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Wang R, Mohammadi M, Mahboubi A, Taherzadeh MJ. In-vitro digestion models: a critical review for human and fish and a protocol for in-vitro digestion in fish. Bioengineered 2021; 12:3040-3064. [PMID: 34187302 PMCID: PMC8806420 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1940769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive systems in human, animals, and fish are biological reactors and membranes to digest food and extract nutrients. Therefore, static and dynamic models of in-vitro digestion systems are developed to study e.g. novel food and feed before in-vivo studies. Such models are well developed for human, but not to the same extent for animals and fish. On the other hand, recent advances in aquaculture nutrition have created several potential fish meal replacements, and the assessment of their nutrient digestibility is critical in the application as a fish meal replacement. Using an in-vitro method, the assessment of an ingredient digestibility could be faster and less expensive compared to using an in-vivo experiment. An in-vitro method has been widely used to assess food nutrient digestibility for humans; however, its application for fish is still in the early stages. Both the human and fish as monogastric vertebrates share similar gastrointestinal systems; thus, the concept from the application for humans could be applied for fish. This review aims to improve the in-vitro digestion protocol for fish by adapting the concept from then study for humans, summarizing the current available in-vitro digestion model developed for human and fish in-vitro digestion study, identifying challenges specifically for fish required to be tackled and suggesting an engineering approach to adapt the human in-vitro gastrointestinal model to fish. Protocols to conduct in-vitro digestion study for fish are then proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Wang
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås. Sweden
| | - Mahtab Mohammadi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås. Sweden
| | - Amir Mahboubi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås. Sweden
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2
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Managing motility disorders of the gastrointestinal segment and obesity through electrical stimulation. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12553-021-00590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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3
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Avvari RK. Theoretical modeling of the resistance to gastric emptying and duodenogastric reflux due to pyloric motility alone, presuming antral and duodenal quiescence. J Theor Biol 2020; 508:110460. [PMID: 32891592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical model of the pyloric channel, approximated as a two-dimensional tube with sinusoidal corrugation, is developed to estimate the degree of resistance offered by the pylorus to transpyloric flow (gastric emptying and duodenogastric reflux) in the viscous regime. Study indicates that the resistance of the channel depends on pressure gradient, flow behavior index and channel diameter. Flow is majorly determined by the extent of luminal opening; since they scale to fourth power of the diameter for Newtonian flow, with the exponent being higher for pseudoplastic and lesser in case of dilatants relative to Newtonian fluid. At zero pressure difference, across the channel, the closing pylorus drives the aborad propulsion of the contents at the intestinal end, and at the gastric end the flow is driven along the orad direction. While no transfer of contents occur at the centre of pylorus due to zero pressure gradients, it is essential to have a non-zero pressure difference to drive the flow through the channel. The extent of pressure difference is found to linearly relate to the transpyloric flow rate. The resistive function of the pyloric channel is observed at a higher occlusion where there is a development of higher pressure barrier that is sensitive to the flow behavior index, frequency, occlusion, and contraction length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kant Avvari
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
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4
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Jagtap N, Kalapala R, Reddy DN. Assessment of Pyloric Sphincter Physiology Using Functional Luminal Imaging Probe in Healthy Volunteers. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 26:391-396. [PMID: 32606259 PMCID: PMC7329157 DOI: 10.5056/jnm19200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims The functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) can measure tissue distensibility and geometric changes through volumetric distention. The esophagogastric junction has been well studied using EndoFLIP, studies on pylorus are lacking. We aim to study biomechanical properties of pylorus using EndoFLIP to create normative data. Methods We performed a prospective study of 20 healthy volunteers (ages, 18-54 years; 10 men) who underwent pylorus evaluation using 12- cm FLIP placed across the pyloric sphincter. FLIP data were analyzed using FLIP planimetry plots at baseline and after administration of hyoscine butyl bromide injection. Results The median pylorus distensibility index (P-DI) was 8.37 mm2/mmHg (interquartile range, 4.22-13.04 mm2/mmHg) at 40 mL balloon volume. The 90th percentile at 40 mL balloon for P-DI was 14.89 mm2/mmHg, for cross-sectional area was 244.20 mm2/mmHg, and diameter and pressure were 17.58 mm and 48.84 mmHg, respectively. There was significant increase in P-DI after administration of hyoscine butyl bromide injection (P < 0.05). Conclusion The normative values can be used as reference values for pyloric distensibility. This reference can be used in studies of related to pyloric diseases such as gastroparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Jagtap
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rakesh Kalapala
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
| | - D Nageshwar Reddy
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, India
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5
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Lentle RG. Deconstructing the physical processes of digestion: reductionist approaches may provide greater understanding. Food Funct 2018; 9:4069-4084. [PMID: 30011345 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00722e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
I provide a broad overview of the physical factors that govern intestinal digestion i.e. the admixture of food particles in digesta with secreted enzymes and the subsequent mass transfer of liberated nutrients from the surfaces of particles to the gut wall, with a view to outlining the quantitative work that is required to determine the relative importance of these factors in the digestion of particular foods. I first discuss what is known of the mechanical forces generated by contraction of the walls of the various segments of the gut and the level of diffusive, and advective mixing that it generates within the lumen. I then discuss the particular physical effects that may limit the digestion of solid, physically and/or chemically homogenous and heterogeneous food particles, notably capillarity, porosity, poro-elastic flow and compaction and their likely effects on diffusive and convective mass transfer at particulate surfaces. Similarly, I discuss mucins and morphology on mass transfer of nutrients to the gut wall i.e. the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Lentle
- Digestive Biomechanics Group, College of Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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6
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Nothnagel L, Jung F, Rossmanith T, Thurn M, Ashtikar M, Geisslinger G, Parnham MJ, Wacker MG. Predictive PBPK modeling as a tool in the formulation of the drug candidate TMP-001. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 134:144-152. [PMID: 30453024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Since many drugs in the therapy scheme of multiple sclerosis (MS) are applied parenterally with significant side effects, oral treatment is the most accepted therapy option for chronic diseases like MS. The drug candidate TMP-001, which has disease-modifying properties, can be applied orally. Beside other symptoms, swallowing disorders have a major impact not only on the health status and quality of life of MS patients, but also impede reliable drug therapy. Consequently, the development of an easy-to-swallow liquid oral dosage form supported by a combined PBPK-IVIVC model was approached. In this context, the impact of formulation parameters was studied. Biorelevant in vitro drug release studies resulted in an almost complete release of 96.91% ± 1.00% in the intestine which was translated to rapidly increasing in silico plasma profiles. The predictions were compared to the outcome of a phase I clinical trial. A partial parameter sensitivity analysis of the in silico model deepened our understanding of the physiological processes underlying human pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Nothnagel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Fabian Jung
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Tanja Rossmanith
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Manuela Thurn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Mukul Ashtikar
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Matthias G Wacker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany. http://www.ime.fraunhofer.de
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7
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Lipids in the Stomach – Implications for the Evaluation of Food Effects on Oral Drug Absorption. Pharm Res 2018; 35:55. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Trusov PV, Zaitseva NV, Kamaltdinov MR. A Multiphase Flow in the Antroduodenal Portion of the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Mathematical Model. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2016; 2016:5164029. [PMID: 27413393 PMCID: PMC4930828 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5164029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A group of authors has developed a multilevel mathematical model that focuses on functional disorders in a human body associated with various chemical, physical, social, and other factors. At this point, the researchers have come up with structure, basic definitions and concepts of a mathematical model at the "macrolevel" that allow describing processes in a human body as a whole. Currently we are working at the "mesolevel" of organs and systems. Due to complexity of the tasks, this paper deals with only one meso-fragment of a digestive system model. It describes some aspects related to modeling multiphase flow in the antroduodenal portion of the gastrointestinal tract. Biochemical reactions, dissolution of food particles, and motor, secretory, and absorbing functions of the tract are taken into consideration. The paper outlines some results concerning influence of secretory function disorders on food dissolution rate and tract contents acidity. The effect which food density has on inflow of food masses from a stomach to a bowel is analyzed. We assume that the future development of the model will include digestive enzymes and related reactions of lipolysis, proteolysis, and carbohydrates breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. V. Trusov
- Federal Scientific Center For Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, 82 Monastyrskaya Street, Perm 614000, Russia
- Department of Mathematical Simulation of Systems and Processes, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Avenue, Perm 614000, Russia
| | - N. V. Zaitseva
- Federal Scientific Center For Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, 82 Monastyrskaya Street, Perm 614000, Russia
| | - M. R. Kamaltdinov
- Federal Scientific Center For Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies, 82 Monastyrskaya Street, Perm 614000, Russia
- Department of Mathematical Simulation of Systems and Processes, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, 29 Komsomolsky Avenue, Perm 614000, Russia
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9
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Moxon T, Gouseti O, Bakalis S. In silico modelling of mass transfer & absorption in the human gut. J FOOD ENG 2016; 176:110-120. [PMID: 27143811 PMCID: PMC4767037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An in silico model has been developed to investigate the digestion and absorption of starch and glucose in the small intestine. The main question we are aiming to address is the relative effect of gastric empting time and luminal viscosity on the rate of glucose absorption. The results indicate that all factors have a significant effect on the amount of glucose absorbed. For low luminal viscosities (e.g. lower than 0.1 Pas) the rate of absorption is controlled by the gastric emptying time. For viscosities higher than 0.1 Pas a 10 fold increase in viscosity can result in a 4 fold decrease of glucose absorbed. Our model, with the simplifications used to develop it, indicate that for high viscosity luminal phases, gastric emptying rate is not the controlling mechanism for nutrient availability. Developing a mechanistic model could help elucidate the rate limiting steps that control the digestion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.E. Moxon
- Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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10
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Arrieta J, Cartwright JHE, Gouillart E, Piro N, Piro O, Tuval I. Geometric Mixing, Peristalsis, and the Geometric Phase of the Stomach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130735. [PMID: 26154384 PMCID: PMC4496066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixing fluid in a container at low Reynolds number— in an inertialess environment—is not a trivial task. Reciprocating motions merely lead to cycles of mixing and unmixing, so continuous rotation, as used in many technological applications, would appear to be necessary. However, there is another solution: movement of the walls in a cyclical fashion to introduce a geometric phase. We show using journal-bearing flow as a model that such geometric mixing is a general tool for using deformable boundaries that return to the same position to mix fluid at low Reynolds number. We then simulate a biological example: we show that mixing in the stomach functions because of the “belly phase,” peristaltic movement of the walls in a cyclical fashion introduces a geometric phase that avoids unmixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Arrieta
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), E-07190 Esporles, Spain
- Área de Mecánica de Fluidos, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, E-28911, Leganés, Spain
| | - Julyan H. E. Cartwright
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC–Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Emmanuelle Gouillart
- Surface du Verre et Interfaces, UMR 125 CNRS/Saint-Gobain, 93303 Aubervilliers, France
| | - Nicolas Piro
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Oreste Piro
- Departament de Física, Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07071 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Idan Tuval
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), E-07190 Esporles, Spain
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11
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A review of mixing and propulsion of chyme in the small intestine: fresh insights from new methods. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 185:369-87. [PMID: 25648621 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine is a convoluted flexible tube of inconstant form and capacity through which chyme is propelled and mixed by varying patterns of contraction. These inconstancies have prevented quantitative comparisons of the manner in which contractile activity engenders mixing of contained chyme. Recent quantitative work based on spatiotemporal mapping of intestinal contractions, macro- and micro-rheology, particle image velocimetry and real-time modelling has provided new insights into this process. Evidence indicates that the speeds and patterns of the various types of small intestinal contraction are insufficient to secure optimal mixing and enzymatic digestion over a minimal length of intestine. Hence particulate substrates and soluble nutrients become dispersed along the length of the lumen. Mixing within the lumen is not turbulent but results from localised folding and kneading of the contents by contractions but is augmented by the inconstant spatial disposition of the contractions and their component contractile processes. The latter include inconstancies in the sites of commencement and the directions of propagation of contraction in component groups of smooth muscle cells and in the coordination of the radial and circular components of smooth muscle contraction. Evidence suggests there is ongoing augmentation of mixing at the periphery of the lumen, during both the post-prandial and inter-meal periods, to promote flow around and between adjacent villi. This results largely from folding of the relatively inelastic mucosa during repeated radial and longitudinal muscular contraction, causing chyme to be displaced by periodic crowding and separation of the tips of the relatively rigid villi. Further, micro-rheological studies indicate that such peripheral mixing may extend to the apices of enterocytes owing to discontinuities in the mobile mucus layer that covers the ileal mucosa.
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12
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de Loubens C, Lentle RG, Love RJ, Hulls C, Janssen PWM. Fluid mechanical consequences of pendular activity, segmentation and pyloric outflow in the proximal duodenum of the rat and the guinea pig. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20130027. [PMID: 23536539 PMCID: PMC3645412 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted numerical experiments to study the influence of non-propagating longitudinal and circular contractions, i.e. pendular activity and segmentation, respectively, on flow and mixing in the proximal duodenum. A lattice-Boltzmann numerical method was developed to simulate the fluid mechanical consequences for each of 22 randomly selected sequences of high-definition video of real longitudinal and radial contractile activity in the isolated proximal duodenum of the rat and guinea pig. During pendular activity in the rat duodenum, the flow was characterized by regions of high shear rate. Mixing was so governed by shearing deformation of the fluid that increased the interface between adjacent domains and accelerated their inter-diffusion (for diffusion coefficients approx. less than 10(-8) m² s(-1)). When pendular activity was associated with a slow gastric outflow characteristic of post-prandial period, the dispersion was also improved, especially near the walls. Mixing was not promoted by isolated segmentative contractions in the guinea pig duodenum and not notably influenced by pylorus outflow. We concluded that pendular activity generates mixing of viscous fluids 'in situ' and accelerates the diffusive mass transfer, whereas segmentation may be more important in mixing particulate suspensions with high solid volume ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément de Loubens
- UMR 782 Génie et Microbiologie des Procédés Alimentaires, INRA, AgroParisTech, CBAI 78850 Thiverval Grignon, France.
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13
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Koziolek M, Garbacz G, Neumann M, Weitschies W. Simulating the Postprandial Stomach: Physiological Considerations for Dissolution and Release Testing. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1610-22. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300604u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Koziolek
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug
Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse
3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Garbacz
- Physiolution GmbH, Walther-Rathenau-Strasse
49a, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marco Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug
Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse
3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department
of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Center of Drug
Absorption and Transport, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse
3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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14
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15
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Ferrua MJ, Kong F, Singh RP. Computational modeling of gastric digestion and the role of food material properties. Trends Food Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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TAKAHASHI T. Flow Behavior of Digesta and the Absorption of Nutrients in the Gastrointestine. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011; 57:265-73. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.57.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru TAKAHASHI
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Faculty of Human Environmental Sciences, Fukuoka Women's University
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17
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Sugano K. Aqueous Boundary Layers Related to Oral Absorption of a Drug: From Dissolution of a Drug to Carrier Mediated Transport and Intestinal Wall Metabolism. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1362-73. [DOI: 10.1021/mp1001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiko Sugano
- Global Research & Development, Sandwich Laboratories, Research Formulation, Pfizer Inc., CT13 9NJ, Sandwich, Kent, U.K
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18
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Laulicht B, Tripathi A, Schlageter V, Kucera P, Mathiowitz E. Understanding gastric forces calculated from high-resolution pill tracking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8201-6. [PMID: 20404209 PMCID: PMC2889561 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1002292107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although other methods exist for monitoring gastrointestinal motility and contractility, this study exclusively provides direct and quantitative measurements of the forces experienced by an orally ingested pill. We report motive forces and torques calculated from real-time, in vivo measurements of the movement of a magnetic pill in the stomachs of fasted and fed humans. Three-dimensional net force and two-dimensional net torque vectors as a function of time data during gastric residence are evaluated using instantaneous translational and rotational position data. Additionally, the net force calculations described can be applied to high-resolution pill tracking acquired by any modality. The fraction of time pills experience ranges of forces and torques are analyzed and correlate with the physiological phases of gastric digestion. We also report the maximum forces and torques experienced in vivo by pills as a quantitative measure of the amount of force pills experience during the muscular contractions leading to gastric emptying. Results calculated from human data are compared with small and large animal models with a translational research focus. The reported magnitude and direction of gastric forces experienced by pills in healthy stomachs serves as a baseline for comparison with pathophysiological states. Of clinical significance, the directionality associated with force vector data may be useful in determining the muscle groups associated with gastrointestinal dysmotility. Additionally, the quantitative comparison between human and animal models improves insight into comparative gastric contractility that will aid rational pill design and provide a quantitative framework for interpreting gastroretentive oral formulation test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Laulicht
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, and
| | - Anubhav Tripathi
- Division of Engineering and Medical Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | | | - Pavel Kucera
- Motilis Sárl, CH-1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; and
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University, 166 36 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Edith Mathiowitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, and
- Division of Engineering and Medical Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the system of organs within multi-cellular animals that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. The various patterns of GI tract function are generated by the integrated behaviour of multiple tissues and cell types. A thorough study of the GI tract requires understanding of the interactions between cells, tissues and gastrointestinal organs in health and disease. This depends on knowledge, not only of numerous cellular ionic current mechanisms and signal transduction pathways, but also of large scale GI tissue structures and the special distribution of the nervous network. A unique way of coping with this explosion in complexity is mathematical and computational modelling; providing a computational framework for the multilevel modelling and simulation of the human gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology. The aim of this review is to describe the current status of biomechanical modelling work of the GI tract in humans and animals, which can be further used to integrate the physiological, anatomical and medical knowledge of the GI system. Such modelling will aid research and ensure that medical professionals benefit, through the provision of relevant and precise information about the patient’s condition and GI remodelling in animal disease models. It will also improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical procedures, which could result in reduced cost for diagnosis and treatment.
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Liao D, Lelic D, Gao F, Drewes AM, Gregersen H. Biomechanical functional and sensory modelling of the gastrointestinal tract. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2008; 366:3281-3299. [PMID: 18593660 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to describe the biomechanical, functional and sensory modelling work that can be used to integrate the physiological, anatomical and medical knowledge of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. The computational modelling in the GI tract was designed, implemented and evaluated using a series of information and communication technologies-based tools. These tools modelled the morphometry, biomechanics, functions and sensory aspects of the human GI tract. The research presented in this review is based on the virtual physiological human concept that pursues a holistic approach to representation of the human body. Such computational modelling combines imaging data, GI physiology, the gut-brain axis, geometrical and biomechanical reconstruction, and computer graphics for mechanical, electronic and pain analysis. The developed modelling will aid research and ensure that medical professionals benefit through the provision of relevant and precise information about a patient's condition. It will also improve the accuracy and efficiency of the medical procedures that could result in reduced cost for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Liao
- Mech-Sense, Aalborg Hospital Science and Innovation Centre, Søndre Skovvej 15, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark.
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Abstract
AIM: To investigate the hypothesis that duodeno-jejunal dyssynergia existed at the duodeno-jejunal junction.
METHODS: Of 112 patients who complained of epigastric distension and discomfort after meals, we encountered nine patients in whom the duodeno-jejunal junction did not open on duodenal contraction. Seven healthy volunteers were included in the study. A condom which was inserted into the 1st duodenum was filled up to 10 mL with saline in increments of 2 mL and pressure response to duodenal distension was recorded from the duodenum, duodeno-jejunal junction and the jejunum.
RESULTS: In healthy volunteers, duodenal distension with 2 and 4 mL did not produce pressure changes, while 6 and up to 10 mL distension effected significant duodenal pressure increase, duodeno-jejunal junction pressure decrease but no jejunal pressure change. In patients, resting pressure and duodeno-jejunal junction and jejunal pressure response to 2 and 4 mL duodenal distension were similar to those of healthy volunteers. Six and up to 10 mL 1st duodenal distension produced significant duodenal and duodeno-jejunal junction pressure increase and no jejunal pressure change.
CONCLUSION: Duodeno-jejunal junction failed to open on duodenal contraction, a condition we call ‘duodeno-jejunal junction dyssynergia syndrome’ which probably leads to stagnation of chyme in the duodenum and explains patients' manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Shafik
- Department of Surgery and Experimental Research, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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