1
|
López-Siles M, Camprubí-Font C, Gómez Del Pulgar EM, Sabat Mir M, Busquets D, Sanz Y, Martinez-Medina M. Prevalence, Abundance, and Virulence of Adherent-Invasive Escherichia coli in Ulcerative Colitis, Colorectal Cancer, and Coeliac Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:748839. [PMID: 35359974 PMCID: PMC8960851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.748839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) has largely been implicated in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD). E. coli strains with similar genetic backgrounds and virulence genes profiles have been associated with other intestinal disorders, such as ulcerative colitis (UC), colorectal cancer (CRC), and coeliac disease (CeD), but the role of AIEC in these diseases remains unexplored. We aimed to assess the distribution, abundance, and pathogenic features of AIEC in UC, CRC, and CeD. Methods The AIEC phenotype was investigated in 4,233 E. coli isolated from the ileum and colon of 14 UC and 15 CRC patients and in 38 fecal E. coli strains obtained from 17 CeD and 10 healthy (H) children. AIEC prevalence and abundance were compared with previous data from CD patients and H controls. Clonality, virulence gene carriage, and phylogenetic origin were determined for the AIEC identified. Results In UC, AIEC prevalence was intermediate between CD and H subjects (UC: 35.7%, CD: 55.0%, H: 21.4%), and similar to CD patients with colonic disease (C-CD: 40.0%). In CRC, the prevalence was lower (6.7%) than these groups. In patients with AIEC, the estimated abundance was similar across all intestinal conditions. All AIEC strains isolated from UC and CRC belonged to the B1 phylogroup, except for a strain of the A phylogroup, and the majority (75% of clonally distinct AIEC) harbored the Afa/Dr operon and the cdt gene. None of the E. coli isolated from the CeD cohort were AIEC. Nonetheless, E. coli strains isolated from active CeD patients showed higher invasion indices than those isolated from H and inactive CeD pediatric patients. Conclusion We support the hypothesis that AIEC-like strains can be involved not only in CD but also in UC. Further works are needed to study the virulence particularities of these groups of strains and to determine if there is a causative link between AIEC and UC. In contrast, we rule out the possible association of AIEC with CRC. In addition, to further study the E. coli strains in CeD for their possible pathogenic role would be of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia López-Siles
- Microbiology of Intestinal Diseases, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Carla Camprubí-Font
- Microbiology of Intestinal Diseases, Biology Department, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Eva M Gómez Del Pulgar
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Paterna, Spain
| | - Miriam Sabat Mir
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Santa Caterina, Salt, Spain
| | - David Busquets
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Paterna, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Prudent V, Demarre G, Vazeille E, Wery M, Quenech'Du N, Ravet A, Dauverd-Girault J, van Dijk E, Bringer MA, Descrimes M, Barnich N, Rimsky S, Morillon A, Espéli O. The Crohn's disease-related bacterial strain LF82 assembles biofilm-like communities to protect itself from phagolysosomal attack. Commun Biol 2021; 4:627. [PMID: 34035436 PMCID: PMC8149705 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Crohn's disease exhibit abnormal colonization of the intestine by adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC). They adhere to epithelial cells, colonize them and survive inside macrophages. It appeared recently that AIEC LF82 adaptation to phagolysosomal stress involves a long lag phase in which many LF82 cells become antibiotic tolerant. Later during infection, they proliferate in vacuoles and form colonies harboring dozens of LF82 bacteria. In the present work, we investigated the mechanism sustaining this phase of growth. We found that intracellular LF82 produced an extrabacterial matrix that acts as a biofilm and controls the formation of LF82 intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) for several days post infection. We revealed the crucial role played by the pathogenicity island encoding the yersiniabactin iron capture system to form IBCs and for optimal LF82 survival. These results illustrate that AIECs use original strategies to establish their replicative niche within macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Prudent
- CIRB - Collège de France, CNRS-UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Demarre
- CIRB - Collège de France, CNRS-UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Vazeille
- Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte. UMR Inserm/ Université de Clermont -Auvergne U1071, USC INRA 2018, Clermont, Ferrand, France
| | - Maxime Wery
- ncRNA, Epigenetic and Genome Fluidity, Institut Curie, Sorbonne University, CNRS UMR 3244, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Quenech'Du
- CIRB - Collège de France, CNRS-UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Antinéa Ravet
- CIRB - Collège de France, CNRS-UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Julie Dauverd-Girault
- CIRB - Collège de France, CNRS-UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Erwin van Dijk
- Next-Generation Sequencing Service - I2BC, I2BC-CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Bringer
- Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte. UMR Inserm/ Université de Clermont -Auvergne U1071, USC INRA 2018, Clermont, Ferrand, France
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Marc Descrimes
- ncRNA, Epigenetic and Genome Fluidity, Institut Curie, Sorbonne University, CNRS UMR 3244, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte. UMR Inserm/ Université de Clermont -Auvergne U1071, USC INRA 2018, Clermont, Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvie Rimsky
- CIRB - Collège de France, CNRS-UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Antonin Morillon
- ncRNA, Epigenetic and Genome Fluidity, Institut Curie, Sorbonne University, CNRS UMR 3244, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Espéli
- CIRB - Collège de France, CNRS-UMR7241, INSERM U1050, PSL Research University, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xue Y, Li Q, Park CG, Klena JD, Anisimov AP, Sun Z, Wei X, Chen T. Proteus mirabilis Targets Atherosclerosis Plaques in Human Coronary Arteries via DC-SIGN (CD209). Front Immunol 2021; 11:579010. [PMID: 33488579 PMCID: PMC7820866 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial DNAs are constantly detected in atherosclerotic plaques (APs), suggesting that a combination of chronic infection and inflammation may have roles in AP formation. A series of studies suggested that certain Gram-negative bacteria were able to interact with dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin [DC-SIGN; cluster of differentiation (CD) 209] or langerin (CD207), thereby resulting in deposition of CD209s at infection sites. We wondered if Proteus mirabilis (a member of Proteobacteria family) could interact with APs through CD209/CD207. In this study, we first demonstrated that CD209/CD207 were also receptors for P. mirabilis that mediated adherence and phagocytosis by macrophages. P. mirabilis interacted with fresh and CD209s/CD207-expressing APs cut from human coronary arteries, rather than in healthy and smooth arteries. These interactions were inhibited by addition of a ligand-mimic oligosaccharide and the coverage of the ligand, as well as by anti-CD209 antibody. Finally, the hearts from an atherosclerotic mouse model contained higher numbers of P. mirabilis than that of control mice during infection-challenging. We therefore concluded that the P. mirabilis interacts with APs in human coronary arteries via CD209s/CD207. It may be possible to slow down the progress of atherosclerosis by blocking the interactions between CD209s/CD207 and certain atherosclerosis-involved bacteria with ligand-mimic oligosaccharides.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Bacterial Adhesion/drug effects
- CHO Cells
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/drug therapy
- Coronary Artery Disease/metabolism
- Coronary Artery Disease/microbiology
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Coronary Vessels/drug effects
- Coronary Vessels/metabolism
- Coronary Vessels/microbiology
- Coronary Vessels/pathology
- Cricetulus
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lectins, C-Type/metabolism
- Ligands
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/microbiology
- Male
- Mannose-Binding Lectins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Middle Aged
- Oligosaccharides/pharmacology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Proteus mirabilis/growth & development
- Proteus mirabilis/metabolism
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - John D. Klena
- Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrey P. Anisimov
- Laboratory for Plague Microbiology, State Research Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Especially Dangerous Infections Department, Obolensk, Russia
| | - Ziyong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tie Chen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Crohn's disease-associated Escherichia coli strain LF82 relies on SOS and stringent responses to survive, multiply and tolerate antibiotics within macrophages. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008123. [PMID: 31725806 PMCID: PMC6855411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adherent Invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) strains recovered from Crohn's disease lesions survive and multiply within macrophages. A reference strain for this pathovar, AIEC LF82, forms microcolonies within phagolysosomes, an environment that prevents commensal E. coli multiplication. Little is known about the LF82 intracellular growth status, and signals leading to macrophage intra-vacuolar multiplication. We used single-cell analysis, genetic dissection and mathematical models to monitor the growth status and cell cycle regulation of intracellular LF82. We found that within macrophages, bacteria may replicate or undergo non-growing phenotypic switches. This switch results from stringent response firing immediately after uptake by macrophages or at later stages, following genotoxic damage and SOS induction during intracellular replication. Importantly, non-growers resist treatment with various antibiotics. Thus, intracellular challenges induce AIEC LF82 phenotypic heterogeneity and non-growing bacteria that could provide a reservoir for antibiotic-tolerant bacteria responsible for relapsing infections.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao L, Xiong Q, Stary CM, Mahgoub OK, Ye Y, Gu L, Xiong X, Zhu S. Bidirectional gut-brain-microbiota axis as a potential link between inflammatory bowel disease and ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:339. [PMID: 30537997 PMCID: PMC6290529 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1382-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that gut-brain-microbiota axis (GBMAx) may play a pivotal role linking gastrointestinal and neuronal disease. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in studies of GBMAx in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ischemic stroke. A more thorough understanding of the GBMAx could advance our knowledge about the pathophysiology of IBD and ischemic stroke and help to identify novel therapeutic targets via modulation of the GBMAx.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiutang Xiong
- Diabetes Research Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Creed M. Stary
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | | | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 99 Zhang Zhidong Rd, Wuhan, 430060 Hubei China
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000 Zhejiang China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang X, Cui X, Zhu C, Li M, Zhao J, Shen Z, Shan X, Wang L, Wu H, Shen Y, Ni Y, Zhang D, Zhou G. FKBP11 protects intestinal epithelial cells against inflammation‑induced apoptosis via the JNK‑caspase pathway in Crohn's disease. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4428-4438. [PMID: 30221722 PMCID: PMC6172375 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) has an important role in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). FK506 binding protein 11 (FKBP11), a member of the peptidyl‑prolyl cis‑trans isomerase family, is involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR) and is closely associated with inflammation. Previous bioinformatics analysis revealed a potential association between FKBP11 and human CD. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the potential significance of FKBP11 in IEC homeostasis and CD. In the present study, increased expression of FKBP11 was detected in the intestinal inflammatory tissues of patients with CD. Furthermore, the results of the present study revealed that overexpression of FKBP11 was accompanied by increased expression levels of the ER stress marker 78 kDa glucose‑regulated protein in the colon tissues of a 2, 4, 6‑trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid‑induced mouse colitis model. Using interferon‑γ (IFN‑γ)/tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α)‑stimulated IECs as an ER stress and apoptosis cell model, the associated of FKBP11 with ER stress and apoptosis levels was confirmed in IECs. Overexpression of FKBP11 was revealed to significantly attenuate the elevated expression of pro‑apoptotic proteins (Bcl2 associated X apoptosis regulator, caspase‑12 and active caspase‑3), suppress the phosphorylation of c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK), and decrease apoptosis of IFN‑γ/TNF‑α stimulated IECs. Knockdown of FKBP11 by transfection with small interfering RNA further validated the aforementioned results. In conclusion, these results suggest that the UPR protein FKBP11 may protect IECs against IFN‑γ/TNF‑α induced apoptosis by inhibiting the ER stress‑associated JNK/caspase apoptotic pathway in CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Fifth's People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Cui
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Chuanwu Zhu
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Fifth's People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, The Fifth's People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Zhongyi Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohang Shan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Han Wu
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Yanting Shen
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - You Ni
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Guoxiong Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alhagamhmad MH, Day AS, Lemberg DA, Leach ST. An overview of the bacterial contribution to Crohn disease pathogenesis. J Med Microbiol 2016; 65:1049-1059. [PMID: 27501828 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily affecting the gastro-intestinal tract and is characterized by reduced bacterial diversity. The exact cause of disease is unknown; however, evidence suggests that several components, including microbiota, may contribute to the underlying pathology and disease development. Perturbation of the host-microbe commensal relationship is considered the main driving force of tissue destruction and pathological changes seen in CD. Several putative bacterial pathogens including species from Mycobacterium, Campylobacter and Helicobacter are postulated in the aetiology of CD. However, to date, no strong evidence supports a single bacterium contributing overall to CD pathogenesis. Alternatively, dysbiosis or bacterial imbalance is more widely accepted as a leading factor in the disrupted host-immune system cross-talk resulting in subsequent intestinal inflammation. Depletion of symbiont microbes including Firmicutes, Bifidobacterium and Clostridia, in conjunction with an increase in pathobiont microbes from Bacteroidetes and Enterobacteria, is a striking feature observed in CD. No single factor has been identified as driving this dysbiosis, although diet, antibiotic exposure and possible early life events in presence of underlying genetic susceptibility may contribute. The aim of this review is to highlight the current accumulating literature on the proposed role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moftah H Alhagamhmad
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew S Day
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Daniel A Lemberg
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven T Leach
- School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
NOD2 induces autophagy to control AIEC bacteria infectiveness in intestinal epithelial cells. Inflamm Res 2016; 65:803-13. [PMID: 27335178 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The importance of autophagy in mechanisms underlying inflammation has been highlighted. Downstream effects of the bacterial sensor NOD2 include autophagy induction. Recently, a relationship between defects in autophagy and adherent/invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) persistence has emerged. The present study aims at investigating the interplay between autophagy, NOD2 and AIEC bacteria and assessing the expression level of autophagic proteins in intestinal biopsies of pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS A human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco2) cell line stably over-expressing NOD2 was produced (Caco2NOD2). ATG16L1, LC3 and NOD2 levels were analysed in the Caco2 cell line and Caco2NOD2 after exposure to AIEC strains, by western blot and immunofluorescence. AIEC survival inside cells and TNFα, IL-8 and IL-1βmRNA expression were analysed by gentamicin protection assay and real time PCR. ATG16L1 and LC3 expression was analyzed in the inflamed ileum and colon of 28 patients with Crohn's disease (CD), 14 with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 23 controls by western blot. RESULTS AIEC infection increased ATG16L1 and LC3 in Caco2 cells. Exposure to AIEC strains increased LC3 and ATG16L1 in Caco2 overexpressing NOD2, more than in Caco2 wild type, while a decrease of AIEC survival rate and cytokine expression was observed in the same cell line. LC3 expression was increased in the inflamed colon of CD and UC children. CONCLUSIONS The NOD2-mediated autophagy induction is crucial to hold the intramucosal bacterial burden, especially towards AIEC, and to limit the resulting inflammatory response. Autophagy is active in inflamed colonic tissues of IBD pediatric patients.
Collapse
|
9
|
Oral immune therapy: targeting the systemic immune system via the gut immune system for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e60. [PMID: 26900473 PMCID: PMC4735066 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with an altered systemic immune response leading to inflammation-mediated damage to the gut and other organs. Oral immune therapy is a method of systemic immune modulation via alteration of the gut immune system. It uses the inherit ability of the innate system of the gut to redirect the systemic innate and adaptive immune responses. Oral immune therapy is an attractive clinical approach to treat autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. It can induce immune modulation without immune suppression, has minimal toxicity and is easily administered. Targeting the systemic immune system via the gut immune system can serve as an attractive novel therapeutic method for IBD. This review summarizes the current data and discusses several examples of oral immune therapeutic methods for using the gut immune system to generate signals to reset systemic immunity as a treatment for IBD.
Collapse
|
10
|
King JE, Roberts IS. Bacterial Surfaces: Front Lines in Host-Pathogen Interaction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 915:129-56. [PMID: 27193542 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32189-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
All bacteria are bound by at least one membrane that acts as a barrier between the cell's interior and the outside environment. Surface components within and attached to the cell membrane are essential for ensuring that the overall homeostasis of the cell is maintained. However, many surface components of the bacterial cell also have an indispensable role mediating interactions of the bacteria with their immediate environment and as such are essential to the pathogenesis of infectious disease. During the course of an infection, bacterial pathogens will encounter many different ecological niches where environmental conditions such as salinity, temperature, pH, and the availability of nutrients fluctuate. It is the bacterial cell surface that is at the front-line of these host-pathogen interactions often protecting the bacterium from hostile surroundings but at the same time playing a critical role in the adherence to host tissues promoting colonization and subsequent infection. To deal effectively with the changing environments that pathogens may encounter in different ecological niches within the host many of the surface components of the bacterial cell are subject to phenotypic variation resulting in heterogeneous subpopulations of bacteria within the clonal population. This dynamic phenotypic heterogeneity ensures that at least a small fraction of the population will be adapted for a particular circumstance should it arise. Diversity within the clonal population has often been masked by studies on entire bacterial populations where it was often assumed genes were expressed in a uniform manner. This chapter, therefore, aims to highlight the non-uniformity in certain cell surface structures and will discuss the implication of this heterogeneity in bacterial-host interaction. Some of the recent advances in studying bacterial surface structures at the single cell level will also be reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane E King
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Ian S Roberts
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|