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Imanbayev N, Iztleuov Y, Koishybaev AK, Kereyeva N, Tulyayeva A, Zholmukhamedova D, Zharylgapov A. The Role of Tumor Parenchymal and Stromal Ratios in Colorectal Cancer. J Family Reprod Health 2024; 18:1-8. [PMID: 38863846 PMCID: PMC11162885 DOI: 10.18502/jfrh.v18i1.15433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the implications and significant role of parenchymal and stromal ratio in colorectal cancer (CRC). Materials and methods In our review, we involved English studies from common databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library using the following keywords "colorectal cancer", "tumor stromal ratio", "tumor parenchymal ratio", and "prognostic marker" till December 2023. Results The majority of CRC patients are usually diagnosed at late stages, which may lead to missing out on the chance to get radical therapy. Patients with unfavorable prognosis have epithelial malignant tumors with a high amount of stroma, more than 50% stroma, while tumors with a low amount of stroma, less than 50%, and abundant carcinoma tissue have a better prognosis. Conclusion Tumor-stromal ratio is a valuable, cheap, and fast modality that provides valuable prognostic data of colorectal carcinoma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nauryzbay Imanbayev
- Department of Oncology, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerbolat Iztleuov
- Department of Radiologists of the NJSC ZKMU named after Marat Ospanov, MC NCJSC Marat Ospanov Western-Kazakhstan Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Arip K. Koishybaev
- Department of Oncology of the NJSC ZKMU named after M. Ospanov MC NCJSC Marat Ospanov Western-Kazakhstan Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurgul Kereyeva
- Department of Oncology ZKMU named after Marat Ospanova, MC NCJSC Marat Ospanov Western-Kazakhstan Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Anar Tulyayeva
- Department of Oncology Medical Center of West Kazakhstan Medical University named after Marat Ospanov, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Dinara Zholmukhamedova
- Department Oncology MC NCJSC Marat Ospanov Western-Kazakhstan Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Azamat Zharylgapov
- Department Oncology MC NCJSC Marat Ospanov Western-Kazakhstan Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
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Mohankumar K, Wright G, Kumaravel S, Shrestha R, Zhang L, Abdelrahim M, Chapkin RS, Safe S. Bis-indole-derived NR4A1 antagonists inhibit colon tumor and splenic growth and T-cell exhaustion. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:3985-3999. [PMID: 37847301 PMCID: PMC10700478 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that the orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1, Nur77) is overexpressed in exhausted CD8 + T cells and regulates PD-L1 in tumors. This study investigated the effects of potent bis-indole-derived NR4A1 antagonists on reversing T-cell exhaustion and downregulating PD-L1 in colon tumors/cells. NR4A1 antagonists inhibited colon tumor growth and downregulated expression of PD-L1 in mouse colon MC-38-derived tumors and cells. TILs from MC-38 cell-derived colon tumors and splenic lymphocytes exhibited high levels of the T-cell exhaustion markers including PD-1, 2B4, TIM3+ and TIGIT and similar results were observed in the spleen, and these were inhibited by NR4A1 antagonists. In addition, treatment with NR4A1 antagonists induced cytokine activation markers interferon γ, granzyme B and perforin mRNAs and decreased TOX, TOX2 and NFAT in TIL-derived CD8 + T cells. Thus, NR4A1 antagonists decrease NR4A1-dependent pro-oncogenic activity and PD-L1 expression in colon tumors and inhibit NR4A1-dependent T-cell exhaustion in TILs and spleen and represent a novel class of mechanism-based drugs that enhance immune surveillance in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumaravel Mohankumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Gus Wright
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- TAMU Flow Cytometry Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Subhashree Kumaravel
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Rupesh Shrestha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Maen Abdelrahim
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Institute of Academic Medicine and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Lv M, Guo S, Zhang X, Zou Y, Chen Q, Zang C, Huang S, Hu Y, Wang Y, Wang Q, Zhong J. Attenuated Salmonella-delivered PD-1 siRNA enhances the antitumor effects of EZH2 inhibitors in colorectal cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110918. [PMID: 37708707 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has made significant progress in the treatment of malignant tumors. However, strategies to combine immunotherapy with anticancer drugs have attracted great attention due to the low response rate and unique toxicity profile of immunotherapies and the subsequent development of acquired resistance in some initial responders. EZH2, a histone methyl transferase subunit of a Polycomb repressor complex,is highly expressed in a variety of tumors, and targeting EZH2 has become a new strategy for tumor therapy and drug combination. Here,we studied the effect of EZH2 inhibitors on colorectal cancer cells and their combination with immunotherapy. Our results demonstrated that EZH2 inhibitors can not only significantly inhibit the survival of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and induce apoptosis, effectively inhibit cell invasion and migration, but also cause an increase in the expression of PD-L1 receptors on the cell surface. To determine the effect of EZH2 in combination with immunotherapy, we combine EZH2 inhibitors with PD-1 siRNA delivered by attenuated Salmonella. The vivo experiments have shown that the combination of EZH2 inhibitors and Salmonella-delivered PD-1 siRNA can further inhibit the development of CRC, trigger effective anti-tumor immunity, and improve therapeutic efficacy. Its underlying mechanisms mainly involve synergistic immunomodulation and apoptosis. This study suggests an emerging strategy based on a combination of EZH2 inhibitor and immunotherapy based on PD-1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Lv
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China, Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Chongyi Zang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yuhan Hu
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qianqing Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Xinxiang Central Hospital, The Fourth Clinical College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
| | - Jiateng Zhong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China; Department of Gynecology, Xinxiang Central Hospital, The Fourth Clinical College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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He X, Lan H, Jin K, Liu F. Can immunotherapy reinforce chemotherapy efficacy? a new perspective on colorectal cancer treatment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1237764. [PMID: 37790928 PMCID: PMC10543914 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1237764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the main threats to human life (the fourth most dangerous and prevalent cancer), colorectal cancer affects many people yearly, decreases patients' quality of life, and causes irreparable financial and social damages. In addition, this type of cancer can metastasize and involve the liver in advanced stages. However, current treatments can't completely eradicate this disease. Chemotherapy and subsequent surgery can be mentioned among the current main treatments for this disease. Chemotherapy has many side effects, and regarding the treatment of this type of tumor, chemotherapy can lead to liver damage, such as steatohepatitis, steatosis, and sinus damage. These damages can eventually lead to liver failure and loss of its functions. Therefore, it seems that other treatments can be used in addition to chemotherapy to increase its efficiency and reduce its side effects. Biological therapies and immunotherapy are one of the leading suggestions for combined treatment. Antibodies (immune checkpoint blockers) and cell therapy (DC and CAR-T cells) are among the immune system-based treatments used to treat tumors. Immunotherapy targets various aspects of the tumor that may lead to 1) the recruitment of immune cells, 2) increasing the immunogenicity of tumor cells, and 3) leading to the elimination of inhibitory mechanisms established by the tumor. Therefore, immunotherapy can be used as a complementary treatment along with chemotherapy. This review will discuss different chemotherapy and immunotherapy methods for colorectal cancer. Then we will talk about the studies that have dealt with combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinhua Wenrong Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanrong Lan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ketao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fanlong Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Silva Vs, Riechelmann Rp, Mello CA, Felismino T, Taboada R. The Current and Evolving Role of Immunotherapy in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:617-628. [PMID: 35209820 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220224110912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy can be considered a therapeutic revolution in oncology, with great impact on many tumor types, such as melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. However, in metastatic colorectal cancer, the benefits in terms of prolonged tumor control and high response rate are limited to the rare subgroup of tumors with high mutation burden - mostly tumors that harbor microsatellite instability (MSI) or a deficient mismatch repair system (dMMR), or tumor microsatellite stability and damaging mutations in the exonuclease domains of POLE or POLD. The KEYNOTE-028 uncontrolled phase II trial demonstrated an impressive antitumor activity of pembrolizumab in patients with treatment-refractory Lynch-associated tumors, including colorectal cancer. Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab confirmed the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with previously treated dMMR / MSI metastatic colorectal cancer. The recent KEYNOTE-177 phase III trial demonstrated that pembrolizumab significantly reduced the relative risk of disease progression or death and improved progression-free survival in patients with treatment-naive dMMR / MSI metastatic colorectal cancer in comparison with first-line chemotherapy with or without biologics. Unfortunately, current pharmacological strategies with immunotherapy have not been successful for most patients with microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer. In this review we critically appraise the applicability of immune checkpoint inhibitors in dMMR/MSI metastatic colorectal cancer. We also discuss the recent negative trials of immunotherapy combinations in microsatellite stable tumors and the more mature immunotherapy ongoing studies in the field of advanced colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Vs
- Department of Clinical Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Riechelmann Rp
- Department of Clinical Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A Mello
- Department of Clinical Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felismino T
- Department of Clinical Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taboada R
- Department of Clinical Oncology, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Chen L, Jiang X, Zhang Q, Li Q, Zhang X, Zhang M, Yu Q, Gao D. How to overcome tumor resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy by immunotherapy modifying the tumor microenvironment in MSS CRC. Clin Immunol 2022; 237:108962. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.108962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ranasinghe R, Mathai M, Zulli A. A synopsis of modern - day colorectal cancer: Where we stand. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Etwebi Z, Goldsmith JR, Bou-Dargham M, Tian Y, Hood R, Spitofsky N, Li M, Sun H, Lou Y, Liu S, Lengner C, Chen YH. TIPE2 Promotes Tumor Initiation But Inhibits Tumor Progression in Murine Colitis-Associated Colon Cancer. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 28:764-774. [PMID: 34894222 PMCID: PMC9074867 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer in the United States, and inflammatory bowel disease patients have an increased risk of developing CRC due to chronic intestinal inflammation with it being the cause of death in 10% to 15% of inflammatory bowel disease patients. TIPE2 (TNF-alpha-induced protein 8-like 2) is a phospholipid transporter that is highly expressed in immune cells and is an important regulator of immune cell function. METHODS The azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium murine model of colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) was employed in Tipe2 -/- and wild-type mice, along with colonoid studies, to determine the role of TIPE2 in CAC. RESULTS Early on, loss of TIPE2 led to significantly less numbers of visible tumors, which was in line with its previously described role in myeloid-derived suppressor cells. However, as time went on, loss of TIPE2 promoted tumor progression, with larger tumors appearing in Tipe2 -/- mice. This was associated with increased interleukin-22/STAT3 phosphorylation signaling. Similar effects were also observed in primary colonoid cultures, together demonstrating that TIPE2 also directly regulated colonocytes in addition to immune cells. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates that TIPE2 has dual effects in CAC. In the colonocytes, it works as a tumor suppressor. However, in the immune system, TIPE2 may promote tumorigenesis through suppressor cells or inhibit it through IL-22 secretion. Going forward, this work suggests that targeting TIPE2 for CRC therapy requires cell- and pathway-specific approaches and serves as a cautionary tale for immunotherapy approaches in general in terms of colon cancer, as intestinal inflammation can both promote and inhibit cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zienab Etwebi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason R Goldsmith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Address correspondence to: Jason Rosenbaum Goldsmith, MD, PhD, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA ()
| | - Mayassa Bou-Dargham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuhua Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan Hood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nina Spitofsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Honghong Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yunwei Lou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Targeted Drugs, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Suxia Liu
- Institute of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Christopher Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Youhai H Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAS Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
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9
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A novel prognostic immunoscore based on The Cancer Genome Atlas to predict overall survival in colorectal cancer patients. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229878. [PMID: 34608935 PMCID: PMC8529338 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is highly prevalent worldwide. The relationship between the infiltration of immunocytes in CRC and clinical outcome has been investigated in recent years. The present study aims to construct a new prognostic signature using an immunocyte panel. Our novel prognostic immunoscore included 13 types of immunocytes, which were identified by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-Cox regression. The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan–Meier survival estimates were applied to evaluate the prognostic ability. Compared with the signature based on a single immune marker (i.e., CD8 mRNA expression and CD8+ expressing T cells), the novel prognostic immunoscore possessed better specificity and sensitivity of prognosis (area under the curves (AUCs) are 0.852, 0.856, and 0.774 for 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival times, respectively). Significant differences were identified between the high and low immunoscore groups in overall survival and disease-free survival in training and validation cohorts. Combining the immunoscore with clinical information may provide a more accurate prognosis for CRC. The immunoscore can identify patients with poor outcomes in the high Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB) group, who may benefit the most from immunotherapy. The immunoscore was also closely related to two immune checkpoints (i.e., PD-L1 and PD-1, r = 0.3087 and r = 0.3341, respectively). Collectively, our study demonstrates that the novel prognostic immunoscore reported here may be useful in distinguishing different prognoses and may improve the clinical management of patients with CRC.
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10
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Wang D, Zhang H, Xiang T, Wang G. Clinical Application of Adaptive Immune Therapy in MSS Colorectal Cancer Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:762341. [PMID: 34721435 PMCID: PMC8548603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.762341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. However, the treatment outcomes of immunotherapy in microsatellite-stable (MSS) CRC remain unsatisfactory. As the majority of CRC cases display a molecular MSS/mismatch repair-proficient (pMMR) profile, it is particularly meaningful to explore the clinical applications of adaptive immune therapy in MSS CRC patients. In this review, we summarized the therapeutic approaches of adoptive immune therapies, including cytokines, therapeutic cancer vaccines, adoptive T-cell therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, in the treatment of MSS CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hangyu Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Xiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Haiyan People’s Hospital, Jiaxing, China
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Choucair K, Radford M, Bansal A, Park R, Saeed A. Advances in immune therapies for the treatment of microsatellite instability‑high/deficient mismatch repair metastatic colorectal cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:74. [PMID: 34396449 PMCID: PMC8360619 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellite instability-high/deficient mismatch repair colorectal cancer (MSI-H/dMMR CRC) is a molecular subtype characterized by high-frequency mutations within DNA mismatch repair genes. Defects in the DNA mismatch repair machinery lead to subsequent frame-shift mutations, resulting in the generation of frame-shift peptides that serve as neoantigens. This has translated into exquisite sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and a significant clinical benefit from immune therapies in this patient population. The present article provides a comprehensive review of the advances in the field of immune therapies for MSI-H/dMMR metastatic CRC, with a focus on the major randomized clinical trials that led to Food and Drug Administration approval of specific ICIs for this population, a detailed review of the molecular background responsible for tumor response, as well as the mechanisms of resistance to ICI therapy. Finally, ongoing investigations of other immunotherapeutic strategies to address and overcome the challenges that currently limit response and long-term response to ICIs were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Choucair
- Department of Medicine, Kansas University School of Medicine, Wichita, KS 67214, USA
| | - Maluki Radford
- Department of Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA
| | - Ajay Bansal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Kansas Medical Center and Kansas Cancer Institute, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA
| | - Robin Park
- Department of Medicine, MetroWest Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, Framingham, Massachusetts, MA 01702, USA
| | - Anwaar Saeed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Kansas University Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA
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12
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Birhan YS, Tsai HC. Recent developments in selenium-containing polymeric micelles: prospective stimuli, drug-release behaviors, and intrinsic anticancer activity. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:6770-6801. [PMID: 34350452 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Selenium is capable of forming a dynamic covalent bond with itself and other elements and can undergo metathesis and regeneration reactions under optimum conditions. Its dynamic nature endows selenium-containing polymers with striking sensitivity towards some environmental alterations. In the past decade, several selenium-containing polymers were synthesized and used for the preparation of oxidation-, reduction-, and radiation-responsive nanocarriers. Recently, thioredoxin reductase, sonication, and osmotic pressure triggered the cleavage of Se-Se bonds and swelling or disassembly of nanostructures. Moreover, some selenium-containing nanocarriers form oxidation products such as seleninic acids and acrylates with inherent anticancer activities. Thus, selenium-containing polymers hold promise for the fabrication of ultrasensitive and multifunctional nanocarriers of radiotherapeutic, chemotherapeutic, and immunotherapeutic significance. Herein, we discuss the most recent developments in selenium-containing polymeric micelles in light of their architecture, multiple stimuli-responsive properties, emerging immunomodulatory activities, and future perspectives in the delivery and controlled release of anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihenew Simegniew Birhan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Chen F, Pei L, Liu S, Lin Y, Han X, Meng E, Wang X, Hong S, Wang D, Liu F, Fei Y, Wang G. Identification of a Novel Immune-Related CpG Methylation Signature to Predict Prognosis in Stage II/III Colorectal Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:684349. [PMID: 34262597 PMCID: PMC8273301 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.684349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and continued difficulty in treating it using immunotherapy, there is an urgent need to identify an effective immune-related biomarker associated with the survival and prognosis of patients with this disease. DNA methylation plays an essential role in maintaining cellular function, and changes in methylation patterns may contribute to the development of autoimmunity, aging, and cancer. In this study, we aimed to identify a novel immune-related methylated signature to aid in predicting the prognosis of patients with CRC. We investigated DNA methylation patterns in patients with stage II/III CRC using datasets from The cancer genome atlas (TCGA). Overall, 182 patients were randomly divided into training (n = 127) and test groups (n = 55). In the training group, five immune-related methylated CG sites (cg11621464, cg13565656, cg18976437, cg20505223, and cg20528583) were identified, and CG site-based risk scores were calculated using univariate Cox proportional hazards regression in patients with stage II/III CRC. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that methylated signature was independent of other clinical parameters. The Kaplan-Meier analysis results showed that CG site-based risk scores could significantly help distinguish between high- and low-risk patients in both the training (P = 0.000296) and test groups (P = 0.022). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in the training and test groups were estimated to be 0.771 and 0.724, respectively, for prognosis prediction. Finally, stratified analysis results suggested the remarkable prognostic value of CG site-based risk scores in CRC subtypes. We identified five methylated CG sites that could be used as an efficient overall survival (OS)-related biomarker for stage II/III CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Pei
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Siyao Liu
- ChosenMed Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Library, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xinyin Han
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Erhong Meng
- ChosenMed Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Shuai Hong
- ChosenMed Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Feide Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Fei
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangda Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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14
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Manz SM, Losa M, Fritsch R, Scharl M. Efficacy and side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211002018. [PMID: 33948110 PMCID: PMC8053828 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRCs) remain one of the most common and challenging neoplasia in the Western world. The response rate of immunotherapeutic treatment approaches in a subset of advanced CRCs is remarkable and has sustainably changed treatment regimens. Unfortunately, currently available immunotherapeutics only displayed significant antitumoral activity - in terms of progression free survival (PFS) and objective response rate (ORR) - in microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H)/DNA mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) CRCs. Subsequently, these remarkable results had led to the US Food and Drug Administration's approval of both immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) pembrolizumab and nivolumab in the treatment of advanced MSI-H/dMMR CRCs. However, in microsatellite stable (MSS)/DNA mismatch repair proficient (pMMR) CRCs, ICIs have clearly failed to meet their expectations and are therefore not considered effective. As the vast majority of CRCs display a molecular MSS/pMMR profile, current treatment approaches endeavor to improve tumor immunogenicity that consecutively leads to increased proinflammatory cytokine levels as well as tumor infiltrating T-cells, which in turn may be targeted by various immunotherapeutic agents. Therefore, ongoing studies are investigating novel synergistic therapy modalities and approaches to overcome a "cold" to "hot" tumor conversion in MSS/pMMR CRCs. In this review, we summarize the efficacy and possible immune-related adverse events as well as novel therapeutic approaches of ICIs in the treatment of MSI-H/dMMR and MSS/pMMR CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomon M. Manz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Losa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Fritsch
- Center for Medical Oncology and Hematology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, Zurich, CH-8091, Switzerland
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15
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Feng Y, Yang Z, Zhang C, Che N, Liu X, Xuan Y. B7-H4 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes colorectal cancer stemness. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 218:153323. [PMID: 33429327 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
B7-H4 is a unique negative regulator of T cells that is typically significantly overexpressed in various carcinomas and is associated with poor prognosis. However, the effects of B7-H4 expression on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stemness of colorectal cancer (CRC) are not entirely clear. In the present study, we used tissue samples from 98 patients with CRC and CRC cell lines to determine the clinicopathological significance of B7-H4 in CRC and its effects on CRC stemness. We performed immunohistochemical staining; immunofluorescence imaging; western blotting; and tumor sphere formation, wound healing, transwell migration, and in vivo tumorigenesis assays. B7-H4 expression was upregulated in CRC tissues and was associated with lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, clinical stage, a shorter overall survival rate, and disease-free survival rate. Cox regression analyses indicated that B7-H4 is an independent poor prognostic factor for CRC. In addition, B7-H4 expression was correlated with the expression of EMT-related proteins and cancer stemness-related proteins. Moreover, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that B7-H4 was correlated with CD133 and CD44 expression levels in both CRC tissues and HT29 and HCT116 cell lines. Conversely, B7-H4 knockdown downregulated the expression of EMT- and cancer stemness-related proteins, while inhibiting tumor spheroid formation, cell migration, and invasion of CRC cell lines. These results indicate that B7-H4 can promote EMT and may be a novel stem cell marker, suggesting its potential as a prognostic biomarker for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Feng
- Department of Pathology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaoting Yang
- Department of Pathology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China
| | - Chengye Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China
| | - Nan Che
- Department of Pathology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China
| | - Xingzhe Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China
| | - Yanhua Xuan
- Department of Pathology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China.
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16
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Gorgulho CM, Krishnamurthy A, Lanzi A, Galon J, Housseau F, Kaneno R, Lotze MT. Gutting it Out: Developing Effective Immunotherapies for Patients With Colorectal Cancer. J Immunother 2021; 44:49-62. [PMID: 33416261 PMCID: PMC8092416 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC) include proinflammatory diets, sedentary habits, and obesity, in addition to genetic syndromes that predispose individuals to this disease. Current treatment relies on surgical excision and cytotoxic chemotherapies. There has been a renewed interest in immunotherapy as a treatment option for CRC given the success in melanoma and microsatellite instable (MSI) CRC. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors only plays a role in the 4%-6% of patients with MSIhigh tumors and even within this subpopulation, response rates can vary from 30% to 50%. Most patients with CRC do not respond to this modality of treatment, even though colorectal tumors are frequently infiltrated with T cells. Tumor cells limit apoptosis and survive following intensive chemotherapy leading to drug resistance and induction of autophagy. Pharmacological or molecular inhibition of autophagy improves the efficacy of cytotoxic chemotherapy in murine models. The microbiome clearly plays an etiologic role, in some or most colon tumors, realized by elegant findings in murine models and now investigated in human clinical trials. Recent results have suggested that cancer vaccines may be beneficial, perhaps best as preventive strategies. The search for therapies that can be combined with current approaches to increase their efficacy, and new knowledge of the biology of CRC are pivotal to improve the care of patients suffering from this disease. Here, we review the basic immunobiology of CRC, current "state-of-the-art" immunotherapies and define those areas with greatest therapeutic promise for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mendonça Gorgulho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- DAMP Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh - PA, USA
| | | | - Anastasia Lanzi
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Franck Housseau
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, CRB-I Room 4M59, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ramon Kaneno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- DAMP Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh - PA, USA
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17
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Yu X, Zhu L, Liu J, Xie M, Chen J, Li J. Emerging Role of Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer with Liver Metastasis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:11645-11658. [PMID: 33223838 PMCID: PMC7671511 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s271955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor in the world and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with the liver as the most common site of distant metastasis. The prognosis of CRC with liver metastasis is poor, and most patients cannot undergo surgery. In addition, conventional antitumor approaches such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and surgery result in unsatisfactory outcomes. In recent years, immunotherapy has shown good prospects in the treatment of assorted tumors by enhancing the host's antitumor immune function, and it may become a new effective treatment for liver metastasis of CRC. However, challenges remain in applying immunotherapy to CRC with liver metastasis. This review examines how the microenvironment and immunosuppressive landscape of the liver favor tumor progression. It also highlights the latest research advances in immunotherapy for colorectal liver metastasis and identifies immunotherapy as a treatment regimen with a promising future in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhe Yu
- Gastrointestinal Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiewei Liu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xie
- Gastrointestinal Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Gastrointestinal Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
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18
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Lin D, Zhong S, Liu J. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in MAIT cells: Potential immunotherapeutic treatment for colorectal cancer. Med Hypotheses 2020; 146:110358. [PMID: 33317849 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have captured the attention of immunologists and clinicians in recent years due to their abundance in humans, especially in human liver and mucosal tissue. Colorectal cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in mucosal tissue. Recent evidence reveal activated MAIT cells within the microenvironment of colorectal tumors. The increased tumor infiltration with MAIT cells correlates with poor survival in the colorectal cancer patients, suggesting MAIT cells are promising immunotherapeutic targets in colorectal cancer. Besides well-known role in anti-microbial immunity, MAIT cells have been associated with various forms of cancer. The Th1-biased MAIT cells are proposed to mediate anti-tumor immunity, while IL-17-producing subsets have been implicated in promoting malignancy. Reduced IFN-γ production and elevated IL-17 production of MAIT cells have been found in colorectal tumor tissue and shown to promote tumor growth and metastases. Although the mechanism(s) driving the increase in Th17-biased MAIT cells with reduced IFN-γ production in tumor is not fully understood, recent studies have linked IL-17 response to dysfunctional mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ROS) from the mitochondria. Therefore, we hypothesize that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to Th17-skewed MAIT cell responses with decreased IFN-γ production. Mitochondrial targeted antioxidants are supposed to be beneficial for recovering Th1-baised antitumor immunity and inhibiting IL-17 production of MAIT by improving mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajia Lin
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of Fujian Provincial Hospital, N0. 134, East Avenue, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shishun Zhong
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Department of Digestive Endoscopy of Fujian Provincial Hospital, N0. 134, East Avenue, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jinsheng Liu
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of Fujian Provincial Hospital, N0. 134, East Avenue, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian Province, China.
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19
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Huang CH, Mendez N, Echeagaray OH, Weeks J, Wang J, Yao S, Blair SL, Gude N, Trogler WC, Carson DA, Hayashi T, Kummel AC. Immunostimulatory TLR7 agonist-nanoparticles together with checkpoint blockade for effective cancer immunotherapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020; 3:1900200. [PMID: 33644299 PMCID: PMC7904104 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mono- or dual-checkpoint inhibitors for immunotherapy have changed the paradigm of cancer care; however, only a minority of patients responds to such treatment. Combining small molecule immuno-stimulators can improve treatment efficacy, but they are restricted by poor pharmacokinetics. In this study, TLR7 agonists conjugated onto silica nanoparticles showed extended drug localization after intratumoral injection. The nanoparticle-based TLR7 agonist increased immune stimulation by activating the TLR7 signaling pathway. When treating CT26 colon cancer, nanoparticle conjugated TLR7 agonists increased T cell infiltration into the tumors by > 4× and upregulated expression of the interferon γ gene compared to its unconjugated counterpart by ~2×. Toxicity assays established that the conjugated TLR7 agonist is a safe agent at the effective dose. When combined with checkpoint inhibitors that target programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), a 10-100× increase in immune cell migration was observed; furthermore, 100 mm3 tumors were treated and a 60% remission rate was observed including remission at contralateral non-injected tumors. The data show that nanoparticle based TLR7 agonists are safe and can potentiate the effectiveness of checkpoint inhibitors in immunotherapy resistant tumor models and promote a long-term specific memory immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsin Huang
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
| | - Natalie Mendez
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
| | - Oscar Hernandez Echeagaray
- Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - Joi Weeks
- Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - James Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
| | - Shiyin Yao
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0809, United States
| | - Sarah L. Blair
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0809, United States
| | - Natalie Gude
- Molecular Biology Institute, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States
| | - William C. Trogler
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
| | - Dennis A. Carson
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0809, United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0809, United States
| | - Andrew C. Kummel
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, United States
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20
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Berzins SP, Wallace ME, Kannourakis G, Kelly J. A Role for MAIT Cells in Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:949. [PMID: 32508830 PMCID: PMC7251153 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MAIT cells are MR1-restricted T cells that are well-known for their anti-microbial properties, but they have recently been associated with different forms of cancer. Several studies have reported activated MAIT cells within the microenvironment of colorectal tumors, but there is conjecture about the nature of their response and whether they are contributing to anti-tumor immunity, or to the progression of the disease. We have reviewed the current state of knowledge about the role of MAIT cells in colorectal cancer, including their likely influence when activated and potential sources of stimulation in the tumor microenvironment. The prospects for MAIT cells being used in clinical settings as biomarkers or as targets of new immunotherapies designed to harness their function are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P Berzins
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Mount Helen, VIC, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Morgan E Wallace
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Mount Helen, VIC, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Mount Helen, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason Kelly
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Federation University Australia, Mount Helen, VIC, Australia
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21
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Yu Y, Lu X, Yang C, Yin F. Long Noncoding RNA LINC00173 Contributes to the Growth, Invasiveness and Chemo-Resistance of Colorectal Cancer Through Regulating miR-765/PLP2 Axis. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:3363-3369. [PMID: 32494200 PMCID: PMC7229794 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s251029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long noncoding RNA has been involved in tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to illustrate the functions and mechanisms of LINC00173 in CRC progression. Methods The expression of LINC00173 in CRC tissues and cell lines were analyzed via qRT-PCR. Kaplan-Meier curve was used to determine survival rate. Luciferase reporter assay was conducted to evaluate the interactions among LINC00173, miR-765 and PLP2 (proteolipid protein 2). CCK8 assay, EdU assay, transwell assay and xenograft assay were performed to examine the effect of LINC00173/miR-765/PLP2 axis on proliferation, migration and invasion. The Ki67 expression level in tumors tissues was detected through immunofluorescence assay. Results LINC00173 expression was markedly upregulated in CRC tissues and cells. High expression level of LINC00173 in CRC patients was correlated with poor prognosis. LINC00173 knockdown inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion and chemo-resistance of CRC cells in vitro. LINC00173 downregulation delayed CRC growth in vivo. LINC00173 interacted with miR-765 to promote PLP2 expression. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that LINC00173 plays an important oncogenic role in CRC via modulating miR-765/PLP2 axis. And LINC00173 may be a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Yu
- Physical Examination Center, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyun Lu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuandong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxiang Yin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Harbin Chest Hospital, Harbin 150056, People's Republic of China
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22
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Pei JP, Zhang CD, Liang Y, Zhang C, Wu KZ, Zhao ZM, Dai DQ. Novel Nomograms Individually Predicting Overall Survival of Non-metastatic Colon Cancer Patients. Front Oncol 2020; 10:733. [PMID: 32435623 PMCID: PMC7218119 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to develop an effective prognostic nomogram for predicting non-metastatic colon cancer. Methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program was utilized to analyze patients who underwent surgical therapy (25,350 for training, 10,860 for validation). Nomograms were created depending upon multivariate analysis in the training cohort and were compared to current American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classifications. Areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves (AUCs), Akaike's information criterions (AICs), and calibration curves were used. The clinical benefit was measured using decision curve analyses (DCAs). The validation cohort was used to validate the results. Results: Nomogram 1 included age, gender, histological grade, T stage, number of retrieved lymph nodes, tumor size, and N stage. Nomogram 2 included age, gender, histological grade, T stage, number of retrieved lymph nodes, tumor size, and number of positive lymph nodes. The prognostic discrimination of nomogram 1 (AUC, 0.729, 95% CI, 0.723-0.736) was better than that of nomogram 2 (AUC, 0.704, 95% CI, 0.698-0.710, p < 0.001) in five-year overall survival in the training cohort. Nomogram 1 (AIC, 137,319) also showed superior model-fitting compared to nomogram 2 (AIC, 137,453). Similarity, nomogram 1 was better than the AJCC 6th and 8th TNM classifications. DCA revealed that nomogram 1 had a superior net benefit than other models. These findings were validated using the validation cohort. Conclusions: The proposed nomogram 1 was a better prognostic prediction model with better discrimination and superior model-fitting for patients with non-metastatic colon cancer, which might prove to be clinically helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Peng Pei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chun-Dong Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kun-Zhe Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe-Ming Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong-Qiu Dai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Cancer Center, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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23
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Wang P, Li C, Ma X, Gai X. Clinical significance of the combined measurement of serum B7-H1 and interleukin-10 in colorectal cancer patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20044. [PMID: 32358386 PMCID: PMC7440053 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients have been shown to express a cytokine signature that is detectable in serum and contributes to cancer pathogenesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential clinical significance of preoperative circulating cytokine levels in CRC patients.The expression of serum B7-H1 and IL-10 was assessed by ELISA in 89 patients and 64 health volunteers. As a control marker, CEA serum levels were measured by electrochemical luminescence detection. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analysis to demonstrate the potential diagnostic value of these biomarkers.The expression of serum B7-H1 was significantly increased in CRC patients (P = .001) and associated with the progression of TNM stage and a positive association with serum IL-10 levels was also evident. Furthermore, serum B7-H1 and IL-10 expression was not influenced by age, gender, tumor location, or mass, whereas a relationship existed with tumor metastasis and TNM stage. The serum levels of B7-H1 and IL-10 on the 7th postoperative day were significantly decreased compared with that of preoperative serum levels (P = .001, P = .003 respectively). The area under the ROC curves (AUC) for B7-H1 and IL-10 were 0.7063 and 0.5706, respectively. The optimal sensitivity and specificity of B7-H1 for discriminating between colon cancer patients and healthy controls were 85.21% and 56.43%, respectively, using a cut-off value of 3.46 ng/mL. However, the combined ROC analysis using B7-H1 and IL-10 revealed an AUC of 0.8791, with a sensitivity of 90.63% and a specificity of 75.18%.The outcomes of the present study demonstrate the clinical significance of serum B7-H1 and IL-10 concentrations. Combined detection of B7-H1 plus IL-10 showed significantly increased sensitivity and specificity for discriminating between colorectal cancer patients and healthy controls compared these markers detection individual. The measurement of B7-H1 or IL-10 in sera following surgery may provide an additional tool for assessing the curative effects of surgery in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Pathology
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Pathology
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin Province, China
| | | | - Xiaodong Gai
- Department of Pathology
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin Province, China
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24
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Thomas J, Leal A, Overman MJ. Clinical Development of Immunotherapy for Deficient Mismatch Repair Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2020; 19:73-81. [PMID: 32173280 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Despite excellent prognosis for early stage disease, 5-year survival rates in metastatic disease remain low. A small subset of CRC is defined by a deficiency in mismatch repair (dMMR) resulting in high levels of microsatellite instability and are responsive to immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 axis and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 have been explored and show robust clinical outcomes with prolonged progression-free survivals in nonrandomized single-arm clinical trials. On the basis of these data, single-agent therapy with pembrolizumab and nivolumab and combination therapy with nivolumab/ipilimumab have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for metastatic CRC that has progressed after treatment with fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin, and irinotecan. Ongoing clinical trials are exploring the use of these agents in earlier lines of therapy such as first-line metastatic therapy and adjuvant therapy for stage III CRC. However, resistance to ICIs does occur in a subset of patients and ongoing clinical trials are exploring novel approaches in these PD-1-refractory patients. The aim of this review is to outline the development and decision-making of ICIs in the treatment of dMMR CRC and to discuss ongoing clinical trials in this therapeutic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Thomas
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Alexis Leal
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Michael J Overman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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25
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Wu Z, Han X, Tan G, Zhu Q, Chen H, Xia Y, Gong J, Wang Z, Wang Y, Yan J. Dioscin Inhibited Glycolysis and Induced Cell Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer via Promoting c-myc Ubiquitination and Subsequent Hexokinase-2 Suppression. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:31-44. [PMID: 32021252 PMCID: PMC6954095 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s224062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dioscin is a natural product isolated from traditional Chinese medicines and is reported to have antitumor activities against several cancers. In the present study, we aimed to investigate its potency against colorectal cancers, especially the effects on tumor glycolysis, and to elaborate related molecular mechanisms. Methods The antitumor activities of dioscin were evaluated by cell proliferation assays and colony formation assays in vitro and the mouse xenograft models in vivo. The effects of dioscin on tumor glycolysis were determined by measuring glucose absorption and lactate generation. Cell apoptosis was detected by cleaved PARP and the activity of caspase-3. Protein overexpression or gene knockdown was conducted to illustrate molecular mechanisms. Immunoprecipitation experiments were applied to identify the interaction between different proteins. Results Dioscin substantially inhibited colorectal cancer cell proliferation in vitro and suppressed the xenograft growth in nude mice. After dioscin treatment, with the suppression of hexokinase-2, the tumor glycolysis was significantly decreased. Dioscin substantially impaired the interaction between hexokinase-2 and VDAC-1, and induced cell apoptosis. Exogenous overexpression of hexokinase-2 significantly antagonized the glycolysis suppression and apoptosis induction by dioscin. Through enhancing the binding of E3 ligase FBW7 to c-myc, dioscin promoted the ubiquitination of c-myc and gave rise to c-myc degradation, which contributed to the inhibition of hexokinase-2. Conclusion Our studies revealed a novel mechanism by which dioscin exerted its antitumor activity in colorectal cancer, and verified that dioscin or its analog might have potentials for colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqian Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Gewen Tan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchao Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongqi Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China
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Yu H, Ma J, Chen J, Yang Y, Liang J, Liang Y. LncRNA LINC00461 Promotes Colorectal Cancer Progression via miRNA-323b-3p/NFIB Axis. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:11119-11129. [PMID: 31908480 PMCID: PMC6925558 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s228798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background LncRNA LINC00461 has been reported to play crucial regulatory roles in a variety of biological processes, including cell migration, cell invasion and cancer progression. However, its biological role in colorectal cancer (CRC) is completely unknown. The aim of our study was to explore the function of LINC00461 on CRC cells and the underlying mechanism. Materials and methods CRC tumor tissues and cell lines derived from hospital and corporation. The expression level of LINC00461 in CRC tissues and cell lines were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The effect of LINC00461 on cell proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion were detected by CCK-8 assay, colony formation and transwell assay, respectively. In addition, cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, and the role of LINC00461 on tumor growth was investigated by tumor xenografts in nude mice. The targets of LINC00461 were predicted by starBase v3.0 and confirmed by a dual-luciferase reporter system. The expression level of transcription factors of nuclear factor I B (NFIB), p21 and CDK2 was determined by Western blot or qRT-PCR. The NFIB expression levels in CRC tissues and mice tumors were analyzed by immunofluorescence assay (IHC). Results We found that the expression of LINC00461 was significantly overexpressed in CRC tissues and different cell lines, and the high level of LINC00461 expression was associated with poor overall survival. Downregulation of LINC00461 expression significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of CRC cells and promoted cell apoptosis. We also found that LINC00461 could directly interact with miR-323b-3p. In addition, LINC00461 significantly increased the expression NFIB and CDK2, but, p21 was inhibited. Finally, we found that the growth of tumors in nude mice was suppressed upon LINC00461 deletion. Conclusion We demonstrated that LINC00461 may play an oncogenic role in CRC cells through NFIB signaling pathway by targeting miR-323b-3p. Our report showed that LINC00461 may be a prognostic biomarker and candidate therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Yu
- Functional Experiment Center, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Ma
- Department of Urology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianshuang Chen
- Functional Experiment Center, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Functional Experiment Center, Chengde Medical College, Chengde 067000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjing Liang
- Medical Department of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Liang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
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Franke AJ, Skelton WP, Starr JS, Parekh H, Lee JJ, Overman MJ, Allegra C, George TJ. Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer: A Review of Current and Novel Therapeutic Approaches. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 111:1131-1141. [PMID: 31322663 PMCID: PMC6855933 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Although immunotherapy has dramatically changed the landscape of treatment for many advanced cancers, the benefit in CRC has thus far been limited to patients with microsatellite instability high (MSI-H):DNA mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) tumors. Recent studies in the refractory CRC setting have led to US Food and Drug Administration approvals for pembrolizumab as well as nivolumab (with or without ipilimumab) for tumors harboring an MSI-H:dMMR molecular profile. Several randomized controlled trials are underway to move immunotherapy into the frontline for metastatic cancer (with or without chemotherapy) and the adjuvant setting. Awareness of these studies is critical given the relatively low incidence (approximately 3%-5%) of MSI-H:dMMR in advanced or metastatic CRC to support study completion, because the results could be potentially practice changing. The real challenge in this disease is related to demonstrating the benefit of immunotherapy for the vast majority of patients with CRC not harboring MSI-H:dMMR. Given the rapid pace of scientific changes, this article provides a narrative review regarding the current landscape of immunotherapy for CRC. Particular attention is paid to the currently available data that inform today's clinical practice along with upcoming randomized controlled trials that may soon dramatically change the treatment landscape for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas J George
- Correspondence to: Thomas J. George, MD, FACP, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, University of Florida, PO Box 100278, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL 32610–0278 (e-mail: )
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28
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Bess SN, Greening GJ, Muldoon TJ. Efficacy and clinical monitoring strategies for immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted cytokine immunotherapy for locally advanced and metastatic colorectal cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 49:1-9. [PMID: 31679887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cancer type and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths annually in the United States. Conventional treatment options include postoperative (adjuvant) and preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although these treatment modalities have shown to decrease tumor burden, a major limitation to chemothearpy/radiotherapy is the high recurrence rate in patients. Immune-modulation strategies have emerged as a promising new therapeutic avenue to reduce this recurrence rate while minimizing undesirable systemic side effects. This review will focus specifically on the mechanisms of monoclonal antibodies: immune checkpoint inhibitors and cytokines, as well as current drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and new clinical/pre-clinical trials. Finally, this review will investigate emerging methods used to monitor tumor response post-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby N Bess
- University of Arkansas, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA
| | - Gage J Greening
- University of Arkansas, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA
| | - Timothy J Muldoon
- University of Arkansas, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72701, USA.
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Targeting Immune-Related Molecules in Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive In Vitro Analysis on Patient-Derived Tumor Models. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4938285. [PMID: 30891459 PMCID: PMC6390245 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4938285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of immune-related pathway inhibition, among them indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), alone and together with immune cells on growth and viability of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. A panel of patient-derived CRC cell lines with different molecular characteristics (CpG island methylator phenotype, chromosomal, and microsatellite instability) was included. Initial phenotyping of CRC cell lines (n=17) revealed high abundance of immunosuppressive checkpoint-molecules in general, but an individual profile for IDO. Presence of immune-related molecules was independent of the molecular subtype. Selective treatment of CRC cell lines showing high or low IDO expression (n=2 cell lines each) was performed with single agents and combinations of Indoximod, Curcumin, and Gemcitabine with and without the addition of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in an allogeneic setting. All substances affected CRC cell growth in a cell line specific manner. The combination of Curcumin and Gemcitabine proved to be most effective in tumor cell elimination. Functional read-out analyses identified cellular senescence, after both single and combined treatment. Curcumin alone exerted strong cytotoxic effects by inducing early and late apoptosis. Necrosis was not detectable at all. Addition of lymphocytes generally boosted antitumoral effects of all IDO-inhibitors, with up to 80 % cytotoxicity for the Curcumin treatment. Here, no obvious differences became apparent between individual cell lines. Combined application of Curcumin and low-dose chemotherapy is a promising strategy to kill tumor target cells and to stimulate antitumoral immune responses.
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30
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Wang K, Gong H, Chai R, Yuan H, Chen Y, Liu J. RETRACTED: Aberrant frequency of IL-35 producing B cells in colorectal cancer patients. Cytokine 2019; 102:206-210. [PMID: 29054723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
This article has been retracted at the request of the authors. Due to a dispute about the authenticity of the data reported in Figure 1B, the authors have decided to retract this article. The authors would like to apologize for any inconvenience caused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1, East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou450052, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou310004, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shenzhen Nanshan People's Hospital/Affiliated Shenzhen Sixth Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, 86 Taoyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong518052, China
| | - Rui Chai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou310004, China
| | - Hang Yuan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou310004, China
| | - Yanxia Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou310004, China.
| | - Jinlin Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou310004, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, 310014Hangzhou, China.
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Xie S, Huang J, Qiao Q, Zang W, Hong S, Tan H, Dong C, Yang Z, Ni L. Expression of the inhibitory B7 family molecule VISTA in human colorectal carcinoma tumors. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:1685-1694. [PMID: 30128738 PMCID: PMC11028359 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world. PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have benefited cancer patients with multiple tumor types. However, their efficacy for CRC is low and this treatment in melanoma patients results in adaptive resistance through upregulation of VISTA, another checkpoint inhibitory pathway. Thus, there is an urgent need to explore additional co-inhibitory molecular pathways such as VISTA for CRC treatment. In this study, C10orf54 (encoding VISTA) expression was analyzed by RNA-seq data from 367 CRC patients in human cancer datasets. Moreover, 28 clinical CRC specimens were used to assess VISTA protein expression. Human cancer datasets showed that CRC tumors expressed higher levels of C10orf54 than CD274 (encoding PD-L1). Moreover, C10orf54 mRNA expression was significantly correlated with genes responsible for tumor immune evasion. VISTA protein expression was high in tumors compared with para-tumors and normal tissues, which is similar to PD-L1 expression. However, in contrast to PD-L1, VISTA was mainly expressed by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This study is the first investigation of VISTA expression in human resected CRC tumors, and the results justify the need for future studies on the role of VISTA in anti-CRC immunity in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xie
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Medical Research Building, No.30 Haidian Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of General Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qin Qiao
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Medical Research Building, No.30 Haidian Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjuan Zang
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Medical Research Building, No.30 Haidian Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shanjuan Hong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Medical Research Building, No.30 Haidian Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haidong Tan
- Department of General Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Medical Research Building, No.30 Haidian Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiying Yang
- Department of General Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Ling Ni
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Medical Research Building, No.30 Haidian Shuangqing Road, Beijing, 100084, China.
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32
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Ottaiano A, Scotti V, De Divitiis C, Capozzi M, Romano C, Cassata A, Casaretti R, Silvestro L, Nappi A, Vicario V, De Stefano A, Tafuto S, Berretta M, Nasti G, Avallone A. Integration of stereotactic radiotherapy in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer patients: a real practice study with long-term outcome and prognostic factors. Oncotarget 2018; 9:35251-35265. [PMID: 30443292 PMCID: PMC6219663 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There are very few clinical or prognostic studies on the role of SRT (Stereotactic Radiation Therapy) in the continuum of care of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. Patients and methods Patients affected by oligo-mCRC were treated with SRT before or after front-line standard treatments. SRT was delivered according to a risk-adapted protocol. Total body CT (Computed Tomography) scan was done before therapy and every three months thereafter. The radiologic responses to therapy were evaluated by RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors). FDG-PET (FluoroDeoxyGlucose - Positron Emission Tomography) was done before and after SRT; metabolic responses were evaluated by using the EORTC (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer) criteria. The Kaplan-Meier product limit method was applied to graph Overall Survival (OS) and Progression-Free Survival (PFS). Results Forty-seven patients were included. Twenty-one patients had disease limited to lungs, 9 to lung and liver, 7 only to liver, 10 to multiple sites. The median prescription SRT dose was 60 Gy per organ in 3 fractions (median biological effective dose of 180 Gy). The reduction of delta SUVmax (maximum Standardized Uptake Value) correlated with the local control (p<0.001) and two-years survival (p=0.003). At univariate analysis, localization of primary tumor, site of metastases, KRAS (Kirsten RAt Sarcoma) oncogene mutational status, response to first-line chemotherapy, response to SRT and number of treated lesions predicted both PFS and OS. Discussion This real practice experience suggests that further studies are needed to analyze the promising role of SRT in the multidisciplinary management of mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ottaiano
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, SSD-Innovative Therapies for Abdominal Metastases, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli G. Pascale IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Scotti
- San Rossore Clinic, Viale delle Cascine, 56122, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara De Divitiis
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Experimental Clinical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli G. Pascale IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Capozzi
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Experimental Clinical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli G. Pascale IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Romano
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Experimental Clinical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli G. Pascale IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Cassata
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Experimental Clinical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli G. Pascale IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossana Casaretti
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Experimental Clinical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli G. Pascale IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Silvestro
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Experimental Clinical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli G. Pascale IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Nappi
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Experimental Clinical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli G. Pascale IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Vicario
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Experimental Clinical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli G. Pascale IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso De Stefano
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Experimental Clinical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli G. Pascale IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Tafuto
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Experimental Clinical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli G. Pascale IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Medical Oncology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Nasti
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, SSD-Innovative Therapies for Abdominal Metastases, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli G. Pascale IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Avallone
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Experimental Clinical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli G. Pascale IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Cantero-Cid R, Casas-Martin J, Hernández-Jiménez E, Cubillos-Zapata C, Varela-Serrano A, Avendaño-Ortiz J, Casarrubios M, Montalbán-Hernández K, Villacañas-Gil I, Guerra-Pastrián L, Peinado B, Marcano C, Aguirre LA, López-Collazo E. PD-L1/PD-1 crosstalk in colorectal cancer: are we targeting the right cells? BMC Cancer 2018; 18:945. [PMID: 30285662 PMCID: PMC6171318 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The analysis of tumour-infiltrating immune cells within patients’ tumour samples in colorectal cancer (CRC) has become an independent predictor of patient survival. The tumour microenvironment and the immune checkpoints, such as PD-L1/PD-1, are relevant to the prognoses and also appear to be relevant for further CRC therapies. Methods We analysed the presence and features of the infiltrated monocyte/macrophage and lymphocyte populations in both tumour and peritumour samples from patients with CRC (n = 15). Results We detected a large number of CD14+ monocytes/macrophages with an alternative phenotype (CD64+CD163+) and CD4+ lymphocytes that infiltrated the tumour, but not the peritumour area. The monocytes/macrophages expressed PD-L1, whereas the lymphocytes were PD-1+; however, we did not find high PD-L1 levels in the tumour cells. Coculture of circulating naïve human monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes with tumour cells from patients with proficient mismatch repair CRC induced both an alternative phenotype with higher expression of PD-L1 in CD14+ cells and the T-cell exhaustion phenomenon. The addition of an α-PD-1 antibody restored lymphocyte proliferation. Conclusion These results emphasise the interesting nature of immune checkpoint shifting therapies, which have potential clinical applications in the context of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cantero-Cid
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Surgery Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Casas-Martin
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Hernández-Jiménez
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research Network, CIBEres, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Cubillos-Zapata
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research Network, CIBEres, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aníbal Varela-Serrano
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Avendaño-Ortiz
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Casarrubios
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karla Montalbán-Hernández
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Villacañas-Gil
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Begoña Peinado
- Surgery Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luis A Aguirre
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain. .,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo López-Collazo
- The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain. .,Tumour Immunology Laboratory, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Research Network, CIBEres, Madrid, Spain.
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Kakkar S, Tahlan S, Lim SM, Ramasamy K, Mani V, Shah SAA, Narasimhan B. Benzoxazole derivatives: design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Chem Cent J 2018; 12:92. [PMID: 30101384 PMCID: PMC6087707 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-018-0459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A new series of benzoxazole analogues was synthesized and checked for their in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities. Results and discussion The synthesized benzoxazole compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H/13C-NMR, mass and screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacterium: Bacillus subtilis, four Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi and two fungal strains: Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger using tube dilution technique and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was noted in µM and compared to ofloxacin and fluconazole. Human colorectal carcinoma (HCT116) cancer cell line was used for the determination of in vitro anticancer activity (IC50 value) by Sulforhodamine B assay using 5-fluorouracil as standard drug. Conclusion The performed study indicated that the compounds 1, 10, 13, 16, 19, 20 and 24 had highest antimicrobial activity with MIC values comparable to ofloxacin and fluconazole and compounds 4, 6, 25 and 26 had best anticancer activity in comparison to 5-fluorouracil.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Kakkar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Sumit Tahlan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Siong Meng Lim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kalavathy Ramasamy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Collaborative Drug Discovery Research (CDDR) Group, Pharmaceutical Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, 51452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.,Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Jiang H, Tang E, Xu D, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Tang M, Xiao Y, Zhang Z, Deng X, Li H, Lin M. Development and validation of nomograms for predicting survival in patients with non-metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29857-29864. [PMID: 28415740 PMCID: PMC5444709 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to develop nomograms for predicting survival in patients with non-metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Results On multivariate analyses of the derivation set, the nomograms for OS and CSS shared common significant prognostic factors: age, first-degree relative cancer history, differentiation grade, vessels/nerves invasion, TNM stage, CEA, CA19-9 and PNI. The nomograms displayed good accuracy in predicting OS and CSS, with C-indexes of 0.75 and 0.76, respectively. The calibration plots also showed an excellent agreement between the predicted and observed survival probabilities. Furthermore, the predictive accuracy of the nomograms was confirmed in the validation set, with C-indexes of 0.79 and 0.83 for OS and CSS, respectively. Materials and Methods On the basis of data from 822 patients with resected non-metastatic CRC, nomograms for predicting overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were established using Cox regression model. The predictive performance of the nomograms was assessed by concordance index (C-index) and calibration plot. An independent external cohort of 171 patients was used to validate the nomograms. Conclusions We developed and validated two nomograms for patients with non-metastatic CRC, which could provide individual prediction of OS and CSS with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihong Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Erjiang Tang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihua Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhuji People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaxing Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaguang Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Moubin Lin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of General Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ottaiano A, Napolitano M, Capozzi M, Tafuto S, Avallone A, Scala S. Natural killer cells activity in a metastatic colorectal cancer patient with complete and long lasting response to therapy. World J Clin Cases 2017; 5:390-396. [PMID: 29204427 PMCID: PMC5700388 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v5.i11.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report a case of a 70-year-old man who received adjuvant chemotherapy with fluorouracile, folinic acid and oxaliplatin after a left hemicolectomy for a stage IIIb adenocarcinoma in May 2009. During follow-up he de-veloped abdominal lymphnodes metastases evidenced by positron emission tomography- computed tomography (PET-CT) scan and increase of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level. Chemotherapy with capecitabine, oxaliplatin and bevacizumab was started in April 2012. Restaging showed a complete response and normalization of CEA. The patient received maintenance therapy with bevacizumab which was stopped in December 2013 for patient choice. In October 2014, a new increase in CEA was documented and PET-CT scan showed lung metastases. Analysis of RAS status revealed the absence of mutations, then the patient started a second-line chemotherapy with fluorouracile, folinic acid, irinotecan (folfiri) and panitumumab achieving, in January 2015, a complete response and normalization of CEA. Thereafter, folfiri was discontinued for toxicity; furthermore, upon the third occurrence of a grade 3 dermatologic toxicity, panitumumab was continued from June 2015 at 60% of the original dose and it was administered every three weeks. Until presentation of this case, the patient maintains a complete response, has no symptoms of disease and CEA is normal. Interestingly, this patient presented a high proportion of circulating natural killer (NK) cells (35.1%) with high cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. Study on the role of NK in patients with advanced colorectal cancer are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ottaiano
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale” - I.R.C.C.S., Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Napolitano
- Immunology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale” - I.R.C.C.S., Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Monica Capozzi
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale” - I.R.C.C.S., Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Salvatore Tafuto
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale” - I.R.C.C.S., Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Antonio Avallone
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale” - I.R.C.C.S., Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Stefania Scala
- Immunology Unit, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori “Fondazione Giovanni Pascale” - I.R.C.C.S., Naples 80131, Italy
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HLA-G 3'UTR Polymorphisms Predict Drug-Induced G3-4 Toxicity Related to Folinic Acid/5-Fluorouracil/Oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) Chemotherapy in Non-Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071366. [PMID: 28653974 PMCID: PMC5535859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes might not completely explain inter-individual differences in toxicity profiles of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) that receive folinic acid/5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4). Recent data indicate that the immune system could contribute to FOLFOX4 outcomes. In light of the immune inhibitory nature of human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G), a non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule, we aimed to identify novel genomic markers of grades 3 and 4 (G3-4) toxicity related to FOLFOX4 therapy in patients with CRC. We retrospectively analyzed data for 144 patients with stages II-III CRC to identify HLA-G 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) polymorphisms and related haplotypes and evaluate their impact on the risk of developing G3-4 toxicities (i.e., neutropenia, hematological/non-hematological toxicity, neurotoxicity) with logistic regression. The rs1610696-G/G polymorphism was associated with increased risk of G3-4 neutropenia (OR = 3.76, p = 0.015) and neurotoxicity (OR = 8.78, p = 0.016); rs371194629-Ins/Ins was associated with increased risk of neurotoxicity (OR = 5.49, p = 0.027). HLA-G 3′UTR-2, which contains rs1610696-G/G and rs371194629-Ins/Ins polymorphisms, was associated with increased risk of G3-4 neutropenia (OR = 3.92, p = 0.017) and neurotoxicity (OR = 11.29, p = 0.009). A bootstrap analysis confirmed the predictive value of rs1610696 and rs371194629, but the UTR-2 haplotype was validated only for neurotoxicity. This exploratory study identified new HLA-G 3′UTR polymorphisms/haplotypes as potential predictive markers of G3-4 toxicities in CRC.
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Basile D, Garattini SK, Bonotto M, Ongaro E, Casagrande M, Cattaneo M, Fanotto V, De Carlo E, Loupakis F, Urbano F, Negri FV, Pella N, Russano M, Brunetti O, Scartozzi M, Santini D, Silvestris N, Casadei Gardini A, Puzzoni M, Calvetti L, Cardarelli N, Aprile G. Immunotherapy for colorectal cancer: where are we heading? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:709-721. [PMID: 28375039 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1315405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last few years, significant advances in molecular biology have provided new therapeutic options for colorectal cancer (CRC). The development of new drugs that target the immune response to cancer cells seems very promising and has already been established for other tumor types. In particular, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors seems to be an encouraging immunotherapeutic strategy. Areas covered: In this review, the authors provide an update of the current evidence related to this topic, though most immunotherapies are still in early-phase clinical trials for CRC. To understand the key role of immunotherapy in CRC, the authors discuss the delicate balance between immune-stimulating and immune-suppressive networks that occur in the tumor microenvironment. Expert opinion: Modulation of the immune system through checkpoint inhibition is an emerging approach in CRC therapy. Nevertheless, selection criteria that could enable the identification of patients who may benefit from these agents are necessary. Furthermore, potential prognostic and predictive immune biomarkers based on immune and molecular classifications have been proposed. As expected, additional studies are required to develop biomarkers, effective therapeutic strategies and novel combinations to overcome immune escape resistance and enhance effector response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Basile
- a Department of Oncology , University and General Hospital , Udine , Italy
| | | | - Marta Bonotto
- a Department of Oncology , University and General Hospital , Udine , Italy
| | - Elena Ongaro
- a Department of Oncology , University and General Hospital , Udine , Italy
| | | | - Monica Cattaneo
- a Department of Oncology , University and General Hospital , Udine , Italy
| | - Valentina Fanotto
- a Department of Oncology , University and General Hospital , Udine , Italy
| | - Elisa De Carlo
- a Department of Oncology , University and General Hospital , Udine , Italy
| | - Fotios Loupakis
- c Medical Oncology 1, Department of Medical and Experimental Oncology , IOV - IRCCS , Padova , Italy
| | - Federica Urbano
- b Medical Oncology B, Department of Dermatological Sciences, Radiology and Pathology , La Sapienza University , Rome , Italy.,c Medical Oncology 1, Department of Medical and Experimental Oncology , IOV - IRCCS , Padova , Italy
| | | | - Nicoletta Pella
- a Department of Oncology , University and General Hospital , Udine , Italy
| | - Marco Russano
- e Medical Oncology , Campus Biomedico University , Roma , Italy
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- f Medical Oncology Unit , National Cancer Institute IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | - Mario Scartozzi
- g Medical Oncology , University Hospital and University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Daniele Santini
- e Medical Oncology , Campus Biomedico University , Roma , Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- f Medical Oncology Unit , National Cancer Institute IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | | | - Marco Puzzoni
- g Medical Oncology , University Hospital and University of Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
| | - Lorenzo Calvetti
- i Department of Oncology , San Bortolo General Hospital , Vicenza , Italy
| | - Nadia Cardarelli
- i Department of Oncology , San Bortolo General Hospital , Vicenza , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Aprile
- a Department of Oncology , University and General Hospital , Udine , Italy.,i Department of Oncology , San Bortolo General Hospital , Vicenza , Italy
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