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Machado IF, Palmeira CM, Rolo AP. Preservation of Mitochondrial Health in Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:948. [PMID: 36979927 PMCID: PMC10046671 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) is a major cause of the development of complications in different clinical settings such as liver resection and liver transplantation. Damage arising from LIRI is a major risk factor for early graft rejection and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality after surgery. Although the mechanisms leading to the injury of parenchymal and non-parenchymal liver cells are not yet fully understood, mitochondrial dysfunction is recognized as a hallmark of LIRI that exacerbates cellular injury. Mitochondria play a major role in glucose metabolism, energy production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, calcium homeostasis and cell death. The diverse roles of mitochondria make it essential to preserve mitochondrial health in order to maintain cellular activity and liver integrity during liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). A growing body of studies suggest that protecting mitochondria by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis, fission/fusion and mitophagy during liver I/R ameliorates LIRI. Targeting mitochondria in conditions that exacerbate mitochondrial dysfunction, such as steatosis and aging, has been successful in decreasing their susceptibility to LIRI. Studying mitochondrial dysfunction will help understand the underlying mechanisms of cellular damage during LIRI which is important for the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes. In this review, we highlight the progress made in recent years regarding the role of mitochondria in liver I/R and discuss the impact of liver conditions on LIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo F. Machado
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC—Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Palmeira
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela P. Rolo
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000 Coimbra, Portugal
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Zeng C, Liu X, Zhu S, Xiong D, Zhu L, Hou X, Zou K, Bai T. Resolvin D1 ameliorates hepatic steatosis by remodeling the gut microbiota and restoring the intestinal barrier integrity in DSS-induced chronic colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 103:108500. [PMID: 34974401 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The maintenance of intestinalmucosalbarrier function plays an important role in hepatic steatosis. Increasing evidence has shown that resolvin D1 (RVD1) exerts a potential effect on hepatic steatosis. The aims of this study were to explore the mechanisms of RVD1 on hepatic steatosis based on the gut-liver axis and intestinal barrier function. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We established a DSS-induced chronic colitis model to evaluate hepatic steatosis. RVD1 was administered i.p. during the last 4 weeks. The colon and liver samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological analysis. The expression levels of intestinal tight junction genes and inflammatory genes were determined by quantitative PCR. The serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and LPS were measured, and the gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. KEY RESULTS RVD1 prevented weight loss, histopathological changes, and elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, RVD1 administration attenuated DSS-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammatory responses in mice. In addition, RVD1 improved intestinal barrier function by increasing levels of tight junction molecules and decreasing the plasma LPS levels. The RVD1-treated mice also showed a different gut microbiota composition compared with found in the mice belonging to the DSS group but similar to that in normal chow diet-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS RVD1 treatment ameliorates DSS-induced hepatic steatosis by ameliorating gut inflammation, improving intestinal barrier function and modulating intestinal dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zeng
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinghuang Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Siran Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Danping Xiong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liangru Zhu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaohua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kaifang Zou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Tao Bai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Wang S, Zeng X, Yang Y, Li S, Wang Y, Ye Q, Fan X. Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion injury of fatty liver in mice via Brg1/Nrf2/HO-1 axis. Artif Organs 2022; 46:229-238. [PMID: 34570898 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After cold storage (CS) and subsequent transplantation, fatty liver is more inclined to develop liver dysfunction and serious postoperative complications in contrast to healthy liver. Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) is a safe and efficacious system, which can repair fatty liver and reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of this research is to investigate the function of Brg1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in the protective effect of HOPE on ischemia-reperfusion injury of fatty liver. METHODS The mouse fatty liver model was successfully established and verified by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and oil red O staining. The animals were divided into Control group, CS group and HOPE group. The levels of liver enzyme and lactate in the perfusate were used to measure liver function and cellular metabolism. HE staining and TUNEL staining were utilized to assess the tissue structure and apoptosis, respectively. The levels of superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species in liver tissue were measured to quantitatively analyze the degree of oxidative stress, and the expressions of protein Brg1, Nrf2 and HO-1 were detected by means of the western blot. Double-labeling immunofluorescence was to explore the colocalization of Brg1 and Nrf2. RESULTS The injury of the liver in the CS group was more serious than that in the control group. However, HOPE could significantly reduce the injury, which was manifested by the improvement of liver function and cellular metabolism, and the lower degrees of apoptosis, necrosis and oxidative stress. Furthermore, the expressions of Brg1, Nrf2 and HO-1 in the HOPE group were significantly increased than those in the CS group. CONCLUSIONS One-hour HOPE treatment before reperfusion can obviously improve the injury of fatty liver in mice. The underlying mechanism may be that the interaction of Brg1 and Nrf2 can selectively activate the transcription of HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianpeng Zeng
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Affiliated TongJi Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunying Yang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiyi Li
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qifa Ye
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Research Center of National Health Ministry on Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoli Fan
- Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Restoring Mitochondrial Function While Avoiding Redox Stress: The Key to Preventing Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Machine Perfused Liver Grafts? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093132. [PMID: 32365506 PMCID: PMC7246795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria sense changes resulting from the ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of an organ and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production initiates a series of events, which over time result in the development of full-fledged ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), severely affecting graft function and survival after transplantation. ROS activate the innate immune system, regulate cell death, impair mitochondrial and cellular performance and hence organ function. Arresting the development of IRI before the onset of ROS production is currently not feasible and clinicians are faced with limiting the consequences. Ex vivo machine perfusion has opened the possibility to ameliorate or antagonize the development of IRI and may be particularly beneficial for extended criteria donor organs. The molecular events occurring during machine perfusion remain incompletely understood. Accumulation of succinate and depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) have been considered key mechanisms in the initiation; however, a plethora of molecular events contribute to the final tissue damage. Here we discuss how understanding mitochondrial dysfunction linked to IRI may help to develop novel strategies for the prevention of ROS-initiated damage in the evolving era of machine perfusion.
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Buchwald JE, Xu J, Bozorgzadeh A, Martins PN. Therapeutics administered during ex vivo liver machine perfusion: An overview. World J Transplant 2020; 10:1-14. [PMID: 32110510 PMCID: PMC7031625 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v10.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the use of extended criteria donors has increased the pool of available livers for transplant, it has also introduced the need to develop improved methods of protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), as these "marginal" organs are particularly vulnerable to IRI during the process of procurement, preservation, surgery, and post-transplantation. In this review, we explore the current basic science research investigating therapeutics administered during ex vivo liver machine perfusion aimed at mitigating the effects of IRI in the liver transplantation process. These various categories of therapeutics are utilized during the perfusion process and include invoking the RNA interference pathway, utilizing defatting cocktails, and administering classes of agents such as vasodilators, anti-inflammatory drugs, human liver stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles, and δ-opioid agonists in order to reduce the damage of IRI. Ex vivo machine perfusion is an attractive alternative to static cold storage due to its ability to continuously perfuse the organ, effectively deliver substrates and oxygen required for cellular metabolism, therapeutically administer pharmacological or cytoprotective agents, and continuously monitor organ viability during perfusion. The use of administered therapeutics during machine liver perfusion has demonstrated promising results in basic science studies. While novel therapeutic approaches to combat IRI are being developed through basic science research, their use in clinical medicine and treatment in patients for liver transplantation has yet to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna E Buchwald
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States
| | - Jing Xu
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States
| | - Adel Bozorgzadeh
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States
| | - Paulo N Martins
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, United States
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Li S, Fujino M, Takahara T, Li XK. Protective role of heme oxygenase-1 in fatty liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Med Mol Morphol 2019; 52:61-72. [PMID: 30171344 PMCID: PMC6542780 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-018-0205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a kind of injury resulting from the restoration of the blood supply after blood vessel closure during liver transplantation and is the main cause of graft failure. The pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatic IR include a variety of oxidative stress responses. Hepatic IR is characterized by ischemia and hypoxia inducing oxidative stress, immune response and apoptosis. Fat-denatured livers are also used as donors due to the lack of liver donors. Fatty liver is less tolerant to IR than normal liver. Heme oxygenase (HO) is an enzyme that breaks down hemoglobin to bilirubin, ferrous iron and carbon monoxide (CO). Inducible HO subtype HO-1 is an important protective molecule in mammalian cells used to improve acute and chronic liver injury owing to its characteristic anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic qualities. HO-1 degrades heme, and its reaction product CO has been shown to reduce hepatic IR injury and increase the survival rate of grafts. As an induced form of HO, HO-1 also exerts a protective effect against liver IR injury and may be useful as a new strategy of ameliorating this kind of damage. This review summarizes the protective effects of HO-1 in liver IR injury, especially in fatty liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Terumi Takahara
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
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Shi B, Wang XQ, Duan WD, Tan GD, Gao HJ, Pan YW, Guo QJ, Zhang HY. Effects of positive acceleration (+Gz stress) on liver enzymes, energy metabolism, and liver histology in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:346-355. [PMID: 30686902 PMCID: PMC6343093 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i3.346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to high sustained +Gz (head-to-foot inertial load) is known to have harmful effects on pilots’ body in flight. Although clinical data have shown that liver dysfunction occurs in pilots, the precise cause has not been well defined.
AIM To investigate rat liver function changes in response to repeated +Gz exposure.
METHODS Ninety male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a blank control group (BC group, n = 30), a +6 Gz/5 min stress group (6GS group, n = 30), and a +10 Gz/5min stress group (10GS group, n = 30). The 6GS and 10GS groups were exposed to +6 Gz and +10 Gz, respectively, in an animal centrifuge. The onset rate of +Gz was 0.5 G/s. The sustained time at peak +Gz was 5 min for each exposure (for 5 exposures, and 5-min intervals between exposures for a total exposure and non-exposure time of 50 min). We assessed liver injury by measuring the portal venous flow volume, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), liver tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), Na+-K+-ATPase, and changes in liver histology. These parameters were recorded at 0 h, 6 h, and 24 h after repeated +Gz exposures.
RESULTS After repeated +Gz exposures in the 6GS and the 10GS groups, the velocity and flow signal in the portal vein (PV) were significantly decreased as compared to the BC group at 0 h after exposure. Meanwhile, we found that the PV diameter did not change significantly. However, rats in the 6GS group had a much higher portal venous flow volume than the 10GS group at 0 h after exposure. The 6GS group had significantly lower ALT, AST, and MDA values than the 10GS group 0 h and 6 h post exposure. The Na+-K+-ATPase activity in the 6GS group was significantly higher than that in the 10GS group 0 h and 6 h post exposure. Hepatocyte injury, determined pathologically, was significantly lower in the 6GS group than in the 10GS group.
CONCLUSION Repeated +Gz exposures transiently cause hepatocyte injury and affect liver metabolism and morphological structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xian-Qiang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Wei-Dong Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Guo-Dong Tan
- Outpatient Department, Air Command Headquarters, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Han-Jing Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ying-Wei Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical School, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qing-Jun Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong-Yi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing 100142, China
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Schleicher J, Dahmen U. Computational Modeling of Oxidative Stress in Fatty Livers Elucidates the Underlying Mechanism of the Increased Susceptibility to Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:511-522. [PMID: 30505404 PMCID: PMC6247397 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
QUESTION Donor liver organs with moderate to high fat content (i.e. steatosis) suffer from an enhanced susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) during liver transplantation. Responsible for the cellular injury is an increased level of oxidative stress, however the underlying mechanistic network is still not fully understood. METHOD We developed a phenomenological mathematical model of key processes of hepatic lipid metabolism linked to pathways of oxidative stress. The model allows the simulation of hypoxia (i.e. ischemia-like conditions) and reoxygenation (i.e. reperfusion-like conditions) for various degrees of steatosis and predicts the level of hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) as a marker of cell damage caused by oxidative stress. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Our modeling results show that the underlying feedback loop between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and LPO leads to bistable systems behavior. Here, the first stable state corresponds to a low basal level of ROS production. The system is directed to this state for healthy, non-steatotic livers. The second stable state corresponds to a high level of oxidative stress with an enhanced formation of ROS and LPO. This state is reached, if steatotic livers with a high fat content undergo a hypoxic phase. Theoretically, our proposed mechanistic network would support the prediction of the maximal tolerable ischemia time for steatotic livers: Exceeding this limit during the transplantation process would lead to severe IRI and a considerable increased risk for liver failure.
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Key Words
- 4HNE, 4-Hydroxynonenal
- 8-OHdG, 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine
- ALOX12, Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase
- AOD, Antioxidative defense
- CAT, Catalase
- DNL, de novo lipogenesis
- FA, Fatty acid
- GPx, Glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, Reduced glutathione
- GSSG, Oxidized glutathione
- H2O2, Hydrogen peroxide
- HFD, High-fat diet
- HIF, Hypoxia-inducible factor
- Hepatic fatty acid metabolism
- IL, Interleukin
- IR, Ischemia/reperfusion
- IRI, Ischemia/reperfusion injury
- LPO, Lipid peroxidation
- Lipid peroxidation
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- NFκB, Nuclear factor kappa B
- O2, Oxygen
- O2–, Superoxide anion
- OH⁎, Hydroxyl radical
- Oxidative stress
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- Reactive oxygen species
- Steatosis
- TBARS, Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TG, Triglyceride
- TNF, Tumor necrosis factor
- UCP2, Uncoupling protein-2
- cAMP, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Schleicher
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Bioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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Yang F, Wang S, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Shang L, Feng M, Yuan X, Zhu W, Shi X. IRE1α aggravates ischemia reperfusion injury of fatty liver by regulating phenotypic transformation of kupffer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 124:395-407. [PMID: 29969718 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver is one of the widely accepted marginal donor for liver transplantation, but is also more sensitive to ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) and produces more reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, so far, no effective method has been developed to alleviate it. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER-stress) of hepatocyte is associated with the occurrence of fatty liver disease, but ER-stress of kupffer cells (KCs) in fatty liver is not clear at all. This study evaluates whether ER-stress of KCs is activated in fatty liver and accelerate IRI of fatty livers. ER-stress of KCs was activated in fatty liver, especially the IRE1α signal pathway. KCs with activated ER-stress secreted more proinflammatory cytokine to induce its M1-phenotypic shift in fatty liver, resulting in more severe IRI. Also, activated ER-stress of BMDMs in vitro by tunicamycin can induce its pro-inflammatory shift and can be reduced by 4-PBA, an ER-stress inhibitor. Knockdown of IRE1α could regulate the STAT1 and STAT6 pathway of macrophage to inhibit the M1-type polarization and promote M2-phenotypic shift. Furthermore, transfusion of IRE1α-knockdown KCs significantly reduced the liver IRI as well as the ROS of HFD feeding mice. Altogether, these data demonstrated that IRE1α of KCs may be a potential target to reduce the fatty liver associated IRI in liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faji Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, 210008 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, 210008 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, 210008 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, 210008 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Longcheng Shang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, 210008 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, 210008 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xianwen Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, 210008 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, 210008 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xiaolei Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321, Zhongshan Road, 210008 Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Tártaro RR, Jorge GL, Dianin AH, Escanhoela CAF, Boin IFSF. Ischemia With Preconditioning in Wistar Rats Maintains Mitochondrial Respiration, Even With Mild Hepatocellular Disturbance. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:848-852. [PMID: 29661451 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In hepatectomy or liver transplantation, preconditioning is a procedure indicated to protect the organ from ischemia-reperfusion injury (I-R). OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effect of preconditioning after hepatic I-R in Wistar rats, through mitochondrial respiration, liver histology, and profile. METHOD Twenty male Wistar rats, weighing on average 307.1 g, were anesthetized with sodium thiopental (25 mg/kg) intravenously and xylazine hydrochloride (30 mg/kg) intramuscularly. The animals were divided into 2 groups: the preconditioning group (PCG), which contained 10 animals, and the hepatic pedicle was isolated and submitted to clamping with microvascular clamp (10 minutes of ischemia and 10 minutes of reperfusion, followed by 30 minutes of ischemia and 30 minutes of reperfusion); and the simulated operation group (SOG), which contained 10 animals submitted to manipulation of the hepatic pedicle and observation for the same length of time, with blood collected for transaminase dosage measurements, and liver biopsy for evaluation of mitochondrial respiration and histologic liver analysis and after sacrificed under anesthesia. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation CEEA/UNICAMP under protocol number 3905-1. RESULT The PCG mitochondria showed the same respiration level as the SOG, when stimulated with the addition of adenosine diphosphate or carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. In the respiratory control ratio and resting of velocity of respiration the groups behaved in a similar way. The PCG presented high aspartate and alanine transaminases (P < .03) and about 60% of sinusoidal congestion and venous congestion in the histologic analysis when compared with SOG. CONCLUSION We found that ischemia with preconditioning in Wistar rats can lead to mild histologic and biochemical dysfunction without leading to impairment of mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Tártaro
- Hepatic Surgical Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - G L Jorge
- Hepatic Surgical Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - A H Dianin
- Hepatic Surgical Laboratory, Nucleus of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - C A F Escanhoela
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hospital de Clínicas, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - I F S F Boin
- Unit of Liver Transplantation, Hospital de Clínicas, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
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Khorsandi SE, Taanman JW, Heaton N. Subunit composition of respiratory chain complex 1 and its responses to oxygen in mitochondria from human donor livers. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:547. [PMID: 29096719 PMCID: PMC5667463 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2863-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Donor liver function in transplantation is defined by mitochondrial function and the ability of mitochondria to recover from the sequence of warm and/or cold ischemia. Mitochondrial resilience maybe related to assembly and- subunit composition of Complex 1. The aim of this study was to determine if Complex 1 subunit composition was different in donor livers of varying quality and whether oxygen exposure had any effect. RESULTS Five human livers not suitable for transplant were split. One half placed in cold static storage and the other half exposed to 40% oxygen for 2 h. Protein was extracted for western blot. Membranes were probed with antibodies against β-actin and the following subunits of Complex 1: MTND1, NDUFA10, NDUFB6 and NDUFV2. No difference in steady state Complex 1 subunit composition was demonstrated between donor livers of varying quality, in terms of steatosis or mode of donation. Neither did exposure to oxygen influence Complex 1 subunit composition. This small observational study on subunit levels suggest that Complex 1 is fully assembled as no degradation of subunits associated with the different parts of the enzyme was seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Khorsandi
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Kings College London, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - J W Taanman
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - N Heaton
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, Kings College London, London, SE5 9RS, UK.
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Prieto I, Monsalve M. ROS homeostasis, a key determinant in liver ischemic-preconditioning. Redox Biol 2017; 12:1020-1025. [PMID: 28511345 PMCID: PMC5430574 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are key mediators of ischemia-reperfusion injury but also required for the induction of the stress response that limits tissue injury and underlies the protection provided by ischemic-preconditioning protocols. Liver steatosis is an important risk factor for liver transplant failure. Liver steatosis is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive mitochondrial ROS production. Studies aiming at decreasing the sensibility of the steatotic liver to ischemia-reperfusion injury using pre-conditioning protocols, have shown that the steatotic liver has a reduced capacity to respond to these protocols. Recent studies indicate that these effects are related to a reduced capacity of the steatotic liver to respond to elevated ROS levels following reperfusion by inducing a compensatory response. This failure to respond to ROS is associated with reduced levels of antioxidants, mitochondrial damage, hepatocyte cell death, activation of the immune system and induction of pro-fibrotic mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Prieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Hu C, Li L. Pre-conditions for eliminating mitochondrial dysfunction and maintaining liver function after hepatic ischaemia reperfusion. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1719-1731. [PMID: 28301072 PMCID: PMC5571537 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver, the largest organ with multiple synthesis and secretion functions in mammals, consists of hepatocytes and Kupffer, stem, endothelial, stellate and other parenchymal cells. Because of early and extensive contact with the external environment, hepatic ischaemia reperfusion (IR) may result in mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy and apoptosis of cells and tissues under various pathological conditions. Because the liver requires a high oxygen supply to maintain normal detoxification and synthesis functions, it is extremely susceptible to ischaemia and subsequent reperfusion with blood. Consequently, hepatic IR leads to acute or chronic liver failure and significantly increases the total rate of morbidity and mortality through multiple regulatory mechanisms. An increasing number of studies indicate that mitochondrial structure and function are impaired after hepatic IR, but that the health of liver tissues or liver grafts can be effectively rescued by attenuation of mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we mainly focus on the subsequent therapeutic interventions related to the conservation of mitochondrial function involved in mitigating hepatic IR injury and the potential mechanisms of protection. Because mitochondria are abundant in liver tissue, clarification of the regulatory mechanisms between mitochondrial dysfunction and hepatic IR should shed light on clinical therapies for alleviating hepatic IR‐induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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