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Souza D, Rosarioa B, Casagrandea B, Viana M, Estadella D, Peres R, Seabra Pereira CD, Peres R. Histopathological and inflammatory response in multiple organs of rats exposed to crack. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:2017-2026. [PMID: 34167404 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1934420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate histopathological and inflammatory response in liver and kidney of rats after crack exposure. For this purpose, a total of 32 male Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: (G1) and (G2): received 18 mg/kg of body weight (b.w) of crack cocaine, but Group G2 remained 72 h without exposure after the experimental period (5 days). Experimental group 3 (G3): received 36 mg/kg of body weight (b.w) of crack cocaine. Control Group (CTRL): received only the vehicle (DMSO) administered by intraperitoneal (i.p) route for 5 days. The results showed that crack cocaine induced histopathological changes in liver and kidney. Immunohistochemistry data revealed that G2 group showed a higher immunoexpression of Ki-67 in hepatic and renal tissues. Regarding inflammation, the results showed that all groups exposed to crack cocaine decreased the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 in liver and kidney. In summary, our results showed that the subacute doses of crack cocaine used in this study had cytotoxic, and immunosuppressive effects in liver and kidney of rats, especially at 36 mg/kg dose. Since cellular death and inflammation participates in the multi-step process of chemical carcinogenesis, these data offer new insights into potential ways to understand the pathobiological mechanisms induced by crack cocaine in several tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Souza
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Santos SP, Brazil
| | - Barbara Rosarioa
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Santos SP, Brazil
| | - Breno Casagrandea
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Santos SP, Brazil
| | - Milena Viana
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Santos SP, Brazil
| | - Debora Estadella
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Santos SP, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Peres
- Department of Physiology, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, Campus Unimonte, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- Department of Marine Sciences, Institute of Sea, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Santos SP, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Peres
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Santos SP, Brazil
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Tsuge M. Are Humanized Mouse Models Useful for Basic Research of Hepatocarcinogenesis through Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection? Viruses 2021; 13:v13101920. [PMID: 34696350 PMCID: PMC8541657 DOI: 10.3390/v13101920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health problem that can lead to liver dysfunction, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Current antiviral therapies can control viral replication in patients with chronic HBV infection; however, there is a risk of HCC development. HBV-related proteins may be produced in hepatocytes regardless of antiviral therapies and influence intracellular metabolism and signaling pathways, resulting in liver carcinogenesis. To understand the mechanisms of liver carcinogenesis, the effect of HBV infection in human hepatocytes should be analyzed. HBV infects human hepatocytes through transfer to the sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP). Although the NTCP is expressed on the hepatocyte surface in several animals, including mice, HBV infection is limited to human primates. Due to this species-specific liver tropism, suitable animal models for analyzing HBV replication and developing antivirals have been lacking since the discovery of the virus. Recently, a humanized mouse model carrying human hepatocytes in the liver was developed based on several immunodeficient mice; this is useful for analyzing the HBV life cycle, antiviral effects of existing/novel antivirals, and intracellular signaling pathways under HBV infection. Herein, the usefulness of human hepatocyte chimeric mouse models in the analysis of HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Tsuge
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, Department of Biomedical Science, Research and Development Division, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-82-257-1510
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
- Research Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Liu Y, Maya S, Ploss A. Animal Models of Hepatitis B Virus Infection-Success, Challenges, and Future Directions. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050777. [PMID: 33924793 PMCID: PMC8146732 DOI: 10.3390/v13050777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects more than 250 million people worldwide, which greatly increases the risk for terminal liver diseases, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Even though current approved antiviral therapies, including pegylated type I interferon (IFN) and nucleos(t)ide analogs, can effectively suppress viremia, HBV infection is rarely cured. Since HBV exhibits a narrow species tropism and robustly infects only humans and higher primates, progress in HBV research and preclinical testing of antiviral drugs has been hampered by the scarcity of suitable animal models. Fortunately, a series of surrogate animal models have been developed for the study of HBV. An increased understanding of the barriers towards interspecies transmission has aided in the development of human chimeric mice and has greatly paved the way for HBV research in vivo, and for evaluating potential therapies of chronic hepatitis B. In this review, we summarize the currently available animal models for research of HBV and HBV-related hepadnaviruses, and we discuss challenges and future directions for improvement.
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Expansion, in vivo-ex vivo cycling, and genetic manipulation of primary human hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1678-1688. [PMID: 31915293 PMCID: PMC6983380 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919035117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to study human liver disease is limited by available hepatocyte models. Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and xenograft models suffer from limited availability, donor-to-donor variability, and high cost. Here we report two transformative advances. First, the alkaloid retrorsine improves humanization of the murine liver, which allows routine production of highly humanized mice and high-quality mouse-passaged PHH. Second, the ability to genetically modify PHH cultures and retransplant to create highly humanized mice with genetically altered grafts. When combined, these two advances open new frontiers for creating disease-specific PHH models and for performing genetic and other screens in PHH. Primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) are an essential tool for modeling drug metabolism and liver disease. However, variable plating efficiencies, short lifespan in culture, and resistance to genetic manipulation have limited their use. Here, we show that the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine improves PHH repopulation of chimeric mice on average 10-fold and rescues the ability of even poorly plateable donor hepatocytes to provide cells for subsequent ex vivo cultures. These mouse-passaged (mp) PHH cultures overcome the marked donor-to-donor variability of cryopreserved PHH and remain functional for months as demonstrated by metabolic assays and infection with hepatitis B virus and Plasmodium falciparum. mpPHH can be efficiently genetically modified in culture, mobilized, and then recultured as spheroids or retransplanted to create highly humanized mice that carry a genetically altered hepatocyte graft. Together, these advances provide flexible tools for the study of human liver disease and evaluation of hepatocyte-targeted gene therapy approaches.
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A Pre-Clinical Large Animal Model of Sustained Liver Injury and Regeneration Stimulus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14987. [PMID: 30301901 PMCID: PMC6177392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A feasible large animal model to evaluate regenerative medicine techniques is vital for developing clinical applications. One such appropriate model could be to use retrorsine (RS) together with partial hepatectomy (PH). Here, we have developed the first porcine model using RS and PH. RS or saline control was administered intraperitoneally to Göttingen miniature pigs twice, two weeks apart. Four weeks after the second dose, animals underwent PH. Initially, we tested different doses of RS and resection of different amounts of liver, and selected 50 mg/kg RS with 60% hepatectomy as our model for further testing. Treated animals were sacrificed 3, 10, 17 or 28 days after PH. Blood samples and resected liver were collected. Serum and liver RS content was determined by Liquid Chromatograph-tandem Mass Spectrometer. Blood analyses demonstrated liver dysfunction after PH. Liver regeneration was significantly inhibited 10 and 17 days after PH in RS-treated animals, to the extent of 20%. Histological examination indicated hepatic injury and regenerative responses after PH. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated accumulation of Cyclin D1 and suppression of Ki-67 and PCNA in RS-treated animals. We report the development of the first large animal model of sustained liver injury with suppression of hepatic regeneration.
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Irudayaswamy A, Muthiah M, Zhou L, Hung H, Jumat NHB, Haque J, Teoh N, Farrell G, Riehle KJ, Lin JS, Su LL, Chan JK, Choolani M, Wong PC, Wee A, Lim SG, Campbell J, Fausto N, Dan YY. Long-Term Fate of Human Fetal Liver Progenitor Cells Transplanted in Injured Mouse Livers. Stem Cells 2017; 36:103-113. [PMID: 28960647 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver progenitor cells have the potential to repair and regenerate a diseased liver. The success of any translational efforts, however, hinges on thorough understanding of the fate of these cells after transplant, especially in terms of long-term safety and efficacy. Here, we report transplantation of a liver progenitor population isolated from human fetal livers into immune-permissive mice with follow-up up to 36 weeks after transplant. We found that human progenitor cells engraft and differentiate into functional human hepatocytes in the mouse, producing albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and glycogen. They create tight junctions with mouse hepatocytes, with no evidence of cell fusion. Interestingly, they also differentiate into functional endothelial cell and bile duct cells. Transplantation of progenitor cells abrogated carbon tetrachloride-induced fibrosis in recipient mice, with downregulation of procollagen and anti-smooth muscle actin. Paradoxically, the degree of engraftment of human hepatocytes correlated negatively with the anti-fibrotic effect. Progenitor cell expansion was most prominent in cirrhotic animals, and correlated with transcript levels of pro-fibrotic genes. Animals that had resolution of fibrosis had quiescent native progenitor cells in their livers. No evidence of neoplasia was observed, even up to 9 months after transplantation. Human fetal liver progenitor cells successfully attenuate liver fibrosis in mice. They are activated in the setting of liver injury, but become quiescent when injury resolves, mimicking the behavior of de novo progenitor cells. Our data suggest that liver progenitor cells transplanted into injured livers maintain a functional role in the repair and regeneration of the liver. Stem Cells 2018;36:103-113.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Muthiah
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital. National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hau Hung
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jamil Haque
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Narcissus Teoh
- Department of Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Farrell
- Department of Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kimberly J Riehle
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jaymie Siqi Lin
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lin Lin Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerry Ky Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Cheang Wong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aileen Wee
- Department of Pathology, National University Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seng Gee Lim
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital. National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jean Campbell
- Clinical Research Divison, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nelson Fausto
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Department of Medicine, National University Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital. National University Health System, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute, National University Singapore, Singapore.,Genome Institute Singapore, ASTAR, Singapore
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Joshi M, B Patil P, He Z, Holgersson J, Olausson M, Sumitran-Holgersson S. Fetal liver-derived mesenchymal stromal cells augment engraftment of transplanted hepatocytes. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:657-69. [PMID: 22424216 PMCID: PMC3411318 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.663526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS One important problem commonly encountered after hepatocyte transplantation is the low numbers of transplanted cells found in the graft. If hepatocyte transplantation is to be a viable therapeutic approach, significant liver parenchyma repopulation is required. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) produce high levels of various growth factors, cytokines and metalloproteinases, and have immunomodulatory effects. We therefore hypothesized that co-transplantation of MSC with human fetal hepatocytes (hFH) could augment in vivo expansion after transplantation. We investigated the ability of human fetal liver MSC (hFLMSC) to augment expansion of phenotypically and functionally well-characterized hFH. METHODS Two million hFH (passage 6) were either transplanted alone or together (1:1 ratio) with green fluorescence protein-expressing hFLMSC into the spleen of C57BL/6 nude mice with retrorsine-induced liver injury. RESULTS After 4 weeks, engraftment of cells was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a human-specific DNA probe. Significantly higher numbers of cells expressing human cytokeratin (CK)8, CK18, CK19, Cysteine-rich MNNG HOS Transforming gene (c-Met), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human nuclear antigen, mitochondrial antigen, hepatocyte-specific antigen and albumin (ALB) were present in the livers of recipient animals co-transplanted with hFLMSC compared with those without. Furthermore, expression of human hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4α and HNF-1β, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A7 mRNA was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in these animals. In addition, significantly increased amounts of human ALB were detected. Importantly, hFLMSC did not transdifferentiate into hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our study reports the use of a novel strategy for enhanced liver repopulation and thereby advances this experimental procedure closer to clinical liver cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghnad Joshi
- Department of Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Okamura T, Ishii Y, Suzuki Y, Inoue T, Tasaki M, Kodama Y, Nohmi T, Mitsumori K, Umemura T, Nishikawa A. Enhancing effects of carbon tetrachloride on in vivo mutagenicity in the liver of mice fed 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx). J Toxicol Sci 2010; 35:709-20. [PMID: 20930465 DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stimulus subsequent to cell injury plays an important role in cancer development, but the precise mechanisms remain unknown partly because appropriate animal models are lacking. In the present study, the effects of hepatotoxicant carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) on in vivo mutagenicity were investigated using gpt delta mice with or without p53. Female B6C3F(1) p53-proficient or -deficient gpt delta mice were given a diet containing 300 ppm of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) for 13 weeks, concurrently with intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml/kg CCl(4) solution once a week. Mutant frequencies of gpt and red/gam in p53-proficient mice fed MeIQx were both significantly elevated by CCl(4)co-treatment. Enhancing effects of CCl(4) treatment were also noted in p53-deficient mice. In the mutation spectra analysis of gpt mutant colonies, G:C to T:A transversions were predominantly observed regardless of CCl(4) injection, and clonal expansion of gpt colonies were increased in the co-treated group as compared with MeIQx alone group. The present data showing no significant changes in mRNA expression levels of CYP1A2 and GSTa4 between MeIQx-treated groups with and without CCl(4). In the Western blotting analysis, CYP1A2 protein levels were significantly decreased in the co-treated group as compared to MeIQx alone group, and GSTα protein levels were not changed among any groups. It is suggested that the mutant frequency by co-treatment with CCl(4) might result from some factors other than p53 or MeIQx metabolism/excretion. Thus, our data clearly demonstrate that this model could be a powerful tool for identifying the mechanisms underlying combinatorial effects on carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Okamura
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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Dollé L, Best J, Mei J, Al Battah F, Reynaert H, van Grunsven LA, Geerts A. The quest for liver progenitor cells: a practical point of view. J Hepatol 2010; 52:117-29. [PMID: 19913937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Many chronic liver diseases can lead to hepatic dysfunction with organ failure. At present, orthotopic liver transplantation represents the benchmark therapy of terminal liver disease. However this practice is limited by shortage of donor grafts, the need for lifelong immunosuppression and very demanding state-of-the-art surgery. For this reason, new therapies have been developed to restore liver function, primarily in the form of hepatocyte transplantation and artificial liver support devices. While already offered in very specialized centers, both of these modalities still remain experimental. Recently, liver progenitor cells have shown great promise for cell therapy, and consequently they have attracted a lot of attention as an alternative or supportive tool for liver transplantation. These liver progenitor cells are quiescent in the healthy liver and become activated in certain liver diseases in which the regenerative capacity of mature hepatocytes and/or cholangiocytes is impaired. Although reports describing liver progenitor cells are numerous, they have not led to a consensus on the identity of the liver progenitor cell. In this review, we will discuss some of the characteristics of these cells and the different ways that have been used to obtain these from rodents. We will also highlight the challenges that researchers are facing in their quest to identify and use liver progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dollé
- Department of Cell Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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Begum S, Joshi M, Ek M, Holgersson J, Kleman MI, Sumitran-Holgersson S. Characterization and engraftment of long-term serum-free human fetal liver cell cultures. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:201-11. [DOI: 10.3109/14653240903398053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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