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Wu Y, Mo J, Liang J, Pu X, Dong Y, Zhu X, Zhao H, Qiu H, Wu S, Lu T. Multiomic study of the protective mechanism of Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross against streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in Guizhou miniature pigs. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155499. [PMID: 38492367 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross (P. capitata, PCB), a traditional drug of the Miao people in China, is potential traditional drug used for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy (DN). PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to investigate the function of P. capitata and clarify its protective mechanism against DN. METHODS We induced DN in the Guizhou miniature pig with injections of streptozotocin, and P. capitata was added to the pigs' diet to treat DN. In week 16, all the animals were slaughtered, samples were collected, and the relative DN indices were measured. 16S rRNA sequencing, metagenomics, metabolomics, RNA sequencing, and proteomics were used to explore the protective mechanism of P. capitata against DN. RESULTS Dietary supplementation with P. capitata significantly reduced the extent of the disease, not only in term of the relative disease indices but also in hematoxylin-eosin-stained tissues. A multiomic analysis showed that two microbes (Clostridium baratii and Escherichia coli), five metabolites (oleic acid, linoleic acid, 4-phenylbutyric acid, 18-β-glycyrrhetinic acid, and ergosterol peroxide), four proteins (ENTPD5, EPHX1, ARVCF and TREH), four important mRNAs (encoding ENTPD5, EPHX1, ARVCF, and TREH), six lncRNAs (TCONS_00024194, TCONS_00085825, TCONS_00006937, TCONS_00070981, TCONS_00074099, and TCONS_00097913), and two circRNAs (novel_circ_0001514 and novel_circ_0017507) are all involved in the protective mechanism of P. capitata against DN. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide multidimensional theoretical support for the study and application of P. capitata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Wu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Jiayuan Mo
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jing Liang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiang Pu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Yuanqiu Dong
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Xiang Zhu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Huaming Qiu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Shuguang Wu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Taofeng Lu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongqing road, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
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Huang H, Liao D, Zhou G, He B, Pu R, Cui Y. MicroRNA-194-3p impacts autophagy and represses rotavirus replication via targeting silent information regulator 1. Virol J 2023; 20:210. [PMID: 37697309 PMCID: PMC10496334 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus (RV) is the main cause of serious diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. Numerous studies have demonstrated that RV use host cell mechanisms to motivate their own stabilization and multiplication by degrading, enhancing, or hijacking microRNAs (miRNAs). Therefore, exploring the molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs motivate or restrain RV replication by controlling different biological processes, including autophagy, will help to better understand the pathogenesis of RV development. This study mainly explored the effect of miR-194-3p on autophagy after RV infection and its underlying mechanism of the regulation of RV replication. METHODS Caco-2 cells were infected with RV and used to measure the expression levels of miR-194-3p and silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1). After transfection with plasmids and RV infection, viral structural proteins, RV titer, cell viability, and autophagy-linked proteins were tested. The degree of acetylation of p53 was further investigated. A RV-infected neonatal mouse model was constructed in vivo and was evaluated for diarrhea symptoms and lipid droplet formation. RESULTS The results showed that miR-194-3p was reduced but SIRT1 was elevated after RV infection. Elevation of miR-194-3p or repression of SIRT1 inhibited RV replication through the regulation of autophagy. The overexpression of SIRT1 reversed the effects of miR-194-3p on RV replication. The upregulation of miR-194-3p or the downregulation of SIRT1 repressed RV replication in vivo. MiR-194-3p targeted SIRT1 to decrease p53 acetylation. CONCLUSION These results were used to determine the mechanism of miR-194-3p in RV replication, and identified a novel therapeutic small RNA molecule that can be used against RV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohai Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
- Medical and Pharmacy Research Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, No.1, Huangzhou Xianglong Road of Shilong Town, 523326, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
| | - Dan Liao
- Department of Gynaecology, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanghui Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation medicine, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin He
- Medical and Pharmacy Research Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, No.1, Huangzhou Xianglong Road of Shilong Town, 523326, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Pu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yejia Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, SSL Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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Yin N, Wu J, Kuang X, Lin X, Zhou Y, Yi S, Hu X, Chen R, Liu Y, Ye J, He Z, Sun M, Li H. Vaccination of pregnant rhesus monkeys with inactivated rotavirus as a model for achieving protection from rotavirus SA11 infection in the offspring. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:5656-5665. [PMID: 35213949 PMCID: PMC8903932 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2011548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated rotavirus vaccine has shown low protection in underdeveloped or developing countries. However, the inactivated rotavirus vaccine may have the potential to overcome some of these challenges. In the present study, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a bivalent inactivated rotavirus vaccine by parenteral administration were elevated in a neonatal rhesus monkey model. A bivalent inactivated rotavirus vaccine containing G1P[8] (ZTR-68 strain) and G9P[8] (ZTR-18 strain) was administered to pregnant rhesus monkeys twice at an interval of 14 days. Neutralizing antibodies against RV strains ZTR-68, ZTR-18, SA11, WA, UK, and Gottfried emerged in pregnant rhesus monkeys and were transplacentally transmitted to the offspring. In the vaccine group, clinical symptoms of diarrhea, viral load in the gut tissue and histopathological changes were significantly reduced in the neonatal rhesus monkeys following oral challenge with the SA11 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China,CONTACT Hongjun Li Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming650118, China
| | - Jinyuan Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xiangjing Kuang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaochen Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Shan Yi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Ye
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Zhanlong He
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Maosheng Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China
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Käser T. Swine as biomedical animal model for T-cell research-Success and potential for transmittable and non-transmittable human diseases. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:95-115. [PMID: 33873098 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Swine is biologically one of the most relevant large animal models for biomedical research. With its use as food animal that can be exploited as a free cell and tissue source for research and its high susceptibility to human diseases, swine additionally represent an excellent option for both the 3R principle and One Health research. One of the previously most limiting factors of the pig model was its arguably limited immunological toolbox. Yet, in the last decade, this toolbox has vastly improved including the ability to study porcine T-cells. This review summarizes the swine model for biomedical research with focus on T cells. It first contrasts the swine model to the more commonly used mouse and non-human primate model before describing the current capabilities to characterize and extend our knowledge on porcine T cells. Thereafter, it not only reflects on previous biomedical T-cell research but also extends into areas in which more in-depth T-cell analyses could strongly benefit biomedical research. While the former should inform on the successes of biomedical T-cell research in swine, the latter shall inspire swine T-cell researchers to find collaborations with researchers working in other areas - such as nutrition, allergy, cancer, transplantation, infectious diseases, or vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, USA.
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MicroRNA-7 Inhibits Rotavirus Replication by Targeting Viral NSP5 In Vivo and In Vitro. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020209. [PMID: 32069901 PMCID: PMC7077326 DOI: 10.3390/v12020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the major causes of severe diarrhea in infants and young children under five years of age. There are no effective drugs for the treatment of rotavirus in addition to preventive live attenuated vaccine. Recent evidence demonstrates that microRNAs (miRNAs) can affect RNA virus replication. However, the antiviral effect of miRNAs during rotavirus replication are largely unknown. Here, we determined that miR-7 is upregulated during RV replication and that it targets the RV NSP5 (Nonstructural protein 5). Results suggested that miR-7 affected viroplasm formation and inhibited RV replication by down-regulating RV NSP5 expression. Up-regulation of miR-7 expression is a common regulation method of different G-type RV-infected host cells. Then, we further revealed the antiviral effect of miR-7 in diarrhea suckling mice model. MiR-7 is able to inhibit rotavirus replication in vitro and in vivo. These data provide that understanding the role of cellular miR-7 during rotaviral replication may help in the identification of novel therapeutic small RNA molecule drug for anti-rotavirus.
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Fecal Microbiota, Lactic Acid and Short Chain Fatty Levels of Infants Following Rotavirus Infection Revealed by Illumina Miseq High-Throughput Sequencing and HPLC Method. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.68389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Bassetto M, Van Dycke J, Neyts J, Brancale A, Rocha-Pereira J. Targeting the Viral Polymerase of Diarrhea-Causing Viruses as a Strategy to Develop a Single Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Therapy. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020173. [PMID: 30791582 PMCID: PMC6409847 DOI: 10.3390/v11020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, being particularly severe for children under the age of five. The most common viral agents of gastroenteritis are noroviruses, rotaviruses, sapoviruses, astroviruses and adenoviruses, however, no specific antiviral treatment exists today against any of these pathogens. We here discuss the feasibility of developing a broad-spectrum antiviral treatment against these diarrhea-causing viruses. This review focuses on the viral polymerase as an antiviral target, as this is the most conserved viral protein among the diverse viral families to which these viruses belong to. We describe the functional and structural similarities of the different viral polymerases, the antiviral effect of reported polymerase inhibitors and highlight common features that might be exploited in an attempt of designing such pan-polymerase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Bassetto
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB Cardiff, UK.
| | - Jana Van Dycke
- KU Leuven-Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven-Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3NB Cardiff, UK.
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- KU Leuven-Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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Yin N, Yang FM, Qiao HT, Zhou Y, Duan SQ, Lin XC, Wu JY, Xie YP, He ZL, Sun MS, Li HJ. Neonatal rhesus monkeys as an animal model for rotavirus infection. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:5109-5119. [PMID: 30568388 PMCID: PMC6288652 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i45.5109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To establish a rotavirus (RV)-induced diarrhea model using RV SA11 in neonatal rhesus monkeys for the study of the pathogenic and immune mechanisms of RV infection and evaluation of candidate vaccines.
METHODS Neonatal rhesus monkeys with an average age of 15-20 d and an average weight of 500 g ± 150 g received intragastric administration of varying doses of SA11 RV ( 107 PFUs/mL, 106 PFUs/mL, or 105 PFUs/mL, 10 mL/animal) to determine whether the SA11 strain can effectively infect these animals by observing their clinical symptoms, fecal shedding of virus antigen by ELISA, distribution of RV antigen in the organs by immunofluorescence, variations of viral RNA load in the organs by qRT-PCR, histopathological changes in the small intestine by HE staining, and apoptosis of small intestinal epithelial cells by TUNEL assay.
RESULTS The RV monkey model showed typical clinical diarrhea symptoms in the 108 PFUs SA11 group, where we observed diarrhea 1-4 d post infection (dpi) and viral antigen shed in the feces from 1-7 dpi. RV was found in jejunal epithelial cells. We observed a viral load of approximately 5.85 × 103 copies per 100 mg in the jejunum at 2 dpi, which was increased to 1.09 × 105 copies per 100 mg at 3 dpi. A relatively high viral load was also seen in mesenteric lymph nodes at 2 dpi and 3 dpi. The following histopathological changes were observed in the small intestine following intragastric administration of SA11 RV: vacuolization, edema, and atrophy. Apoptosis in the jejunal villus epithelium was also detectable at 3 dpi.
CONCLUSION Our results indicate that we have successfully established a RV SA11 strain diarrhea model in neonatal rhesus monkeys. Future studies will elucidate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of RV infection, and we will use the model to evaluate the protective effect of candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Feng-Mei Yang
- Primate Experimental Center of the Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong-Tu Qiao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Su-Qin Duan
- Primate Experimental Center of the Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jin-Yuan Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Xie
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhan-Long He
- Primate Experimental Center of the Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong-Jun Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, Yunnan Province, China
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Shi Q, Wang Q, Ju L, Xiong H, Chen Y, Jiang L, Jiang Q. Biological Characteristics of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses from Healthy Chickens in Shanghai, China. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4844-4853. [PMID: 27941707 PMCID: PMC5167103 DOI: 10.12659/msm.902284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background H9N2 avian influenza viruses that circulate in domestic poultry in eastern China pose challenges to human health. However, few studies have compared the biological characteristics of H9N2 viruses isolated from healthy chickens in Shanghai. Material/Methods Three H9N2 viruses – CK/SH/Y1/07, CK/SH/Y1/02, and CK/SH/23/13 – isolated from healthy chickens in Shanghai between 2002 and 2013, were selected and their biological characteristics were determined. Results All 3 H9N2 viruses showed a preference for both the avian- and human-like receptors, and they replicated well in MDCK and A549 cells. All H9N2 viruses were non-pathogenic to mini-pigs and were detected in the trachea and lung tissues. The CK/SH/Y1/07 and CK/SH/Y1/02 viruses were transmitted to mini-pigs through direct-contact or respiratory droplet exposure, but CK/SH/23/13 virus was not. Conclusions These results suggest that H9N2 viruses isolated from healthy chickens in Shanghai efficiently replicate and transmit among pigs and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Qianli Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Liwen Ju
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Public Health Microbiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Haiyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Public Health Microbiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lufang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Public Health Microbiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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