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Li H, Ye T, Liu X, Guo R, Yang X, Li Y, Qi D, Wei Y, Zhu Y, Wen L, Cheng X. The role of signaling crosstalk of microglia in hippocampus on progression of ageing and Alzheimer's disease. J Pharm Anal 2023; 13:788-805. [PMID: 37577391 PMCID: PMC10422165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on single-cell sequencing of the hippocampi of 5× familiar Alzheimer's disease (5× FAD) and wild type mice at 2-, 12-, and 24-month of age, we found an increased percentage of microglia in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice. Blood brain barrier injury may also have contributed to this increase. Immune regulation by microglia plays a major role in the progression of aging and AD, according to the functions of 41 intersecting differentially expressed genes in microglia. Signaling crosstalk between C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL) and major histocompatibility complex-1 bridges intercellular communication in the hippocampus during aging and AD. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) and colony stimulating factor (CSF) signals drive 5× FAD to deviate from aging track to AD occurrence among intercellular communication in hippocampus. Microglia are involved in the progression of aging and AD can be divided into 10 functional types. The strength of the interaction among microglial subtypes weakened with aging, and the CCL and CSF signaling pathways were the fundamental bridge of communication among microglial subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Tianyuan Ye
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xingyang Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology & Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology & Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xiuzhao Yang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Yangyi Li
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Dongmei Qi
- Experimental Center, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Yihua Wei
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology & Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology & Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology & Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xiaorui Cheng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
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Ryan EO, Jiang Z, Nguyen H, Wang X. Interactions of Pleiotrophin with a Structurally Defined Heparin Hexasaccharide. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010050. [PMID: 35053198 PMCID: PMC8773689 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a potent cytokine that plays an important role in neural generation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and cancers. Its interactions with the polysaccharide glycosaminoglycan (GAG) are crucial to PTN’s biological activities. In this study, we investigated the interaction of selectively protonated PTN with the heparin hexasaccharide ΔUA2S-(GlcNS6S-IdoA2S)2-GlcNS6S using solution NMR. The use of a structurally defined oligosaccharide and selectively protonated PTN enabled us to obtain intermolecular contacts using unfiltered NOESY experiments, significantly increasing the amount of high-resolution structural information obtainable. Our data showed that PTN’s arginines, lysines, and tryptophans in the two structured domains have strong interactions with the 2-O-sulfated uronate protons in the heparin hexasaccharide. Consistent with the NMR data is the observation that 2-O-desulfation and N-desulfation/N-acetylation significantly decreased heparin hexasaccharides’ affinity for PTN, while 6-O-desulfation only modestly affected the interactions with PTN. These results allowed us to hypothesize that PTN has a preference for sulfate clusters centered on the GlcNS6S-IdoA2S disaccharide. Using these data and the fact that PTN domains mostly bind heparin hexasaccharides independently, models of the PTN-heparin complex were constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xu Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-480-7278256
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Bertram S, Roll L, Reinhard J, Groß K, Dazert S, Faissner A, Volkenstein S. Pleiotrophin increases neurite length and number of spiral ganglion neurons in vitro. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:2983-2993. [PMID: 31515588 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05644-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic trauma, aging, genetic defects or ototoxic drugs are causes for sensorineural hearing loss involving sensory hair cell death and secondary degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons. Auditory implants are the only available therapy for severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss when hearing aids do not provide a sufficient speech discrimination anymore. Neurotrophic factors represent potential therapeutic candidates to improve the performance of cochlear implants (CIs) by the support of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Here, we investigated the effect of pleiotrophin (PTN), a well-described neurotrophic factor for different types of neurons that is expressed in the postnatal mouse cochlea. PTN knockout mice exhibit severe deficits in auditory brainstem responses, which indicates the importance of PTN in inner ear development and function and makes it a promising candidate to support SGNs. Using organotypic explants and dissociated SGN cultures, we investigated the influence of PTN on the number of neurons, neurite number and neurite length. PTN significantly increased the number and neurite length of dissociated SGNs. We further verified the expression of important PTN-associated receptors in the SG. mRNA of anaplastic lymphoma kinase, αv integrin, β3 integrin, receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β/ζ, neuroglycan C, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 and syndecan 3 was detected in the inner ear. These results suggest that PTN may be a novel candidate to improve sensorineural hearing loss treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bertram
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Elisabeth-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bleichstr. 15, 44787, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lars Roll
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katharina Groß
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Dazert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Elisabeth-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bleichstr. 15, 44787, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Volkenstein
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St. Elisabeth-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bleichstr. 15, 44787, Bochum, Germany.
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Papadimitriou E, Pantazaka E, Castana P, Tsalios T, Polyzos A, Beis D. Pleiotrophin and its receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta as regulators of angiogenesis and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:252-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yao J, Li WY, Gao SG. The advances of Midkine with peripheral invasion in pancreatic cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2912-2917. [PMID: 26609495 PMCID: PMC4633916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a deadly malignancy associated with rapid progression and poor prognosis. Perineural invasion (PNI) in pancreatic cancer is one of the most common characteristics of this disease, with incidence of nerve invasion between 53.3% and 90%. PNI is also associated with disease recurrence and pain. Despite research efforts, the detailed mechanisms underlying PNI in pancreatic cancer remains unknown. The main factors of PNI in pancreatic cancer will be introduced in the following: 1. The anatomy of the pancreas nerve: The cancer cells along the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, peripheral nerve gap and perineurium to Invasion. 2. Adhesion molecules in PNI: Neural cell adhesion molecules. 3. Growth factor: For example, nerve growth factor and tyrosine kinase receptor A; Neurotrophic factor and its receptor, etc. 4. The others: Such as matrix metalloproteinases, integrin. A neurite growth promoting factor and neuritrophic factor known to have a role in the pathophysiology of pancreatic cancer by inducing neuritis growth is midkine. In this review, we discuss the role of midkine and other growth and neurotrophic factors on the pathophysiology of PNI in pancreatic cancer.
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Yao J, Li WY, Li SG, Feng XS, Gao SG. Midkine promotes perineural invasion in human pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3018-3024. [PMID: 24659893 PMCID: PMC3960408 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i11.3018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate midkine (MK) and syndecan-3 protein expression in pancreatic cancer by immunohistochemistry, and to analyze their correlation with clinicopathological features, perineural invasion, and prognosis.
METHODS: Pancreatic cancer tissues (including adequately sized tumor tissue samples and tissue samples taken from areas less than 2.0 cm around the tumor) were taken from 42 patients who were undergoing a partial duodenopancreatectomy. MK and syndecan-3 proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry using a standardized streptavidin-peroxidase method, and analyzed for their correlation with clinicopathological features, perineural invasion, and prognosis. Associations of neural invasion with aggressive characteristics of pancreatic cancer and the presence of perineural invasion were assessed by two independent observers blinded to the patient status.
RESULTS: MK and syndecan-3 were found in 26 (61.9%) and 24 (57.1%) specimens, respectively. MK and syndecan-3 expression was associated with perineural invasion (P = 0.018 and 0.031, respectively). High MK expression was closely associated with advanced tumor, node and metastasis stage (P = 0.008), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.042), and decreased postoperative survival at 3 years (51.0% vs 21.8%, P = 0.001). Syndecan-3 levels were correlated with tumor size (P = 0.028). Patients who were syndecan-3 negative had a higher cumulative survival rate than those who were positive, but the difference was not significant (44.0% vs 23.0%, P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: MK and syndecan-3 are frequently expressed in pancreatic cancer and associated with perineural invasion. High expression of MK and syndecan-3 may contribute to the highly perineural invasion and poor prognosis of human pancreatic cancer.
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Yao J, Li WY, Li SG, Feng XS, Gao SG. Recombinant lentivirus targeting the pleotrophin gene reduces pleotrophin protein expression in pancreatic cancer cells and inhibits neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion neurons. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:999-1004. [PMID: 24469464 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to construct the recombinant primate lentivirus‑short hairpin RNA-pleiotrophin (pLV-shRNA-PTN) vector, to investigate the silencing effect of pLV-shRNA-PTN on PTN expression in MIA PaCa-2 cells and to observe the inhibition efficiency of pLV-shRNA‑PTN on neurite outgrowth from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in vitro. The construction procedure for recombinant lentivirus pLV-shRNA-PTN has been described previously. In the present study, pLV-shRNA‑PTN was used to infect MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells and the efficiency of the knockdown of the PTN gene on day 7 following infection was analyzed using western blotting. The morphological changes in the cultured DRG neurons were observed by monoculture of DRG neurons and co-culture with MIA PaCa-2 cells in vitro. The recombinant lentivirus pLV-shRNA‑PTN was successfully constructed. The western blot analysis showed that the inhibition rates of PTN expression were 46, 80, 20 and 21%, respectively, following pLV-shRNA‑PTN-A, B, C and D infection. pLV-shRNA-PTN‑B showed the highest knockdown efficiency. DRG neurons co-cultured with infected MIA PaCa-2 cells were decreased in size when compared with the control, and there was a significant decrease in the number and length of neurites. The results suggest that efficient and specific knockdown of PTN in MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells and the subsequent reduction in PTN expression results in the inhibition of neurite outgrowth from DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Yao Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Shuo-Guo Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Shan Feng
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - She-Gan Gao
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
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Yao J, Hu XF, Feng XS, Gao SG. Pleiotrophin promotes perineural invasion in pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:6555-6558. [PMID: 24151381 PMCID: PMC3801368 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i39.6555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) in pancreatic cancer is an important cause of local recurrence, but little is known about its mechanism. Pleiotrophin (PTN) is an important neurotrophic factor. It is of interest that our recent experimental data showed its involvement in PNI of pancreatic cancer. PTN strongly presents in the cytoplasm of pancreatic cancer cells, and high expression of PTN and its receptor may contribute to the high PNI of pancreatic cancer. Correspondingly, PNI is prone to happen in PTN-positive tumors. We thus hypothesize that, as a neurite growth-promoting factor, PTN may promote PNI in pancreatic cancer. PTN is released at the time of tumor cell necrosis, and binds with its high-affinity receptor, N-syndecan on pancreatic nerves, to promote neural growth in pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, neural destruction leads to a distorted neural homeostasis. Neurons and Schwann cells produce more N-syndecan in an effort to repair the pancreatic nerves. However, the abundance of N-syndecan attracts further PTN-positive cancer cells to the site of injury, creating a vicious cycle. Ultimately, increased PTN and N-syndecan levels, due to the continuous nerve injury, may promote cancer invasion and propagation along the neural structures. Therefore, it is meaningful to discuss the relationship between PTN/N-syndecan signaling and PNI in pancreatic cancer, which may lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of PNI in pancreatic cancer.
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