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Lalmanach G, Rigoux B, David A, Tahri-Joutey M, Lecaille F, Marchand-Adam S, Saidi A. Human cystatin C in fibrotic diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 565:120016. [PMID: 39461496 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.120016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/29/2024]
Abstract
Human cystatin C (hCC), which has a pervasive distribution within body fluids and is ubiquitously expressed by numerous cells and tissues, is a highly potent extracellular inhibitor of cysteine proteases. Besides measurement of serum creatinine, which is the most widely used technique for appraising glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hCC has emerged as a relevant GFR biomarker, because its quantification in serum is less sensitive to interferences with factors such as age, muscle mass or diet. Moreover, there are growing body of evidence that hCC overexpression and/or oversecretion, which is primarily driven by TGF-β1, occur during fibrogenesis (cardiac, liver, oral, and lung fibrosis). Even though molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways governing the regulation of hCC remain to be deciphered more acutely, current data sustain that hCC expression relates to myofibrogenesis and that hCC could be a specific and valuable biomarker of fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Lalmanach
- University of Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team "Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Pharmacological Targeting in Lung Diseases", Tours, France.
| | - Baptiste Rigoux
- University of Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team "Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Pharmacological Targeting in Lung Diseases", Tours, France
| | - Alexis David
- University of Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team "Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Pharmacological Targeting in Lung Diseases", Tours, France
| | - Mounia Tahri-Joutey
- University of Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team "Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Pharmacological Targeting in Lung Diseases", Tours, France
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- University of Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team "Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Pharmacological Targeting in Lung Diseases", Tours, France
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- University of Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team "Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Pharmacological Targeting in Lung Diseases", Tours, France; The University Hospital Center of Tours (CHRU Tours), Pulmonology Department, Tours, France
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- University of Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR1100, Research Center for Respiratory Diseases (CEPR), Team "Proteolytic Enzymes and Their Pharmacological Targeting in Lung Diseases", Tours, France
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Gu Z, Gu W, Zhang G, Tang Y, Wang M, Guo Y, Zhou L. Effects of magnesium sulfate combined with labetalol on inflammatory stress and pregnancy outcome of patients with gestational hypertension. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:266. [PMID: 38756909 PMCID: PMC11097299 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Gestational hypertension (GH) is a common disorder during pregnancy that can cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. In the present study, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) combined with labetalol was used for clinical treatment. Randomized controlled trial was conducted in 100 patients with GH, documented in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Taicang TCM Hospital) grouped into the experimental (Expt) and control (Ctrl) groups (n=50 cases/group). The Ctrl group was treated with MgSO4, whereas the Expt group was treated with MgSO4 + labetalol. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in the Expt group were not significantly different from those in the Ctrl group (P>0.05). By contrast, the SBP and DBP were significantly lower after treatment than those before treatment in both groups (P<0.05). Whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and hematocrit were significantly lower in the Expt group compared with those in the Ctrl group after treatment (P<0.05). High mobility group box-1 protein, homocysteine and serum cystatin C levels in the Expt group were also markedly lower than those in the Ctrl group after treatment (P<0.05). In the Expt group, the rate of spontaneous vaginal delivery was much higher, whereas the rates of cesarean section and postpartum hemorrhage were markedly lower than those in the Ctrl group (P<0.05). The occurrence of fetal intrauterine distress, placental abruption, neonatal asphyxia, premature birth and neonatal death were also significantly lower in the Expt group than those in the Ctrl group (P<0.05). In conclusion, MgSO4 + labetalol could improve inflammatory stress and the hemodynamics of patients with GH, and may have a marked antihypertensive effect. Thus, it may improve pregnancy outcome and reduce perinatal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taicang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Wenqing Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taicang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Guiping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taicang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Ye Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taicang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Minfang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taicang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taicang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taicang, Jiangsu 215400, P.R. China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, P.R. China
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Sufleţel RT, Melincovici CS, Gheban BA, Toader Z, Mihu CM. Hepatic stellate cells - from past till present: morphology, human markers, human cell lines, behavior in normal and liver pathology. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 2021; 61:615-642. [PMID: 33817704 PMCID: PMC8112759 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.61.3.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cell (HSC), initially analyzed by von Kupffer, in 1876, revealed to be an extraordinary mesenchymal cell, essential for both hepatocellular function and lesions, being the hallmark of hepatic fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. Apart from their implications in hepatic injury, HSCs play a vital role in liver development and regeneration, xenobiotic response, intermediate metabolism, and regulation of immune response. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge regarding HSCs morphology, human HSCs markers and human HSC cell lines. We also summarize the latest findings concerning their roles in normal and liver pathology, focusing on their impact in fibrogenesis, chronic viral hepatitis and liver tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rada Teodora Sufleţel
- Discipline of Histology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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The Clinical Importance of Cystatin C and Hepatic Artery Resistive Index in Liver Cirrhosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54030037. [PMID: 30344268 PMCID: PMC6122118 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Data suggest cystatin C (CysC) levels and hepatic artery resistive index (HARI) correspond to the progression of chronic liver disease. We aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of these parameters in assessment of fibrosis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Methods: The cross-sectional study included 63 patients with liver cirrhosis. A control group consisted of 30 age- and gender-matched healthy persons. Results: We confirmed significantly higher values of CysC in patients with cirrhosis compared to control group (p = 0.036). Average value of HARI in the examined group was increased (0.72 ± 0.06) and there was the statistically significant difference compared to controls (0.66 ± 0.03) (p < 0.001). We found statistically significant correlation between HARI and CysC in the study group. Analyzing the possibility of distinguishing healthy subjects from patients with fibrosis, we have found that the area under the curve is far greater in the HARI index than CysC. Comparison of CysC among Child–Pugh stages and correlation with a model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score showed statistically significant results. Conclusion: We confirmed HARI is a more accurate parameter than CysC in discriminating healthy subjects from patients with fibrosis, while CysC could be a better indicator of the stage of liver cirrhosis.
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Yang Z, Liu Y, Qin L, Wu P, Xia Z, Luo M, Zeng Y, Tsukamoto H, Ju Z, Su D, Kang H, Xiao Z, Zheng S, Duan Z, Hu R, Wang Q, Pandol SJ, Han YP. Cathepsin H-Mediated Degradation of HDAC4 for Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Hepatic Stellate Cells: Implications of Epigenetic Suppression of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Fibrosis through Stabilization of Class IIa Histone Deacetylases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:781-797. [PMID: 28157489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In three-dimensional extracellular matrix, mesenchymal cells including hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) gain the ability to express matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) on injury signals. In contrast, in myofibroblastic HSCs in fibrotic liver, many MMP genes are silenced into an epigenetically nonpermissive state. The mechanism by which the three-dimensional extracellular matrix confers the MMP genes into an epigenetically permissive state has not been well characterized. In continuation of previous work, we show here that the up-regulation of MMP genes is mediated through degradation of class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) by certain cysteine cathepsins (Cts). In three-dimensional extracellular matrix culture, CtsH, among other cysteine cathepsins, was up-regulated and localized as puncta in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments in a complex with HDAC4 for its degradation. Conversely, along with HSC trans-differentiation, CtsH and CtsL were progressively down-regulated, whereas HDAC4 was concurrently stabilized. The inhibition of cysteine cathepsins by specific proteinase inhibitors or chloroquine, which raises cellular pH, restored HDAC4. Recombinant CtsH could break down HDAC4 in the transfected cells and in vitro at acidic pH. In human cirrhotic liver, activated HSCs express high levels of class IIa HDACs but little CtsH. We propose that cysteine cathepsin-mediated degradation of class IIa HDACs plays a key role in the modulation of MMP expression/suppression and HSC functions in tissue injury and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Yang
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lan Qin
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pengfei Wu
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zanxian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics & School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Luo
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Chengdu Public Health Clinical Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yilan Zeng
- Chengdu Public Health Clinical Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zongyun Ju
- Chengdu Tongde Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Danmei Su
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Kang
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhixiong Xiao
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sujun Zheng
- Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Richard Hu
- Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yuan-Ping Han
- The Center for Growth, Metabolism and Aging, and the Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Education of Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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Lalmanach G, Saidi A, Marchand-Adam S, Lecaille F, Kasabova M. Cysteine cathepsins and cystatins: from ancillary tasks to prominent status in lung diseases. Biol Chem 2015; 396:111-30. [PMID: 25178906 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2014-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cysteine cathepsins (family C1, clan CA) have long been regarded as ubiquitous household enzymes, primarily involved in the recycling and degradation of proteins in lysosomes. This opinion has changed considerably during recent decades, however, with the demonstration of their involvement in various physiological processes. A growing body of evidence supports the theory that cathepsins play specific functions in lung homeostasis and pathophysiological events such as asthma, lung fibrosis (including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (embracing emphysema and chronic bronchitis), silicosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia or tumor invasion. The objective of this review is to provide an update on the current knowledge of the role of these enzymes in the lung. Particular attention has been paid to the understanding of the role of these proteases and their natural inhibitors, cystatins (family I25, clan IH), in TGF-β1-driven fibrotic processes with an emphasis on lung fibrosis.
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Kasabova M, Joulin-Giet A, Lecaille F, Gilmore BF, Marchand-Adam S, Saidi A, Lalmanach G. Regulation of TGF-β1-driven differentiation of human lung fibroblasts: emerging roles of cathepsin B and cystatin C. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16239-51. [PMID: 24790080 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.542407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung matrix homeostasis partly depends on the fine regulation of proteolytic activities. We examined the expression of human cysteine cathepsins (Cats) and their relative contribution to TGF-β1-induced fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblasts. Assays were conducted using both primary fibroblasts obtained from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and human lung CCD-19Lu fibroblasts. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic silencing of Cat B diminished α-smooth muscle actin expression, delayed fibroblast differentiation, and led to an accumulation of intracellular 50-kDa TGF-β1. Moreover, the addition of Cat B generated a 25-kDa mature form of TGF-β1 in Cat B siRNA-pretreated lysates. Inhibition of Cat B decreased Smad 2/3 phosphorylation but had no effect on p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation, indicating that Cat B mostly disturbs TGF-β1-driven canonical Smad signaling pathway. Although mRNA expression of cystatin C was stable, its secretion, which was inhibited by brefeldin A, increased during TGF-β1-induced differentiation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and CCD-19Lu fibroblasts. In addition, cystatin C participated in the control of extracellular Cats, because its gene silencing restored their proteolytic activities. These data support the notion that Cat B participates in lung myofibrogenesis as suggested for stellate cells during liver fibrosis. Moreover, we propose that TGF-β1 promotes fibrosis by driving the effective cystatin C-dependent inhibition of extracellular matrix-degrading Cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Kasabova
- From the INSERM U1100, Pathologies Pulmonaires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Equipe 2: Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, F-37032 Tours, France and
| | - Alix Joulin-Giet
- From the INSERM U1100, Pathologies Pulmonaires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Equipe 2: Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, F-37032 Tours, France and
| | - Fabien Lecaille
- From the INSERM U1100, Pathologies Pulmonaires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Equipe 2: Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, F-37032 Tours, France and
| | - Brendan F Gilmore
- the Queen's University Belfast, School of Pharmacy, McClay Research Centre, Belfast, BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Marchand-Adam
- From the INSERM U1100, Pathologies Pulmonaires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Equipe 2: Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, F-37032 Tours, France and
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- From the INSERM U1100, Pathologies Pulmonaires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Equipe 2: Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, F-37032 Tours, France and
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- From the INSERM U1100, Pathologies Pulmonaires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Equipe 2: Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Université François Rabelais, Faculté de Médecine, F-37032 Tours, France and
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Kasabova M, Joulin-Giet A, Lecaille F, Saidi A, Marchand-Adam S, Lalmanach G. Human cystatin C: a new biomarker of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis? Proteomics Clin Appl 2013; 8:447-53. [PMID: 24178809 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disorder with a poor prognosis. The identification of a new and specific biomarker in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) may assist in the diagnosis of the disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Characterization of cysteine Cats and their endogenous inhibitor, cystatin C, was conducted by immunochemical analysis and measurement of endopeptidase activity of control (n = 11) and IPF (n = 25) BALFs (normalized conditions, 20 μg protein/assay). RESULTS Cathepsin (Cat) B was detected as proform and mature enzyme for both control and IPF samples, while Cats K, L, and S were found as zymogens with a strengthened staining in IPF BALFs. The overall endopeptidase activity related mainly to Cat B and did not vary significantly between control and IPF samples. Conversely a significant increase of immunoreactive cystatin C was measured in BALFs for each of three IPF grades. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE An excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins is the hallmark of fibrotic disorders. Cats are potent collagenases and might be essential for lung homeostasis. Taken together, increase of cystatin C in IPF BALFs may reflect abnormal regulation of proteolytic activity of Cats in lung, which in turn can promote the development of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Kasabova
- INSERM U1100, Pathologies Pulmonaires: Protéolyse et Aérosolthérapie, Equipe 2: Mécanismes Protéolytiques dans l'Inflammation; Faculté de Médecine, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
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Serum cystatin C: a non-invasive marker of liver fibrosis or of current liver fibrogenesis in chronic hepatitis C? Ann Hepatol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1665-2681(19)31437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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10
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Xu Y, Schnorrer P, Proietto A, Kowalski G, Febbraio MA, Acha-Orbea H, Dickins RA, Villadangos JA. IL-10 Controls Cystatin C Synthesis and Blood Concentration in Response to Inflammation through Regulation of IFN Regulatory Factor 8 Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3666-73. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Maubach G, Lim MCC, Zhuo L. Nuclear cathepsin F regulates activation markers in rat hepatic stellate cells. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:4238-48. [PMID: 18667530 PMCID: PMC2555962 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-03-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells during liver fibrosis is a major event facilitating an increase in extracellular matrix deposition. The up-regulation of smooth muscle alpha-actin and collagen type I is indicative of the activation process. The involvement of cysteine cathepsins, a class of lysosomal cysteine proteases, has not been studied in conjunction with the activation process of hepatic stellate cells. Here we report a nuclear cysteine protease activity partially attributed to cathepsin F, which co-localizes with nuclear speckles. This activity can be regulated by treatment with retinol/palmitic acid, known to reduce the hepatic stellate cell activation. The treatment for 48 h leads to a decrease in activity, which is coupled to an increase in cystatin B and C transcripts. Cystatin B knockdown experiments during the same treatment confirm the regulation of the nuclear activity by cystatin B. We demonstrate further that the inhibition of the nuclear activity by E-64d, a cysteine protease inhibitor, results in a differential regulation of smooth muscle alpha-actin and collagen type I transcripts. On the other hand, cathepsin F small interfering RNA transfection leads to a decrease in nuclear activity and a transcriptional down-regulation of both activation markers. These findings indicate a possible link between nuclear cathepsin F activity and the transcriptional regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Maubach
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore 138669
| | - Michelle Chin Chia Lim
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore 138669
| | - Lang Zhuo
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Singapore 138669
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12
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Aoudjehane L, Pissaia A, Scatton O, Podevin P, Massault PP, Chouzenoux S, Soubrane O, Calmus Y, Conti F. Interleukin-4 induces the activation and collagen production of cultured human intrahepatic fibroblasts via the STAT-6 pathway. J Transl Med 2008; 88:973-85. [PMID: 18626468 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2008.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is overexpressed in liver grafts in a context of severe recurrent hepatitis C, during which the development of fibrosis is dramatically accelerated. In this study, we examined the effects of IL-4 on the activation and collagen production of cultured human intrahepatic (myo)fibroblasts (hIHFs), and investigated the underlying mechanisms. The myofibroblastic nature of cells was evaluated morphologically using activation markers (smooth muscle alpha-actin, vimentin and prolyl 4-hydroxylase). Quiescent hIHFs were obtained by cell incubation in serum-free medium or cell culture on Matrigel. We first analyzed IL-4 receptor expression, STAT-6 activation by IL-4, and STAT-6 inhibition by an anti-IL-4 antibody or by STAT-6 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. We then focused on collagen production, using quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the effect of IL-4 on the mRNA expression of collagens I, III and IV, and on collagen levels in supernatants of hIHFs, using the Sircol collagen assay. hIHFs cultured in plastic wells appeared to be morphologically activated. The expression of activation markers was reduced by serum deprivation or culture on Matrigel, and restored by IL-4 incubation. The IL-4 receptor was expressed by hIHFs, and STAT-6 was activated following incubation with IL-4. Both anti-IL-4 antibody and STAT-6 siRNA transfection inhibited this activation. The treatment of hIHFs with IL-4 increased the mRNA expression of collagens I, III and IV (P<0.05) and elevated collagen levels in supernatants (P=0.01 vs untreated cells). Therefore, IL-4 exerts profibrotic effects by activating hIHFs and inducing collagen production and secretion. This effect requires IL4-R binding and STAT-6 activation. IL-4 may thus be involved in accelerated course of fibrogenesis during recurrent hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Aoudjehane
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, UPRES 1833, Université Paris 5, Paris, France
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Abstract
The hepatic stellate cell has surprised and engaged physiologists, pathologists, and hepatologists for over 130 years, yet clear evidence of its role in hepatic injury and fibrosis only emerged following the refinement of methods for its isolation and characterization. The paradigm in liver injury of activation of quiescent vitamin A-rich stellate cells into proliferative, contractile, and fibrogenic myofibroblasts has launched an era of astonishing progress in understanding the mechanistic basis of hepatic fibrosis progression and regression. But this simple paradigm has now yielded to a remarkably broad appreciation of the cell's functions not only in liver injury, but also in hepatic development, regeneration, xenobiotic responses, intermediary metabolism, and immunoregulation. Among the most exciting prospects is that stellate cells are essential for hepatic progenitor cell amplification and differentiation. Equally intriguing is the remarkable plasticity of stellate cells, not only in their variable intermediate filament phenotype, but also in their functions. Stellate cells can be viewed as the nexus in a complex sinusoidal milieu that requires tightly regulated autocrine and paracrine cross-talk, rapid responses to evolving extracellular matrix content, and exquisite responsiveness to the metabolic needs imposed by liver growth and repair. Moreover, roles vital to systemic homeostasis include their storage and mobilization of retinoids, their emerging capacity for antigen presentation and induction of tolerance, as well as their emerging relationship to bone marrow-derived cells. As interest in this cell type intensifies, more surprises and mysteries are sure to unfold that will ultimately benefit our understanding of liver physiology and the diagnosis and treatment of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA.
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