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Xiao X, Huang Q, Lin X, Zahid KR, Huang X, Liu T, Zeng T. Current methods for the detection of glypican-3. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:152-160. [PMID: 38108085 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01523h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) that binds to the cell membrane via glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI), widely expressed in human embryos, and is undetectable in healthy adult liver but overexpressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, accurate and sensitive detection of GPC3 is critical for disease diagnosis. In recent years, a series of methods have been developed for the highly sensitive detection of GPC3, but there is a lack of reviews on recent advances in GPC3-related assays. In this review, we provide the recent advances in GPC3 detection and GPC3 concentration detection, mainly in terms of various optical sensor-based assays and electrochemical assays, and also provide new insights into the challenges and future directions of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Xiao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Qiyuan Huang
- Department of Clinical Biobank Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaocong Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kashif Rafiq Zahid
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Xueran Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Tiancai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Antibody Engineering of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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Zhao D, Cao J, Zhang L, Zhang S, Wu S. Targeted Molecular Imaging Probes Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Diagnosis and Treatment. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12050342. [PMID: 35624643 PMCID: PMC9138815 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most commonly malignant tumor and the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world, and the early diagnosis and treatment of patients with HCC is core in improving its prognosis. The early diagnosis of HCC depends largely on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI has good soft-tissue resolution, which is the international standard method for the diagnosis of HCC. However, MRI is still insufficient in the diagnosis of some early small HCCs and malignant nodules, resulting in false negative results. With the deepening of research on HCC, researchers have found many specific molecular biomarkers on the surface of HCC cells, which may assist in diagnosis and treatment. On the other hand, molecular imaging has progressed rapidly in recent years, especially in the field of cancer theranostics. Hence, the preparation of molecular imaging probes that can specifically target the biomarkers of HCC, combined with MRI testing in vivo, may achieve the theranostic purpose of HCC in the early stage. Therefore, in this review, taking MR imaging as the basic point, we summarized the recent progress regarding the molecular imaging targeting various types of biomarkers on the surface of HCC cells to improve the theranostic rate of HCC. Lastly, we discussed the existing obstacles and future prospects of developing molecular imaging probes as HCC theranostic nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen 518000, China;
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou 215006, China;
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Center of Interventional Radiology & Vascular Surgery, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen 518000, China;
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Song Wu
- Department of Urology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen 518000, China;
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated South China Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (S.Z.); (S.W.)
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Ma XH, Chen K, Wang S, Liu SY, Li DF, Mi YT, Wu ZY, Qu CF, Zhao XM. Bi-specific T1 positive-contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging molecular probe for hepatocellular carcinoma in an orthotopic mouse model. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:858-871. [PMID: 35582105 PMCID: PMC9048532 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i4.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality. HCC-targeted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an effective noninvasive diagnostic method that involves targeting clinically-related HCC biomarkers, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) or glypican-3 (GPC3), with iron oxide nanoparticles. However, in vivo studies of HCC-targeted MRI utilize single-target iron oxide nanoprobes as negative (T2) contrast agents, which might weaken their future clinical applications due to tumor heterogeneity and negative MRI contrast. Ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles (approximately 5 nm) are potential optimal positive (T1) contrast agents. We previously verified the efficiency of AFP/GPC3-double-antibody-labeled iron oxide MR molecular probe in vitro.
AIM To validate the effectiveness of a bi-specific probe in vivo for enhancing T1-weighted positive contrast to diagnose the early-stage HCC.
METHODS The single- and double-antibody-conjugated 5-nm USPIO probes, including anti-AFP-USPIO (UA), anti-GPC3-USPIO (UG), and anti-AFP-USPIO-anti-GPC3 (UAG), were synthesized. T1- and T2-weighted MRI were performed on day 10 after establishment of the orthotopic HCC mouse model. Following intravenous injection of U, UA, UG, and UAG probes, T1- and T2-weighted images were obtained at 12, 12, and 32 h post-injection. At the end of scanning, mice were euthanized, and a histologic analysis was performed on tumor samples.
RESULTS T1- and T2-weighted MRI showed that absolute tumor-to-background ratios in UAG-treated HCC mice peaked at 24 h post-injection, with the T1- and T2-weighted signals increasing by 46.7% and decreasing by 11.1%, respectively, relative to pre-injection levels. Additionally, T1-weighted contrast in the UAG-treated group at 24 h post-injection was enhanced 1.52-, 2.64-, and 4.38-fold compared to those observed for single-targeted anti-GPC3-USPIO, anti-AFP-USPIO, and non-targeted USPIO probes, respectively. Comparison of U-, UA-, UG-, and UAG-treated tumor sections revealed that UAG-treated mice exhibited increased stained regions compared to those observed in UG- or UA-treated mice.
CONCLUSION The bi-specific T1-positive contrast-enhanced MRI probe (UAG) for HCC demonstrated increased specificity and sensitivity to diagnose early-stage HCC irrespective of tumor size and/or heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Ma
- Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Kun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Si-Yun Liu
- GE Healthcare (China), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Deng-Feng Li
- Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yong-Tao Mi
- Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chun-Feng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xin-Ming Zhao
- Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Marques AC, Costa PJ, Velho S, Amaral MH. Functionalizing nanoparticles with cancer-targeting antibodies: A comparison of strategies. J Control Release 2020; 320:180-200. [PMID: 31978444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Standard cancer therapies sometimes fail to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs to tumor cells in a safe and effective manner. Nanotechnology takes the lead in providing new therapeutic options for cancer due to major potential for selective targeting and controlled drug release. Antibodies and antibody fragments are attracting much attention as a source of targeting ligands to bind specific receptors that are overexpressed on cancer cells. Therefore, researchers are devoting time and effort to develop targeting strategies based on nanoparticles functionalized with antibodies, which hold great promise to enhance therapeutic efficacy and circumvent severe side effects. Several methods have been described to immobilize antibodies on the surface of nanoparticles. However, selecting the most appropriate for each application is challenging but also imperative to preserve antigen binding ability and yield stable antibody-conjugated nanoparticles. From this perspective, we aim to provide considerable knowledge on the most widely used methods of functionalization that can be helpful for decision-making and design of conjugation protocols as well. This review summarizes adsorption, covalent conjugation (carbodiimide, maleimide and "click" chemistries) and biotin-avidin interaction, while discussing the advantages, limitations and relevant therapeutic approaches currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Marques
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - P J Costa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - S Velho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, R. Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - M H Amaral
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Yang H, Miao Y, Chen L, Li Z, Yang R, Xu X, Liu Z, Zhang LM, Jiang X. Redox-responsive nanoparticles from disulfide bond-linked poly-(N-ε-carbobenzyloxy-l-lysine)-grafted hyaluronan copolymers as theranostic nanoparticles for tumor-targeted MRI and chemotherapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 148:483-492. [PMID: 31926232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Redox-responsive theranostic nanoparticles based on poly-(N-ε-carbobenzyloxy-l-lysine) (PZLL) grafted hyaluronan (HA) (HA-g-SS-PZLL) copolymers were constructed for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis and therapy. These hyaluronan derivatives formed nanoparticles via a self-assembly process in aqueous solution at low concentration. Theranostic nanoparticles were obtained after loading hydrophobic doxorubicin (DOX) and superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) into the core of the nanoparticles via a dialysis method. Theranostic nanoparticles exhibited redox triggered DOX release behavior, and faster DOX released from theranostic nanoparticles was detected under a reducing environment compared with slow DOX release under a normal physiological environment. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), flow cytometry and Prussian blue staining against HepG2 cells demonstrated that HA-g-SS-PZLL theranostic nanoparticles were capable of delivering DOX and SPIO into the cells. The analysis of the anticancer effect revealed that the HA-g-SS-PZLL theranostic nanoparticles shown higher cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells than DOX-loaded HA-g-PZLL nanoparticles. In vitro T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results exhibited that theranostic nanoparticles showed a good contrast enhancement effect, and the r2 relaxivity value was approximately 231 Fe mM-1 s-1. Finally, the theranostic nanoparticles acted as nanoprobes for HepG2 tumor-bearing BALB/c mice for in vivo MRI. Therefore, HA-g-SS-PZLL copolymers have great potential as theranostic nanoparticles for tumor-targeted diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huikang Yang
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China; Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Yingling Miao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China; Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - Ruimeng Yang
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China; Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China; Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Zhaosong Liu
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China; Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Li-Ming Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Xinqing Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, China; Department of Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China.
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Imaging Characteristics of USPIO Nanoparticles (<5 nm) as MR Contrast Agent In Vitro and in the Liver of Rats. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2019:3687537. [PMID: 31427909 PMCID: PMC6679865 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3687537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Iron nanoparticles have an increasingly more and more important role in MR molecular imaging due to their novel magnetic and surface chemical properties. They provide new possibilities for noninvasive diagnosis and treatment monitoring, especially for tissues that are rich in macrophages. The smaller size and prolongation of the plasma half-life change the in vivo fate of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles captured by liver in reticuloendothelial system (RES) or mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS). However, there is still a lack of MR imaging studies on the liver assessing USPIO nanoparticles <5 nm in size to reflect its absorption and clearance properties. In this study, we used MRI to study the in vitro phantom and in vivo rat liver imaging characteristics of USPIO nanoparticles (<5 nm). The results showed that USPIO nanoparticles (<5 nm) could potentially reduce longitudinal and transverse relaxation times and showed similar T 1 relaxation rates compared with commercial gadolinium chelates. In addition, USPIO nanoparticles (<5 nm) in vivo demonstrated both positive (T 1) and negative (T 2) liver contrast enhancement in healthy rats' liver. Furthermore, USPIO nanoparticles showed relatively good in vitro biocompatibility and fast clearance (within 45.17 minutes after intravenous injection) in the normal liver. Taken together, these data might inspire a new personalized and precise diagnostic tool and stimulate new applications for specific targeted molecular probes.
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Ma XH, Wang S, Liu SY, Chen K, Wu ZY, Li DF, Mi YT, Hu LB, Chen ZW, Zhao XM. Development and in vitro study of a bi-specific magnetic resonance imaging molecular probe for hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3030-3043. [PMID: 31293339 PMCID: PMC6603812 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i24.3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks second in terms of cancer mortality worldwide. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) targeting HCC biomarkers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) or glypican-3 (GPC3) offers new strategies to enhance specificity and help early diagnosis of HCC. However, the existing iron oxide nanoparticle-based MR molecular probes singly target AFP or GPC3, which may hinder their efficiency to detect heterogeneous micro malignant HCC tumors < 1 cm (MHCC). We hypothesized that the strategy of double antibody-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles which simultaneously target AFP and GPC3 antigens may potentially be used to overcome the tumor heterogeneity and enhance the detection rate for MRI-based MHCC diagnosis.
AIM To synthesize an AFP/GPC3 double antibody-labeled iron oxide MRI molecular probe and to assess its impact on MRI specificity and sensitivity at the cellular level.
METHODS A double antigen-targeted MRI probe for MHCC anti-AFP–USPIO–anti-GPC3 (UAG) was developed by simultaneously conjugating AFP andGPC3 antibodies to a 5 nm ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (USPIO). At the same time, the singly labeled probes of anti-AFP–USPIO (UA) and anti-GPC3–USPIO (UG) and non-targeted USPIO (U) were also prepared for comparison. The physical characterization including morphology (transmission electron microscopy), hydrodynamic size, and zeta potential (dynamic light scattering) was conducted for each of the probes. The antigen targeting and MRI ability for these four kinds of USPIO probes were studied in the GPC3-expressing murine hepatoma cell line Hepa1-6/GPC3. First, AFP and GPC3 antigen expression in Hepa1-6/GPC3 cells was confirmed by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Then, the cellular uptake of USPIO probes was investigated by Prussian blue staining assay and in vitro MRI (T2-weighted and T2-map) with a 3.0 Tesla clinical MR scanner.
RESULTS Our data showed that the double antibody-conjugated probe UAG had the best specificity in targeting Hepa1-6/GPC3 cells expressing AFP and GPC3 antigens compared with single antibody-conjugated and unconjugated USPIO probes. The iron Prussian blue staining and quantitative T2-map MRI analysis showed that, compared with UA, UG, and U, the uptake of double antigen-targeted UAG probe demonstrated a 23.3% (vs UA), 15.4% (vs UG), and 57.3% (vs U) increased Prussian stained cell percentage and a 14.93% (vs UA), 9.38% (vs UG), and 15.3% (vs U) reduction of T2 relaxation time, respectively. Such bi-specific probe might have the potential to overcome tumor heterogeneity. Meanwhile, the coupling of two antibodies did not influence the magnetic performance of USPIO, and the relatively small hydrodynamic size (59.60 ± 1.87 nm) of double antibody-conjugated USPIO probe makes it a viable candidate for use in MHCC MRI in vivo, as they are slowly phagocytosed by macrophages.
CONCLUSION The bi-specific probe presents enhanced targeting efficiency and MRI sensitivity to HCC cells than singly- or non-targeted USPIO, paving the way for in vivo translation to further evaluate its clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Si-Yun Liu
- GE Healthcare (China), Beijing 100176, China
| | - Kun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Deng-Feng Li
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yong-Tao Mi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Long-Bin Hu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | | | - Xin-Ming Zhao
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Erstad DJ, Tanabe KK. Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications of Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 26:1474-1493. [PMID: 30788629 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-07227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a morbid condition for which surgical and ablative therapy are the only options for cure. Nonetheless, over half of patients treated with an R0 resection will develop recurrence. Early recurrences within 2 years after resection are thought to be due to the presence of residual microscopic disease, while late recurrences > 2 years after resection are thought to be de novo metachronous HCCs arising in chronically injured liver tissue. Microvascular invasion (MVI) is defined as the presence of micrometastatic HCC emboli within the vessels of the liver, and is a critical determinant of early recurrence and survival. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis and clinical relevance of MVI, which correlates with adverse biological features, including high grade, large tumor size, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Multiple classification schemas have been proposed to capture the heterogeneous features of MVI that are associated with prognosis. However, currently, MVI can only be determined based on surgical specimens, limiting its clinical applicability. Going forward, advances in axial imaging technologies, molecular characterization of biopsy tissue, and novel serum biomarkers hold promise as future methods for non-invasive MVI detection. Ultimately, MVI status may be used to help clinicians determine treatment plans, particularly with respect to surgical intervention, and to provide more accurate prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Erstad
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth K Tanabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Song Z, Ye Y, Zhang Z, Shen J, Hu Z, Wang Z, Zheng J. Noninvasive, targeted gene therapy for acute spinal cord injury using LIFU-mediated BDNF-loaded cationic nanobubble destruction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:911-920. [PMID: 29360450 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Various gene delivery systems have been widely studied for the acute spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment. In the present study, a novel type of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-loaded cationic nanobubbles (CNBs) conjugated with MAP-2 antibody (mAbMAP-2/BDNF/CNBs) was prepared to provide low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU)-targeted gene therapy. In vitro experiments, the ultrasound-targeted tranfection to BDNF overexpressioin in neurons and efficiently inhibition neuronal apoptosis have been demonstrated, and the elaborately designed mAbMAP-2/BDNF/CNBs can specifically target to the neurons. Furthermore, in a acute SCI rat model, LIFU-mediated mAbMAP-2/BDNF/CNBs transfection significantly increased BDNF expression, attenuated histological injury, decreased neurons loss, inhibited neuronal apoptosis in injured spinal cords, and increased BBB scores in SCI rats. LIFU-mediated mAbMAP-2/BDNF/CNBs destruction significantly increase transfection efficiency of BDNF gene both in vitro and in vivo, and has a significant neuroprotective effect on the injured spinal cord. Therefore, the combination of LIFU irradiation and gene therapy through mAbMAP-2/BDNF/CNBs can be considered as a novel non-invasive and targeted treatment for gene therapy of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suining Central Hospital, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjie Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suining Central Hospital, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suining Central Hospital, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jieliang Shen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Institution of Ultrasound Imaging, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiazhuang Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Suining Central Hospital, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Wang Z, Han YJ, Huang S, Wang M, Zhou WL, Li HS, Wang QS, Wu HB. Imaging the expression of glypican-3 in hepatocellular carcinoma by PET. Amino Acids 2017; 50:309-320. [PMID: 29204748 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glypican-3 (GPC3) receptor is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and is a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target. GPC3-targeted molecular imaging will be helpful to differentiate diagnosis and guide therapy. In the present study, we will develop a novel PET probe for imaging the expression of GPC-3. L5 (sequence: RLNVGGTYFLTTRQ), a GPC3 targeting peptide, was labeled with 5-carboxyfluorescein (FAM) and 18F-fluoride. Cell binding tests were performed to identify the binding specificity of FAM-L5 and 18F radiolabeled peptide. MicroPET/CT imaging was used to determine the potential of a novel PET tracer for visualizing HCC tumors with a high expression of GPC3. In vitro binding tests showed that the uptake of FAM-L5 in HepG2 cells (high expression of GPC3) was significantly higher than that of HL-7702 cells (negative expression of GPC3) (mean fluorescent intensity: 14,094 ± 797 vs. 2765 ± 314 events, t = 32.363, P = 0.000). Confocal fluorescent imaging identified that FAM-L5 accumulated where the GPC3 receptor was located. A novel PET tracer (18F-AlF-NODA-MP-6-Aoc-L5) was successfully labeled by chelation chemistry. In vitro cell uptake studies showed that 18F-AlF-NODA-MP-6-Aoc-L5 can bind to HepG2 tumor cells and was stable in PBS and mouse serum stability tests. MicroPET/CT showed that HepG2 tumors could be clearly visualized with a tumor/muscle ratio of 2.46 ± 0.53. However, the tumor/liver ratio was low (0.93 ± 0.16) due to the high physiological uptake in the liver. This study demonstrates that FAM and the 18F-labeled L5 peptide can selectively target HCC with a high expression of GPC3 in vitro and in vivo. 18F-AlF-NODA-MP-C6-L5 has the potential to be a GPC3 target tracer but requires some chemical modifications to achieve a high enough tumor/liver ratio for detection of the tumor in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
- PET Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan-Jiang Han
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Shun Huang
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Lan Zhou
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Li
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Quan-Shi Wang
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hu-Bing Wu
- Nanfang PET Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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11
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Williams HM. The application of magnetic nanoparticles in the treatment and monitoring of cancer and infectious diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biohorizons/hzx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harry M. Williams
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Newcastle ST5 5BG, UK
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12
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Bakhtiary Z, Saei AA, Hajipour MJ, Raoufi M, Vermesh O, Mahmoudi M. Targeted superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for early detection of cancer: Possibilities and challenges. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 12:287-307. [PMID: 26707817 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nanomedicine, the integration of nanotechnological tools in medicine demonstrated promising potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of various human health conditions. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown much promise in diagnostics of cancer, especially since they can accommodate targeting molecules on their surface, which search for specific tumor cell receptors upon injection into the blood stream. This concentrates the NPs in the desired tumor location. Furthermore, such receptor-specific targeting may be exploited for detection of potential metastases in an early stage. Some NPs, such as superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs), are also compatible with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which makes their clinical translation and application rather easy and accessible for tumor imaging purposes. Furthermore, multifunctional and/or theranostic NPs can be used for simultaneous imaging of cancer and drug delivery. In this review article, we will specifically focus on the application of SPIONs in early detection and imaging of major cancer types. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been reported by many to be useful as an MRI contrast agent in the detection of tumors. To further enhance the tumor imaging, SPIONs can be coupled with tumor targeting motifs. In this article, the authors performed a comprehensive review on the current status of using targeted SPIONS in tumor detection and also the potential hurdles to overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bakhtiary
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ata Saei
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mohammad J Hajipour
- Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohammad Raoufi
- Department of New Materials and Biosystems, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany; Department of Nanotechnology & Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ophir Vermesh
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Nanotechnology & Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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