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Role of the Microenvironment in Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Strategies for Treating Human Liver Diseases. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:5513309. [PMID: 34824587 PMCID: PMC8610645 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5513309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is a severe health problem that endangers human health worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is a novel treatment for patients with different liver diseases due to its vast expansion potential and distinctive immunomodulatory properties. Despite several preclinical trials having confirmed the considerable efficacy of MSC therapy in liver diseases, the questionable safety and efficacy still limit its application. As a precursor cell, MSCs can adjust their characteristics in response to the surrounding microenvironment. The microenvironment provides physical and chemical factors essential for stem cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. However, the mechanisms are still not completely understood. We, therefore, summarized the mechanisms underlying the MSC immune response, especially the interaction between MSCs and the liver microenvironment, discussing how to achieve better therapeutic effects.
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Rhew SY, Park SM, Li Q, An JH, Chae HK, Lee JH, Ahn JO, Song WJ, Youn HY. Efficacy and safety of allogenic canine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in four dogs: A pilot study. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:592-600. [PMID: 33551441 PMCID: PMC8111340 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess regenerative and immunomodulatory properties and
can control the immune dysregulation that leads to β-cell destruction. Stem-cell
transplantation could thus manage insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in dogs. In
this pilot study, we aimed to assess canine adipose tissue-derived MSCs (cAT-MSCs)
transplantation as a treatment for canine diabetes mellitus. This study included four dogs
with over a year of insulin treatment for IDDM, following diagnosis at the Veterinary
Medicine Teaching Hospital of Seoul National University. Allogenic cAT-MSCs were infused
intravenously three or five times monthly to dogs with IDDM. Blood and urine samples were
obtained monthly. General clinical symptoms, including changes in body weight, vitality,
appetite, and water intake were assessed. Three of the four owners observed improvement of
vitality after stem cell treatment. Two of the four dogs showed improvement in appetite
and body weight, polyuria, and polydipsia. C-peptide has increased by about 5–15% in three
of the cases, and fructosamine and HbA1c levels have improved in two of the cases.
Hyperlipidemia was resolved in two of the dogs, and there was no concurrent bacterial
cystitis in any of the dogs. C-peptide secretion and lipid metabolism are associated with
diabetic complications. Improvement in these parameters following the treatment suggests
that cAT-MSC transplantation in dogs with IDDM might help to improve their insulin
secretory capacity and prevent diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yong Rhew
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, YanBian University, YanJi, JiLin, 133000, China
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyu Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ok Ahn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Khodabandeh Z, Vojdani Z, Talaei-Khozani T, Bahmanpour S. Hepatogenic Differentiation Capacity of Human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cell in a Co-culturing System with Endothelial Cells in Matrigel/collagen Scaffold in the Presence of Fetal Liver Extract. Int J Stem Cells 2017; 10:218-226. [PMID: 29084421 PMCID: PMC5741202 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc17003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (HWJMSCs) isolated from medical waste product can be considered as an accessible source of cells in regenerative medicine. Stem cell-derived hepatocytes have poor function and need appropriate niche to reconstruct the liver structure. Therefore, we attempted to find a novel approach in differentiating HWJMSCs into functional hepatic cells using 3D culture conditions and liver extract that recapitulates vital stage in liver development. Materials and Methods HWJMSCs were extracted from human Wharton's jelly, characterized by flow cytometry, and differentiated towards osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. HWJMSCs were co-cultured with HUVECs in 3D matrigel/ collagen scaffolds in the presence of fetal liver extract for 14 days. The expression of specific liver genes were evaluated by lectins, PAS and immunocytochemistry. Results According to flow cytometry data, isolated cells from HWJMSCs were shown to express MSC markers. HWJMSCs co-cultured with HUVECs in matrigel/collagen scaffold with extract expressed albumin, lectins UEA and PNA. Immunohistochemistry of the cells in matrigel/collagen scaffold with or without extract exhibited a positive reaction for CK19. Conclusions Co-culturing of the HWJMSC/HUVEC in 3D matrigel/collagen scaffold is bimimicary of in vivo cell condition. The results showed that administration of the liver extract in 3D matrigel/collagen culture of HWJMSC/HUVEC can induce hepatocyte marker expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khodabandeh
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Shiraz Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Vojdani
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Talaei-Khozani
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Tissue Engineering Lab, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soghra Bahmanpour
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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4
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Chang SH, Huang HH, Kang PL, Wu YC, Chang MH, Kuo SM. In vitro and in vivo study of the application of volvox spheres to co-culture vehicles in liver tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:261-273. [PMID: 28941653 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Volvox sphere is a biomimetic concept of a natural Volvox, wherein a large outer sphere contains smaller inner spheres, which can encapsulate cells and provide a double-layer three-dimensional environment for culturing cells. This study simultaneously encapsulated rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and AML12 hepatocytes in volvox spheres and extensively evaluated the effects of various culturing modes on cell functions and fates. The results showed that compared with a static flask culture, MSCs encapsulated in volvox spheres differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells with a 2-fold increase in albumin (ALB) expression and a 2.5-fold increase in cytokeratin 18 expression in a dynamic bioreactor. Moreover, the restorative effects of volvox spheres encapsulating cells on retrorsine-exposed CCl4-induced liver injuries in rats were evaluated. The data presented significant reductions in AST and ALT levels after the implantation of volvox spheres encapsulating both MSCs and AML12 hepatocytes in vivo. In contrast to the negative control group, histopathological analysis demonstrated liver repair and formation of the new liver tissue in groups implanted with volvox spheres containing cells. These results demonstrate that liver cells implanted with volvox spheres encapsulating both MSCs and AML12 hepatocytes promote liver repair and liver tissue regeneration in liver failure caused by necrotizing agents such as retrorsine and CCl4. Hence, volvox spheres encapsulating MSCs and liver cells can be a promising and clinically effective therapy for liver injury. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we used a volvox sphere, which is a unique design that mimics the natural Volvox, that consists of a large outer sphere that contains smaller inner spheres, which provide a three-dimensional environment to culture cells. The purpose of this study is to co-culture mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and AML12 liver cells in volvox spheres and evaluate two different culture methods, dynamic bioreactor and static culture flask,on the cultured cells. In addition, we aimed to evaluate the restorative effects of volvox spheres encapsulating MSCs and/or AML12 liver cells on rats with retrorsine-exposed CCl4-induced liver injuries. The results showed that MSCs encapsulated in volvox spheres differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells with a 2-fold increase in albumin expression and a 2.5-fold increase in cytokeratin 18 expression ina dynamic bioreactor. Moreover, the data presented significant reductions in AST and ALT levels after the implantation of volvox spheres encapsulating both MSCs and AML12 hepatocytes in vivo. In contrast to the negative control group, histopathological analysis demonstrated liver repair and formation of new liver tissue in groups implanted with volvox spheres containing cells. These results demonstrate that liver cells implanted with volvox spheres encapsulating both MSCs and AML12 hepatocytes promote liver repair and liver tissue regeneration in liver failure caused by necrotizing agents such as retrorsine and CCl4. Hence, volvox spheres encapsulating MSCs and liver cells can be a promising and clinically effective therapy for liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siou Han Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Han Hsiang Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Pei Leun Kang
- Cardiac Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yu Chian Wu
- Kaohsiung Armed Force General Hospital, Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Taiwan; National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huang Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Shyh Ming Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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Zhang L, Guan Z, Ye JS, Yin YF, Stoltz JF, de Isla N. Research progress in liver tissue engineering. Biomed Mater Eng 2017; 28:S113-S119. [PMID: 28372286 DOI: 10.3233/bme-171632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the definitive treatment for patients with end-stage liver diseases (ESLD). However, it is hampered by shortage of liver donor. Liver tissue engineering, aiming at fabricating new livers in vitro, provides a potential resolution for donor shortage. Three elements need to be considered in liver tissue engineering: seeding cell resources, scaffolds and bioreactors. Studies have shown potential cell sources as hepatocytes, hepatic cell line, mesenchymal stem cells and others. They need scaffolds with perfect biocompatiblity, suitable micro-structure and appropriate degradation rate, which are essential charateristics for cell attachment, proliferation and secretion in forming extracellular matrix. The most promising scaffolds in research include decellularized whole liver, collagens and biocompatible plastic. The development and function of cells in scaffold need a microenvironment which can provide them with oxygen, nutrition, growth factors, et al. Bioreactor is expected to fulfill these requirements by mimicking the living condition in vivo. Although there is great progress in these three domains, a large gap stays still between their researches and applications. Herein, we summarized the recent development in these three major fields which are indispensable in liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- BRC, First Hospital of Kun Ming (Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University), Kunming, China
| | - Zheng Guan
- BRC, First Hospital of Kun Ming (Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University), Kunming, China
| | - Jun-Song Ye
- BRC, First Hospital of Kun Ming (Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University), Kunming, China
| | - Yan-Feng Yin
- BRC, First Hospital of Kun Ming (Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University), Kunming, China
| | - Jean-François Stoltz
- Lorraine University and CNRS UNR 7365, Medical college, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,CHRU Nancy, Unité Therapie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Natalia de Isla
- Lorraine University and CNRS UNR 7365, Medical college, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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6
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Awan SJ, Baig MT, Yaqub F, Tayyeb A, Ali G. In vitro differentiated hepatic oval-like cells enhance hepatic regeneration in CCl 4 -induced hepatic injury. Cell Biol Int 2016; 41:51-61. [PMID: 27805290 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic oval cells are likely to be activated during advanced stage of liver fibrosis to reconstruct damaged hepatic tissue. However, their scarcity, difficulties in isolation, and in vitro expansion hampered their transplantation in fibrotic liver. This study was aimed to investigate the repair potential of in vitro differentiated hepatic oval-like cells in CCl4 -induced liver fibrosis. BMSCs and oval cells were isolated and characterized from C57BL/6 GFP+ mice. BMSCs were differentiated into oval cells by preconditioning with HGF, EGF, SCF, and LIF and analyzed for the oval cells-specific genes. Efficiency of oval cells to reduce hepatocyte injury was studied by determining cell viability, release of LDH, and biochemical tests in a co-culture system. Further, in vivo repair potential of differentiated oval cells was determined in CCl4 -induced fibrotic model by gene expression analysis, biochemical tests, mason trichrome, and Sirius red staining. Differentiated oval cells expressed hepatic oval cells-specific markers AFP, ALB, CK8, CK18, CK19. These differentiated cells when co-cultured with injured hepatocytes showed significant hepato-protection as measured by reduction in apoptosis, LDH release, and improvement in liver functions. Transplantation of differentiated oval cells like cells in fibrotic livers exhibited enhanced homing, reduced liver fibrosis, and improved liver functions by augmenting hepatic microenvironment by improved liver functions. This preconditioning strategy to differentiate BMSCs into oval cell leads to improved survival and homing of transplanted cells. In addition, reduction in fibrosis and functional improvement in mice with CCl4 -induced liver fibrosis was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Javaid Awan
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maria Tayyab Baig
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Yaqub
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Asima Tayyeb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gibran Ali
- National Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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7
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Zhu XQ, Pan XH, Yao L, Li W, Cui J, Wang G, Mrsny RJ, Hoffman AR, Hu JF. Converting Skin Fibroblasts into Hepatic-like Cells by Transient Programming. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:589-98. [PMID: 26312781 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Qing Zhu
- Research Center of Stem Cell, Tissue and Organ Engineering; Kunming Army General Hospital; Kunming Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Xing-Hua Pan
- Research Center of Stem Cell, Tissue and Organ Engineering; Kunming Army General Hospital; Kunming Yunnan P. R. China
| | - Ling Yao
- Stanford University Medical School; Palo Alto California
| | - Wei Li
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
| | - Randall J. Mrsny
- GMR Epigenetics; Palo Alto California
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology; University of Bath; Bath England
| | | | - Ji-Fan Hu
- Stanford University Medical School; Palo Alto California
- Stem Cell and Cancer Center; The First Affiliated Hospital; Jilin University; Changchun P. R. China
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8
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A comparison of the chemical and liver extract-induced hepatic differentiation of adipose derived stem cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 51:1085-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Zhong L, Gou J, Deng N, Shen H, He T, Zhang BQ. Three-dimensional co-culture of hepatic progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and in vivo. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:688-96. [PMID: 26031767 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Here we co-cultured hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to investigate whether the co-culture environments could increase hepatocytes form. METHODS Three-dimensional (3D) co-culture model of HPCs and MSCs was developed and morphological features of cells were continuously observed. Hepatocyte specific markers Pou5f1/Oct4, AFP, CK-18 and Alb were analyzed to confirm the differentiation of HPCs. The mRNA expression of CK-18 and Alb was analyzed by RT-PCR to investigate the influence of co-culture model to the terminal differentiation process of mature hepatocytes. The functional properties of hepatocyte-like cells were detected by continuously monitoring the albumin secretion using Gaussia luciferase assays. Scaffolds with HPCs and MSCs were implanted into nude mouse subcutaneously to set up the in vivo co-culture model. RESULTS Although two groups formed smooth spheroids and high expressed of CK-18 and Alb, hybrid spheroids had more regular structures and higher cell density. CK-18 and Alb mRNA were at a relatively higher expression level in co-culture system during the whole cultivation time (P < 0.05). Albumin secretion rates in the hybrid spheroids had been consistently higher than that in the mono-culture spheroids (P < 0.05). In vivo, the hepatocyte-like cells were consistent with the morphological features of mature hepatocytes and more well-differentiated hepatocyte-like cells were observed in the co-culture group. CONCLUSIONS HPCs and MSCs co-culture system is an efficient way to form well-differentiated hepatocyte-like cells, hence, may be helpful to the cell therapy of hepatic tissues and alleviate the problem of hepatocytes shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Juhua Gou
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Nian Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hao Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Tongchuan He
- Department of Surgery, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, the University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
| | - Bing-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1st Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
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10
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Habibollah S, Forraz N, McGuckin CP. Application of Umbilical Cord and Cord Blood as Alternative Modes for Liver Therapy. Regen Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6542-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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11
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Abstract
Stem cells constitute a population of "primitive cells" with the ability to divide indefinitely and give rise to specialized cells under special conditions. Because of these two characteristics they have received particular attention in recent decades. These cells are the primarily responsible factors for the regeneration of tissues and organs and for the healing of lesions, a feature that makes them a central key in the development of cell-based medicine, called Regenerative Medicine. The idea of wound and organ repair and body regeneration is as old as the mankind, reflecting the human desire for inhibiting aging and immortality and it is first described in the ancient Greek myth of Prometheus. It is of interest that the myth refers to liver, an organ with remarkable regenerative ability after loss of mass and function caused by liver injury or surgical resection. Over the last decade there has been an important progress in understanding liver physiology and the mechanisms underlying hepatic development and regeneration. As liver transplantation, despite its difficulties, remains the only effective therapy for advanced liver disease so far, scientific interest has nowadays been orientated towards Regenerative Medicine and the use of stem cells to repair damaged liver. This review is focused on the available literature concerning the role of stem cells in liver regeneration. It summarizes the results of studies concerning endogenous liver regeneration and stem cell experimental protocols. Moreover, this review discusses the clinical studies that have been conducted in humans so far.
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12
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Bruns H, Schultze D, Schemmer P. Alternatives to islet transplantation: future cell sources of beta-like cells. Clin Transplant 2014; 27 Suppl 25:30-3. [PMID: 23909499 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a treatment option for diabetes, metabolic liver disease in children, and leukemia. Except for the latter indication, solid organ transplantation is one of the available therapies but can be replaced by cell transplantation. However, due to the limited amount of cells that can be transplanted and due to rejection, results of cell transplants are still inferior to solid organ transplantation; there is a general shortage of donor organs, and cell isolation is limited to organs which cannot be transplanted as a whole for anatomic reasons. Therefore, alternatives to islets and beta cells are needed. There are some cells which can be generated from the recipient and would not be rejected; still, immunosuppression would be required to prevent reoccurrence of type I diabetes unless durable tolerance to beta cells could be induced. Generating beta cells for transplant from the recipient would help to overcome the lack of available organs. Moreover, understanding the underlying mechanisms of differentiation of these cells into beta-like cells would deepen our understanding of both pathophysiology and development of diabetes mellitus type I. This article examines embryonal stem cells, induced pluripotent cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, and hepatocytes as potential alternatives to beta-cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Bruns
- Department of General and Transplant Surgery, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells derived from fetal bovine liver. Cell Tissue Bank 2013; 15:439-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-013-9410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Seo KW, Sohn SY, Bhang DH, Nam MJ, Lee HW, Youn HY. Therapeutic effects of hepatocyte growth factor-overexpressing human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells on liver fibrosis in rats. Cell Biol Int 2013; 38:106-16. [PMID: 24115681 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common end stage for a variety of liver diseases, including most chronic liver diseases, and results from an imbalance between collagen deposition and degradation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to migrate into fibrotic livers and differentiate into hepatocytes. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has potent anti-apoptotic and mitogenic effects on hepatocytes during liver injury and plays an essential role in the development and regeneration of the liver. In this study, human HGF-overexpressing human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (hHGF-HUCB-MSCs) were prepared using the pMEX Expression System, and the upregulation of hHGF expression was confirmed by RT-PCR and ELISA. HGF expressed by hHGF-HUCB-MSCs exerted a stimulatory effect on hepatocyte proliferation in vitro. hHGF-HUCB-MSCs were transplanted to investigate the therapeutic effects of these cells on carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced liver fibrosis in a rat model. After 4 weeks of cell treatment once per week with 2 × 10(6) cells, biochemical analysis of the serum and histopathological analysis of the liver tissue were performed. The results of the biochemical analysis of the serum show that the hHGF-HUCB-MSC-treated group had higher levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, indicating the improvement of liver function. Histopathology showed that the hHGF-HUCB-MSC-treated group had reduction in the density of collagen fibres. Thus hHGF-HUCB-MSCs can enhance liver regeneration and could be useful for the treatment of patients with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Won Seo
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehakro, Yuseoung gu, Daejon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
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15
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Karaoz E, Okcu A, Ünal ZS, Subasi C, Saglam O, Duruksu G. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells efficiently differentiate into insulin-producing cells in pancreatic islet microenvironment both in vitro and in vivo. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:557-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Recovery of fertility in azoospermia rats after injection of adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells: the sperm generation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:529589. [PMID: 23509736 PMCID: PMC3590610 DOI: 10.1155/2013/529589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The recent reports on the treatment of azoospermia patients, in which spermatozoa could not be traced in their testes, are focused more on the potential use of adult stem cells, like mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential use of MSCs derived from adipose tissue in the treatment of azoospermia using rat disease models. After busulfan application, the rats (n = 20) were injected with the GFP+ MSCs into left rete testes. After 12 weeks, the testes with cell injection (right testes) were compared to control (left testes) after dimensional and immunohistochemical analyses. Testes treated with MSCs appeared morphologically normal, but they were atrophic in rats without stem cell treatment, in which the seminiferous tubules were empty. Spermatogenesis was detected, not in every but in some tubules of cell-treated testes. GFP+/VASA+ and GFP+/SCP1+ cells in testes indicated the transdifferentiation of MSCs into spermatogenetic cells in the appropriate microenvironment. Rats with cell treatment were mated to show the full recovery of spermatogenesis, and continuous generations were obtained. The expression of GFP was detected in the mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue and bone marrow and also in the sperms of offspring. In conclusion, MSCs might be studied for the same purpose in humans in future.
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Choi ST, Hwang S, Hong HN, Won YJ, Ahn CS, Ha TY, Song GW, Jung DH, Park GC, Lee SG. Therapeutic potentials occurring during the early differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells in a rats model with thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis. KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SURGERY 2013; 17:21-33. [PMID: 26155209 PMCID: PMC4304508 DOI: 10.14701/kjhbps.2013.17.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS/AIMS Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into hepatocytes, The purpose of this study is to investigate the MSCs' differentiation process and therapeutic potentials by comparing isolated MSCs with HGF-treated MSCs in rat's model with thiacetamide (TAA)-induced cirrhosis. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, weighing 100-150 g were used in this study. To induce liver fibrosis, recipient rats were taken with 0.04% thioacetamide (TAA) in the drinking water (400 mg TAA/L) for 8 weeks. The rats underlying liver cirrhosis were divided into 3 groups according to the transplanted materials, compared to normal saline as control (I) and isolated MSCs (II) HGF-treated MSCs. RESULTS Severe hepatic fibrosis and hepatocyte destruction were detected in the control group. Less hepatic cirrhosis and collagen formation, more hepatocyte regeneration and glycogen storage were detected in isolated MSCs compared to HGF-treated MSCs group, Distribution of red autofluorescence is mainly localized near the sinusoids in isolated MSCs, scattered away the sinusoids in HGF-treated MSCs group. MSCs transdifferentiated into CK-19 postive Oval cells and then to albulmin-producing hepatocytes, HGF treated MSCs differentiated into hepatocyte without the intermediate oval cells phase. HGF treated MSCs became the CK18-positive, MSCs became CD 90-positive. CONCLUSIONS Significant hepatocyte differentiation occurred in not HGF-treated MSCs but isolated MSCs group unexpectedly. These results suggest that the beneficial effect of MSCs on in rat's model with TAA-induced cirrhosis may occur during early differentiation course of MSCs. Mature hepatocyte itself has a little effect on the accelerated differentiation and functional capacity of hepatic lineage cell-line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Tae Choi
- Department of Surgery, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Shin Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hea-Nam Hong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - You-Jin Won
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul-Soo Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Ha
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi-Won Song
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Jung
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gil-Chun Park
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Gyu Lee
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver cell transplantation and bioartificial liver may provide metabolic support of liver function temporary and are prospective treatments for patients with liver failure. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are expected to be an ideal cell source for transplantation or liver tissue engineering, however the hepatic differentiation of MSCs is still insufficient for clinical application. DATA SOURCES A PubMed search on "mesenchymal stem cells", "liver cell" and "hepatocyte differentiation" was performed on the topic, and the relevant articles published in the past ten years were reviewed. RESULTS Hepatocyte-like cells differentiated from MSCs are a promising cell source for liver regeneration or tissue engineering. Although it is still a matter of debate as to whether MSC-derived hepatocytes may efficiently repopulate a host liver to provide adequate functional substitution, the majority of animal studies support that MSCs can become key players in liver-directed regenerative medicine. However the clinical application of human stem cells in the treatment of liver diseases is still in its infancy. CONCLUSIONS Future studies are required to improve the efficacy and consistency of hepatic differentiation from MSCs. It is necessary to better understand the mechanism to achieve transdifferentiation with high efficiency. More clinical trials are warranted to prove their efficacy in the management of patients with liver failure.
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Baer PC, Geiger H. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells: tissue localization, characterization, and heterogeneity. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:812693. [PMID: 22577397 PMCID: PMC3345279 DOI: 10.1155/2012/812693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue as a stem cell source is ubiquitously available and has several advantages compared to other sources. It is easily accessible in large quantities with minimal invasive harvesting procedure, and isolation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASCs) yields a high amount of stem cells, which is essential for stem-cell-based therapies and tissue engineering. Several studies have provided evidence that ASCs in situ reside in a perivascular niche, whereas the exact localization of ASCs in native adipose tissue is still under debate. ASCs are isolated by their capacity to adhere to plastic. Nevertheless, recent isolation and culture techniques lack standardization. Cultured cells are characterized by their expression of characteristic markers and their capacity to differentiate into cells from meso-, ecto-, and entodermal lineages. ASCs possess a high plasticity and differentiate into various cell types, including adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, hepatocytes, neural cells, and endothelial and epithelial cells. Nevertheless, recent studies suggest that ASCs are a heterogeneous mixture of cells containing subpopulations of stem and more committed progenitor cells. This paper summarizes and discusses the current knowledge of the tissue localization of ASCs in situ, their characterization and heterogeneity in vitro, and the lack of standardization in isolation and culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C. Baer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Helmut Geiger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
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Human Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells Acquire Epithelial Characteristics through Fusion with Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2011. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019569 pone-d-10-05611 [pii]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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21
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Ferrand J, Noël D, Lehours P, Prochazkova-Carlotti M, Chambonnier L, Ménard A, Mégraud F, Varon C. Human bone marrow-derived stem cells acquire epithelial characteristics through fusion with gastrointestinal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19569. [PMID: 21573181 PMCID: PMC3088703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types and are a potential source for epithelial tissue repair. Several studies have demonstrated their ability to repopulate the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in bone marrow transplanted patients or in animal models of gastrointestinal carcinogenesis where they were the source of epithelial cancers. However, mechanism of MSC epithelial differentiation still remains unclear and controversial with trans-differentiation or fusion events being evoked. This study aimed to investigate the ability of MSC to acquire epithelial characteristics in the particular context of the gastrointestinal epithelium and to evaluate the role of cell fusion in this process. In vitro coculture experiments were performed with three gastrointestinal epithelial cell lines and MSC originating from two patients. After an 8 day coculture, MSC expressed epithelial markers. Use of a semi-permeable insert did not reproduce this effect, suggesting importance of cell contacts. Tagged cells coculture or FISH on gender-mismatched cells revealed clearly that epithelial differentiation resulted from cellular fusion events, while expression of mesenchymal markers on fused cells decreased over time. In vivo cell xenograft in immunodeficient mice confirmed fusion of MSC with gastrointestinal epithelial cells and self-renewal abilities of these fused cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that fusion could be the predominant mechanism by which human MSC may acquire epithelial characteristics when in close contact with epithelial cells from gastrointestinal origin . These results could contribute to a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms allowing MSC engraftment into the GIT epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ferrand
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - Danièle Noël
- Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U844, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Lehours
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martina Prochazkova-Carlotti
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- EA2406, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucie Chambonnier
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - Armelle Ménard
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine Varon
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
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22
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Karaoz E, Ayhan S, Okçu A, Aksoy A, Bayazıt G, Osman Gürol A, Duruksu G. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells co-cultured with pancreatic islets display β cell plasticity. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 5:491-500. [PMID: 21604384 DOI: 10.1002/term.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The direct co-culturing effect of rat bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBM-MSCs) on the pancreatic-islets (PIs) was studied to obtain functional islet cells. MSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow and cultivated under standard conditions. Following their characterization, the rBM-MSCs were directly (with cell-islet contact) co-cultured with recovered PIs together with the single cell cultures of those cell cultures as a control. The effect of direct co-cultures of rBM-MSCs with the PIs of normal rats was investigated using immunophenotypical and functional methods. The change in the amount of insulin secretion was evaluated as an indicator for differentiation of rBM-MSCs. One approache for in vitro differentiation to achieve reprogramming for differentiation into suitable cell types by changing the microenvironment of the cells to provide signals that might activate metabolic pathways is to use co-cultures with the microenvironment of the specific cells of the desired cell type, tissue/organ extracts, extracellular matrix compounds or biologically absorbable materials. Differentiated rBM-MSCs were found to be immunopositive for the specific insulin-producing cell marker, insulin, but not in undifferentiated rBM-MSCs. The functionality tests by ELISA confirmed that insulin secretion of co-cultured MSCs with islets was higher than that of islets. These evidences indicated that PIs could be regarded as critical components of the stem cell niche, such that MSCs can be differentiated into insulin-producing cells (IPCs). Moreover, direct cell-to-cell contact might provide additional and independent support. This approach would circumvent the need for PI-stem cell co-culture and could potentially facilitate the production of functional IPCs for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Karaoz
- Centre for Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Practice, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41380, Turkey.
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23
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Enhanced hepatic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells after pretreatment with injured liver tissue. Differentiation 2010; 81:42-8. [PMID: 20943307 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver failure represents a serious challenge for cell based therapies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess potential for regeneration of fibrotic liver; however, there is a dire need to improve their hepatic differentiation. This study examines a pretreatment strategy to augment the differentiation potential of MSCs towards hepatic lineage. MSCs were isolated from C57BL/6 wild type mice and were characterized by flow cytometry for CD44 (92.4%), CD90 (96.6%), CD105 (94.7%), CD45 (0.8%) and CD34 (1.4%) markers. To improve the differentiation potential of MSCs towards hepatic lineage, cells were pretreated with injured liver tissue in an in-vitro model, which resulted in high expression of albumin, cytokeratin 8, 18, TAT and HNF1α as compared to untreated MSCs. The efficacy of pretreated MSCs was evaluated by preparing in-vivo mouse model with liver fibrosis by intraperitoneal administration of CCl(4). Pretreated MSCs were transplanted in the left lateral lobe of mice with liver fibrosis and showed enhanced localization and differentiation abilities after 1 month. The expression for cytokeratin 8, 18, albumin and Bcl-xl was up-regulated and that of HGF, Bax and Caspase- 3 was down-regulated in animals transplanted with pretreated MSCs. Sirus red staining also confirmed a significant reduction in the fibrotic area in liver tissue transplanted with pretreated MSCs as compared to untreated MSCs and was concomitant with improved serum levels of bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Therefore, it was concluded that pretreatment with injured liver tissue augment homing and hepatic differentiation abilities of MSCs and provides an improved procedure for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Anzalone R, Iacono ML, Corrao S, Magno F, Loria T, Cappello F, Zummo G, Farina F, La Rocca G. New Emerging Potentials for Human Wharton’s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Immunological Features and Hepatocyte-Like Differentiative Capacity. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:423-38. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Anzalone
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Melania Lo Iacono
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Corrao
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Magno
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Tiziana Loria
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zummo
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Felicia Farina
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
| | - Giampiero La Rocca
- Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
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Chivu M, Dima SO, Stancu CI, Dobrea C, Uscatescu V, Necula LG, Bleotu C, Tanase C, Albulescu R, Ardeleanu C, Popescu I. In vitro hepatic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells under differential exposure to liver-specific factors. Transl Res 2009; 154:122-32. [PMID: 19665688 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings demonstrated that stem cells could be harvested from a patient and used to repair his or her own damaged liver. Additionally, stem cells may be manipulated in vitro to induce hepatic differentiation. The current study aims to determine the differentiation efficacy of various liver-specific factors (hepatocyte growth factor, Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium, dexamethasone, and nicotinamide) used for stem cell differentiation into hepatocyte-like cells. Human mesenchymal stem cells were exposed to different media containing these compounds added individually or in various combinations. Hepatic differentiation was assessed via quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical staining for stemness or liver-specific genes and proteins, including albumin, cytokeratins 18 and 19, HepPar-1, alpha-fetoprotein, and nestin. In addition, functional tests for glycogen storage, urea production, glucose, and albumin synthesis were also performed. The expression profiles of albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, and cytokeratin 19 demonstrated that when hepatocyte growth factor, nicotinamide, or dexamethasone were added individually, incomplete hepatocyte differentiation was achieved; the obtained cell populations contained progenitors that expressed both hepatic (albumin) and biliary (cytokeratin 19) markers, as well as alpha-fetoprotein. Hepatocyte growth factor and nicotinamide were the factors with the most hepatogenic potential. When all factors were added to the culture, cells exhibited features that closely resembled human adult hepatocytes as determined by their gene expression patterns (albumin, HepPar-1, and alpha-fetoprotein, but not cytokeratin 19) and functional testing. These cells with hepatic function may become important tools for liver transplant procedures, liver development studies, and pharmacologic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Chivu
- Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
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26
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Cho KA, Ju SY, Cho SJ, Jung YJ, Woo SY, Seoh JY, Han HS, Ryu KH. Mesenchymal stem cells showed the highest potential for the regeneration of injured liver tissue compared with other subpopulations of the bone marrow. Cell Biol Int 2009; 33:772-7. [PMID: 19427913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2009.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that bone marrow cells (BMCs) participate in the regeneration after liver injury. However, it is not established that this is the result of differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or the combination of both. We investigated the contribution of each cell fraction to the regenerative process. First, we confirmed that transplanted stem cells migrate directly to injured liver tissue without dispersing to other organs. Next, we divided green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing BMCs into three populations as mononuclear cells, MSCs and HSCs. We then compared the engraftment capacity after transplantation of each fraction of cells into liver-injured mice. Of these, the MSCs transplanted group showed the highest GFP fluorescence intensities in liver tissue by flow cytometry analysis and confocal microscopic observation. Furthermore, MSCs showed differentiation potential into hepatocytes when co-cultured with injured liver cells, which suggests that MSCs showed highest potential for the regeneration of injured liver tissue compared with those of the other two cell refractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ah Cho
- Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Banas A, Teratani T, Yamamoto Y, Tokuhara M, Takeshita F, Osaki M, Kato T, Okochi H, Ochiya T. Rapid hepatic fate specification of adipose-derived stem cells and their therapeutic potential for liver failure. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24:70-7. [PMID: 18624899 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Multipotential mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), present in many organs and tissues, represent an attractive tool for the establishment of a successful stem cell-based therapy in the field of regeneration medicine. Adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSC), known as adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) are especially attractive in the context of future clinical applications because of their high accessibility and minimal invasiveness during the procedure to obtain them. The goal of the present study was to induce human ASC into functional hepatocytes in vitro within a very short period of time and to check their therapeutic potential in vivo. METHODS In vitro generated ASC-derived hepatocytes were checked for hepatocyte-specific markers and functions. Afterwards, they were transplanted into nude mice with liver injury. Twenty-four hours after transplantation, biochemical parameters were evaluated in blood serum. RESULTS We have shown here that ASC can be differentiated into hepatocytes within 13 days and can reach the functional properties of primary human hepatocytes. After transplantation into mice with acute liver failure, ASC-derived hepatocytes can restore such liver functions as ammonia and purine metabolism. Markers of liver injury, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, as well as ammonia, were decreased after ASC-derived hepatocyte transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight the properties of ASC as having a special affinity for hepatocyte differentiation in vitro and liver regeneration in vivo. Thus, ASC may be a superior choice for the establishment of a therapy for injured liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Banas
- Section for Studies on Metastasis, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Ijima H, Matsuo T, Kawakami K. The mixed coculture effect of primary rat hepatocytes and bone marrow cells is caused by soluble factors derived from bone marrow cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2008; 105:226-31. [PMID: 18397773 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.105.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterospheroids consisting of hepatocytes and bone marrow cells (BMCs) are formed by the mixed coculture of these cells and enhance the expression and maintenance of the liver-specific functions of hepatocytes. Not only the soluble factors derived from these cells, but also functional organoid (heterospheroid) formation, are considered to underlie this coculture effect. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of this co-culture effect. We performed hepatocyte monoculture with conditioned media prepared from hepatocyte cultures, BMC cultures and a coculture of hepatocytes and BMCs. When using any type of conditioned medium, no hepatocyte spheroids formed, and the hepatocytes formed a monolayer. In addition, an effect for these conditioned media was shown in terms of the albumin production and ammonia metabolism activities of the hepatocytes; conditioned medium from BMCs showed the strongest effect. The monocultured hepatocytes in the conditioned medium derived from BMCs showed equivalent albumin production and ammonia metabolism activities to the cocultured spheroids of hepatocytes and BMCs. Therefore, it was determined that the effect of the coculture of hepatocytes and BMCs was caused by soluble factors derived from BMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ijima
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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29
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Sun LY, Han MZ. Chemotaxis of stromal cell-dirived factor-1 on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:992-997. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i9.992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow stem cells (BMC) mainly include hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). MSC not only have the potential capability of self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation, but also have a higher plasticity to differentiate into a variety of cells under the specific conditions. In addition, MSC can be easily obtained, and have been extensively studied in recent years. Many studies in vivo and in vitro have confirmed that some cytokines can influence the microenvironment of transplanted cells, resulting in the mobilization, migration and differentiation of BMC. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) is a CXC-type chemokine with a wide biological activity, and it also has chemotaxis effect on BMC, which is reviewed in this article.
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30
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Fiegel HC, Kaufmann PM, Bruns H, Kluth D, Horch RE, Vacanti JP, Kneser U. Hepatic tissue engineering: from transplantation to customized cell-based liver directed therapies from the laboratory. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:56-66. [PMID: 18021311 PMCID: PMC3823472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, liver transplantation is still the only curative treatment for liver failure due to end-stages liver diseases. Donor organ shortage, high cost and the need of immunosuppressive medications are still the major limitations in the field of liver transplantation. Thus, alternative innovative cell-based liver directed therapies, e.g. liver tissue engineering, are under investigation with the aim, that in future an artificial liver tissue could be created and be used for the replacement of the liver function in patients. Using cells instead of organs in this setting should permit (i) expansion of cells in an in vitro phase, (ii) genetic or immunological manipulation of cells for transplantation, (iii) tissue typing and cryopreservation in a cell bank, and (iv) the ex vivo genetic modification of patient's own cells prior re-implantation. Function and differentiation of liver cells are influenced by the three-dimensional organ architecture. The use of polymeric matrices permits the three dimensional formation of a neo-tissue and specific stimulation by adequate modification of the matrix-surface which might be essential for appropriate differentiation of transplanted cells. Additionally, culturing hepatocytes on three dimensional matrices permits culture in a flow bioreactor system with increased function and survival of the cultured cells. Based on bioreactor technology, bioartificial liver devices (BAL) are developed for extracorporeal liver support. Although BALs improved clinical and metabolic conditions, increased patient survival rates have not been proven yet. For intra-corporeal liver replacement, a concept which combines Tissue Engineering using three-dimensional, highly porous matrices with cell transplantation could be useful. In such a concept, whole liver mass transplantation, long term engraftment and function as well as correction of a metabolic defect in animal models could be achieved with a principally reversible procedure. Future studies have to investigate, which environmental conditions and transplantation system would be most suitable for the development of artificial functional liver tissue including blood supply for a potential use in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning C Fiegel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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31
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Fiegel HC, Kaufmann PM, Bruns H, Kluth D, Horch RE, Vacanti JP, Kneser U. Hepatic tissue engineering: from transplantation to customized cell-based liver directed therapies from the laboratory. J Cell Mol Med 2007. [PMID: 18021311 DOI: 10.1111/j/1582-4934.207.00162.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, liver transplantation is still the only curative treatment for liver failure due to end-stages liver diseases. Donor organ shortage, high cost and the need of immunosuppressive medications are still the major limitations in the field of liver transplantation. Thus, alternative innovative cell-based liver directed therapies, e.g. liver tissue engineering, are under investigation with the aim, that in future an artificial liver tissue could be created and be used for the replacement of the liver function in patients. Using cells instead of organs in this setting should permit (i) expansion of cells in an in vitro phase, (ii) genetic or immunological manipulation of cells for transplantation, (iii) tissue typing and cryopreservation in a cell bank, and (iv) the ex vivo genetic modification of patient's own cells prior re-implantation. Function and differentiation of liver cells are influenced by the three-dimensional organ architecture. The use of polymeric matrices permits the three dimensional formation of a neo-tissue and specific stimulation by adequate modification of the matrix-surface which might be essential for appropriate differentiation of transplanted cells. Additionally, culturing hepatocytes on three dimensional matrices permits culture in a flow bioreactor system with increased function and survival of the cultured cells. Based on bioreactor technology, bioartificial liver devices (BAL) are developed for extracorporeal liver support. Although BALs improved clinical and metabolic conditions, increased patient survival rates have not been proven yet. For intra-corporeal liver replacement, a concept which combines Tissue Engineering using three-dimensional, highly porous matrices with cell transplantation could be useful. In such a concept, whole liver mass transplantation, long term engraftment and function as well as correction of a metabolic defect in animal models could be achieved with a principally reversible procedure. Future studies have to investigate, which environmental conditions and transplantation system would be most suitable for the development of artificial functional liver tissue including blood supply for a potential use in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning C Fiegel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Yu Y, Yao AH, Chen N, Pu LY, Fan Y, Lv L, Sun BC, Li GQ, Wang XH. Mesenchymal stem cells over-expressing hepatocyte growth factor improve small-for-size liver grafts regeneration. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1382-9. [PMID: 17519892 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) associated with small-for-size liver transplantation (SFSLT) impairs liver graft regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capability, under specific conditions, of differentiating into hepatocytes. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has potent anti-apoptotic and mitogenic effects on hepatocytes during liver injury, and has been utilized in many experimental and clinical applications. In this study, we implanted HGF-expressing MSCs into liver grafts via the portal vein, using a 30% small-for-size rat liver transplantation model. HGF, c-met expression, hepatic injury and liver regeneration were assessed after liver transplantation. Our study demonstrated that MSCs over-expressing HGF prevented liver failure and reduced mortality in rats after SFSLT. These animals also exhibited improved liver function and liver weight recovery during the early post-transplantation period. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene as a marker, we demonstrated that the engrafted cells and their progeny incorporated into remnant livers and produced albumin. These findings suggest that MSCs genetically modified to over-express HGF and implanted in the liver graft, may offer a novel approach to promoting liver regeneration after small-for-size transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- The Liver Transplantation Center of The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Affiliation(s)
- Y N Kallis
- Department of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College, London, UK.
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Herr I, Groth A, Schemmer P, Büchler MW. Adult stem cells in progression and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:1875-1882. [PMID: 17685426 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most aggressive solid tumours associated with poor prognosis. Despite its significance, there is only an elemental understanding of the mechanisms that drive disease pathogenesis, and there are just limited therapy options. The medical community is currently experiencing a wave of enthusiasm for clinical trials, in which adult stem/progenitor cells are used for liver regeneration. This is based on promising results in animal models and encouraging reports from some initial clinical studies. On the other hand, several essential precautions are not being fully addressed. Stem cells may contribute to fibrosis or give rise to hepatic cancer stem cells as a source of hepatocellular carcinoma. This review outlines the current state of knowledge in progression of liver disease and highlights the function of adult stem cells in disease and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Herr
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ariane Groth
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular OncoSurgery, Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schemmer
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus W Büchler
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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N/A, 李 强. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:2954-2957. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i30.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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