 fractions were used. Sulfate excretion rates were comparable to glucuronide excretion in mouse small intestine but significantly higher than glucuronide excretion in mouse colon, which is different from rat intestinal disposition but similar to disposition in Caco-2 cells. To define efflux transporter(s) involved in sulfate excretion, two organic anion inhibitors (estrone sulfate and dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate) or a multidrug resistance protein inhibitor (MK-571) were used but neither was able to decrease the excretion of genistein sulfates. In contrast, the excretion of genistein sulfate decreased substantially (>90%) in small intestine of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) knockout mice and became undetectable in colon of the knockout mice. The excretion rates of genistein glucuronide in the small intestine of BCRP knockout mice were also significant decreased (78%). This study shows clearly that BCRP facilitates the cellular genistein sulfate excretion by removing sulfates to prevent their backward hydrolysis and to limit substrate inhibition, indicating that BCRP plays a dominant role in genistein sulfate excretion and a significant role in genistein glucuronide excretion in the mouse intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Jiang H, Ma Y, Chen X, Pan S, Sun B, Krissansen GW, Sun X. Genistein synergizes with arsenic trioxide to suppress human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:975-83. [PMID: 20219070 PMCID: PMC11159316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is of limited therapeutic benefit for the treatment of solid tumors. Genistein exhibits anticancer and pro-oxidant activities, making it a potential candidate to enhance the efficacy of ATO whose cytotoxicity is oxidation-sensitive. This study sought to determine whether genistein synergizes with ATO to combat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Three human HCC cell lines, namely HepG2, Hep3B, and SK-Hep-1, were incubated with ATO, genistein, or ATO + genistein. The cells were also pretreated with antioxidant agents N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Cell viability, apoptosis, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), expression of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-9, and -3, and release of cytochrome c into the cytosol were examined. The synergistic effect of ATO and genistein was also assessed using HepG2 xenografts subcutaneously established in BALB/c nude mice. The results show that genistein synergized with ATO to reduce viability, induce apoptosis, and diminish the DeltaPsim of cells. The combination therapy down-regulated Bcl-2 expression, up-regulated Bax expression, enhanced the activation of caspase-9 and -3, and increased the release of cytochrome c. The synergistic effect of ATO and genistein was diminished by pretreatment with NAC or BHA. Genistein increased the production of intracellular ROS, while ATO had little effect. Genistein synergized with a low dose of ATO (2.5 mg/kg) to significantly inhibit the growth of HepG2 tumors, and suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in situ. There were no obvious side effects, as seen with a high dose of ATO (5 mg/kg). Combining genistein with ATO warrants investigation as a therapeutic strategy to combat HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchi Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Hepatosplenic Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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Laschke MW, Schwender C, Vollmar B, Menger MD. Genistein Does Not Affect Vascularization and Blood Perfusion of Endometriotic Lesions and Ovarian Follicles in Dorsal Skinfold Chambers of Syrian Golden Hamsters. Reprod Sci 2010; 17:568-77. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719110364417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W. Laschke
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany,
| | - Christine Schwender
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael D. Menger
- Institute for Clinical & Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Friso A, Tomanin R, Salvalaio M, Scarpa M. Genistein reduces glycosaminoglycan levels in a mouse model of mucopolysaccharidosis type II. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 159:1082-91. [PMID: 20136838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00565.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are lysosomal storage disorders resulting from a deficit of specific lysosomal enzymes catalysing glycosaminoglycan (GAG) degradation. The typical pathology involves most of the organ systems, including the brain, in its severe forms. The soy isoflavone genistein has recently attracted considerable attention as it can reduce GAG synthesis in vitro. Furthermore, genistein is able to cross the blood-brain barrier in the rat. The present study was undertaken to assess the ability of genistein to reduce urinary and tissue GAG levels in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used mice with genetic deletion of iduronate-2-sulphatase (one of the GAG catabolizing enzymes) which provide a model of MPS type II. Two doses of genistein, 5 or 25 mg.kg(-1).day(-1), were given, in the diet for 10 or 20 weeks. Urinary and tissue GAG content was evaluated by biochemical and histochemical procedures. KEY RESULTS Urinary GAG levels were reduced after 10 weeks' treatment with genistein at either 5 or 25 mg.kg(-1).day(-1). In tissue samples from liver, spleen, kidney and heart, a reduction in GAG content was observed with both dosages, after 10 weeks' treatment. Decreased GAG deposits in brain were observed after genistein treatment in some animals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS There was decreased GAG storage in the MPSII mouse model following genistein administration. Our results would support the use of this plant-derived isoflavone in a combined therapeutic protocol for treatment of MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Friso
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Italy
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Gu Y, Zhu CF, Dai YL, Zhong Q, Sun B. Inhibitory effects of genistein on metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:4952-7. [PMID: 19842228 PMCID: PMC2764975 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.4952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the inhibitory effects of genistein on metastasis of MHCC97-H hepatocellular carcinoma cells and to explore the underlying mechanism.
METHODS: MHCC97-H hepatocellular carcinoma cells were exposed to genistein. A cell attachment assay was carried out in a microculture well pre-coated with fibronectin. The invasive activity of tumor cells was assayed in a transwell cell culture chamber, and cell cycle and apoptosis were evaluated by a functional assay. In addition, the expression and phosphorylation of FAK were detected by Western blotting. In situ xenograft transplantation of hepatocellular carcinoma was performed in 12 nude mice and lung metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma was observed.
RESULTS: Genistein significantly inhibited the growth of MHCC97-H cells in vitro. Adhesion and invasiveness of MHCC97-H cells were inhibited in a concentration-dependent fashion, and the inhibitory effect of genistein was more potent in the 10 μg/mL and 20 μg/mL genistein-treated groups. Genistein caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, an S phase decrease, and increased apoptosis. The expression and phosphorylation of FAK in MHCC-97H cells were significantly decreased. In situ xenograft transplantation of hepatocellular carcinoma was also significantly suppressed by genistein. The number of pulmonary micrometastatic foci in the genistein group was significantly lower compared with the control group (12.3 ± 1.8 vs 16.6 ± 2.6, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Genistein appears to be a promising agent in the inhibition of metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Genistein sensitizes human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis by enhancing Bid cleavage. Anticancer Drugs 2009; 20:713-22. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e32832e8998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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