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Sukowati CH, El-Khobar K, Jasirwan COM, Kurniawan J, Gani RA. Stemness markers in hepatocellular carcinoma of Eastern vs. Western population: Etiology matters? Ann Hepatol 2024; 29:101153. [PMID: 37734662 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2023.101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers with a high mortality rate. HCC development is associated with its underlying etiologies, mostly caused by infection of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcohol, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and exposure to aflatoxins. These variables, together with human genetic susceptibility, contribute to HCC molecular heterogeneity, including at the cellular level. HCC initiation, tumor recurrence, and drug resistance rates have been attributed to the presence of liver cancer stem cells (CSC). This review summarizes available data regarding whether various HCC etiologies may be associated to the appearance of CSC biomarkers. It also described the genetic variations of tumoral tissues obtained from Western and Eastern populations, in particular to the oncogenic effect of HBV in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caecilia Hc Sukowati
- Liver Cancer Unit, Fondazione Italiana Fegato ONLUS, AREA Science Park campus Basovizza, SS14 km 163.5, Trieste 34149, Italy; Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), B.J. Habibie Building, Jl. M.H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta Pusat 10340, Indonesia.
| | - Korri El-Khobar
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), B.J. Habibie Building, Jl. M.H. Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta Pusat 10340, Indonesia
| | - Chyntia Olivia Maurine Jasirwan
- Hepatobiliary Division, Medical Staff Group of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jl. Pangeran Diponegoro No.71, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Juferdy Kurniawan
- Hepatobiliary Division, Medical Staff Group of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jl. Pangeran Diponegoro No.71, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Rino Alvani Gani
- Hepatobiliary Division, Medical Staff Group of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Jl. Pangeran Diponegoro No.71, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
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Zhang J, Zhang T, Guan G, Wen J, Chen CC, Liu J, Duan Y, Liu Y, Chen X. AUF1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression and chemo-resistance by post-transcriptionally upregulating alpha-fetoprotein expression. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 245:154441. [PMID: 37060820 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The target genes of AU-rich Element RNA-binding Protein 1 (AUF1), which is an RNA binding protein, and its role in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still elusive. This study aims to investigate the biological function and the underlying target genes of AUF1 in HCC. METHODS RNA sequencing data and the Liver Cancer Institute (LCI) database were used to screen candidate targets of AUF1. LCI database, TCGA database, and a retrospective HCC cohort were used to investigate the correlation between AUF1 and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and their prognostic values in HCC patients. Huh-7, HepG2, and HepAD38 cell lines were used to investigate the underlying mechanism of AUF1 regulating the AFP expression. Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, EdU incorporation, and flow cytometry assays were performed to detect the effect of AUF1-AFP axis on the progression and doxorubicin resistance of HCC cells. RESULTS A combined analysis of the transcriptome data from Huh-7 cells after knockdown of AUF1 and gene expression data from LCI database revealed that AFP was the most significantly downregulated gene after AUF1 depletion. AUF1 expression was positively associated with AFP expression in HCC tissues and the high expression of both AUF1 and AFP were correlated with a worse prognosis in HCC patients of LCI and TCGA databases, as well as our retrospective cohort. Mechanistically, AUF1 bound to the 3' untranslation region (UTR) of AFP mRNA to enhance the mRNA stability of AFP, thereby upregulating AFP. Functional tests showed that AFP knockdown inhibited tumor growth and doxorubicin resistance of HCC cells induced by AUF1. CONCLUSIONS AFP may be an important target gene of AUF1. AUF1 promoted HCC progression and doxorubicin resistance by upregulating AFP expression via increasing its mRNA stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Guiwen Guan
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiyun Wen
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chia-Chen Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan Duan
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China
| | - Yanna Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832002, China.
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The Interaction between Four Polymorphisms and Haplotype of ABCB1, the Risk of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, and the Disease Phenotype. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2023; 2023:7925378. [PMID: 36755808 PMCID: PMC9902128 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7925378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein, product of the ABCB1 (ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1) gene, has been reported to play an important role in multiple drug resistance during cancer therapy. However, its influence on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) risk has not been clearly defined. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between clinicopathological factors and SNPs T-129C, C1236T, G2677T/A, and C3435T, as well as its haplotype, and to investigate the role of ABCB1 polymorphisms in NSCLC development. The study included 80 patients who suffered from NSCLC and underwent surgery to remove the tumour and 96 healthy controls. The tissues were genotyped by PCR-RFLP and sequencing methods, and the haplotype frequencies in both groups were estimated. The SNP C3435T was identified as a NSCLC risk factor. The presence of mutated allelic variant T (p=0.0103) or homozygote TT (p=0.0099) was observed significantly more often in cancer patients than in healthy controls. The two groups also demonstrated a highly significant difference in common haplotype frequency (p=0.01). The T-129-T1236-T2677-T3435 haplotype was found to be most closely associated with NSCLC risk. Although the investigated polymorphisms were not related to demographic features, clinicopathological lung tumour characteristics, or blood morphology indices, marginally significant correlations were found with some variables: C1236T with age of disease onset (p=0.0410); C3435T with smoking status (p=0.0561). As the findings indicate, lung cancer and control groups demonstrate significantly different patterns of -129/1236/2677/3435 haplotype distribution; T-T-T-T haplotype contributes to NSCLC susceptibility, and this effect is probably mainly dependent on C3435T. So far, similar studies were published in other populations.
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Khamis ZI, Pang X, Cui Z, Sang QXA, Zhang J. Cytochrome P450-2D6: A novel biomarker in liver cancer health disparity. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257072. [PMID: 34597305 PMCID: PMC8486079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer morbidity and mortality rates differ among ethnic groups. In the United States, the burden of liver cancer in Asian Americans (AS) is higher compared to Caucasian Americans (CA). Research on liver cancer health disparities has mainly focused on environmental and socioeconomic factors yet has ignored the genotypic differences among various racial/ethnic groups. This lack of molecular level understanding has hindered the development of personalized medical approaches for liver cancer treatment. To understand the genetic heterogeneity of liver cancer between AS and CA, we performed a systematic analysis of RNA-seq data of AS and CA patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We used four differential gene expression analysis packages; DESeq2, limma, edgeR, and Superdelta2, to identify the differentially expressed genes. Our analysis identified cytochrome P450-2D6 enzyme (CYP2D6) as the gene with the greatest differential expression with higher levels in AS compared to CA. To scrutinize the underlying mechanism of CYP2D6, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and Cytoscape were conducted and found hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF4A) and interleukin-6 (IL6) in direct association with CYP2D6. IL6 is downregulated in AS compared to CA, while HNF4A is not significantly different. Herein, we report that CYP2D6 may serve as a putative biomarker in liver cancer health disparities. Its negative association with IL6 proclaims an intricate relationship between CYP2D6 and inflammation in the ethnic differences seen in AS and CA liver cancer patients. The goal of the present study was to understand how genetic factors may contribute to the interethnic variability of liver cancer prevalence and outcomes in AS and CA patients. Identifying ethnic-specific genes may help ameliorate detection, diagnosis, surveillance, and treatments of liver cancer, as well as reduce disease-related incidence and mortality rates in the vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa I. Khamis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail: (JZ); (ZIK)
| | - Xiaodong Pang
- Insilicom LLC, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Zihan Cui
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JZ); (ZIK)
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The association of a genetic variant in multi-drug resistance gene and colorectal cancer susceptibility. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Prysyazhnyuk V, Sydorchuk L, Sydorchuk R, Prysiazhniuk I, Bobkovych K, Buzdugan I, Dzuryak V, Prysyazhnyuk P. Glutathione-S-transferases genes-promising predictors of hepatic dysfunction. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:620-633. [PMID: 34239698 PMCID: PMC8239493 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i6.620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most commonly known genes involved in chronic diffuse liver diseases pathogenesis are genes that encodes the synthesis of glutathione-S-transferase (GST), known as the second phase enzyme detoxification system that protects against endogenous oxidative stress and exogenous toxins, through catalisation of glutathione sulfuric groups conjugation and decontamination of lipid and deoxyribonucleic acid oxidation products. The group of GST enzymes consists of cytosolic, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. Recently, eight classes of soluble cytoplasmic isoforms of GST enzymes are widely known: α-, ζ-, θ-, κ-, μ-, π-, σ-, and ω-. The GSTs gene family in the Human Gene Nomenclature Committee, online database recorded over 20 functional genes. The level of GSTs expression is considered to be a crucial factor in determining the sensitivity of cells to a broad spectrum of toxins. Nevertheless, human GSTs genes have multiple and frequent polymorphisms that include the complete absence of the GSTM1 or the GSTT1 gene. Current review supports the position that genetic polymorphism of GST genes is involved in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases, particularly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis and liver cirrhosis of different etiology and hepatocellular carcinoma. Certain GST allelic variants were proven to be associated with susceptibility to hepatological pathology, and correlations with the natural course of the diseases were subsequently postulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Prysyazhnyuk
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Sydorchuk
- Department of Family Medicine, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
| | - Ruslan Sydorchuk
- Department of Surgery, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
| | - Iryna Prysiazhniuk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Invectious Diseases, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
| | - Kateryna Bobkovych
- Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
| | - Inna Buzdugan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Invectious Diseases, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
| | - Valentina Dzuryak
- Department of Family Medicine, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
| | - Petro Prysyazhnyuk
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bukovinian State Medical University, Chernivtsi 58002, Chernivtsi region, Ukraine
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Liu W, Ma S, Liang L, Kou Z, Zhang H, Yang J. The association between XRCC3 rs1799794 polymorphism and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 34 case-control studies. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:117. [PMID: 33931047 PMCID: PMC8086287 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-00965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies on the XRCC3 rs1799794 polymorphism show that this polymorphism is involved in a variety of cancers, but its specific relationships or effects are not consistent. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the association between rs1799794 polymorphism and susceptibility to cancer. Methods PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for eligible studies through June 11, 2019. All analyses were performed with Stata 14.0. Subgroup analyses were performed by cancer type, ethnicity, source of control, and detection method. A total of 37 studies with 23,537 cases and 30,649 controls were included in this meta-analysis. Results XRCC3 rs1799794 increased cancer risk in the dominant model and heterozygous model (GG + AG vs. AA: odds ratio [OR] = 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00–1.08, P = 0.051; AG vs. AA: OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.00–1.01, P = 0.015). The existence of rs1799794 increased the risk of breast cancer and thyroid cancer, but reduced the risk of ovarian cancer. In addition, rs1799794 increased the risk of cancer in the Caucasian population. Conclusion This meta-analysis confirms that XRCC3 rs1799794 is related to cancer risk, especially increased risk for breast cancer and thyroid cancer and reduced risk for ovarian cancer. However, well-designed large-scale studies are required to further evaluate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Ma
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyong Kou
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China.
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Chen Y, He X, Cheng F, Li M, Wu X, Zhang C, Li J, Huang B, Qi M. Angiotensin II promotes EMT of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through high mobility group protein B1 mediated by E4F1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 547:198-203. [PMID: 33618227 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To screen for specific transcription factors (TFs) that induce expression of the HMGB1 promoter in response to stimulation by Ang-II. A HMGB1 overexpressing vector and small interfering (si)RNA were constructed and used to transfect the three HCC cell lines used in scratched monolayer wound healing and Transwell assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were used to confirm the relationship between a specific TF and the HMGB1 promoter. Invasion and migration by HMGB1 overexpressing HCC cells after treatment with Ang-II were significantly increased compared to negative controls (NC); E-cadherin was down-regulated while vimentin was up-regulated. However, compared with NC, invasion and migration by HMGB1 siRNA HCC cells stimulated by Ang-II were not altered; the expression of E-cadherin and vimentin was also unaltered. Nineteen TFs were predicted by Promoter 2.0 Prediction Server and TFsitescan. Real-time qPCR was used to evaluate TF expression levels. E4F1 was the only TF abnormally elevated in all three HCC cell lines when stimulated by Ang-II. WB and ChIP assays revealed high expression of E4F1 compared to other TFs in cells stimulated by Ang-II. E4F1 is activated by Ang-II and binds to the HMGB1 promoter region to promote HMGB1 expression; it then enhances Ang-II to induce HCC cell invasion and migration, and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Chen
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Xuanqiu He
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Fang Cheng
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Mengqing Li
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Jianfa Li
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Minghua Qi
- Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China.
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Genome Profiling for Aflatoxin B 1 Resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Reveals a Role for the CSM2/SHU Complex in Tolerance of Aflatoxin B 1-Associated DNA Damage. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:3929-3947. [PMID: 32994210 PMCID: PMC7642924 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) strongly correlates with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). P450 enzymes convert AFB1 into a highly reactive epoxide that forms unstable 8,9-dihydro-8-(N7-guanyl)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 (AFB1-N 7-Gua) DNA adducts, which convert to stable mutagenic AFB1 formamidopyrimidine (FAPY) DNA adducts. In CYP1A2-expressing budding yeast, AFB1 is a weak mutagen but a potent recombinagen. However, few genes have been identified that confer AFB1 resistance. Here, we profiled the yeast genome for AFB1 resistance. We introduced the human CYP1A2 into ∼90% of the diploid deletion library, and pooled samples from CYP1A2-expressing libraries and the original library were exposed to 50 μM AFB1 for 20 hs. By using next generation sequencing (NGS) to count molecular barcodes, we initially identified 86 genes from the CYP1A2-expressing libraries, of which 79 were confirmed to confer AFB1 resistance. While functionally diverse genes, including those that function in proteolysis, actin reorganization, and tRNA modification, were identified, those that function in postreplication DNA repair and encode proteins that bind to DNA damage were over-represented, compared to the yeast genome, at large. DNA metabolism genes also included those functioning in checkpoint recovery and replication fork maintenance, emphasizing the potency of the mycotoxin to trigger replication stress. Among genes involved in postreplication repair, we observed that CSM2, a member of the CSM2 (SHU) complex, functioned in AFB1-associated sister chromatid recombination while suppressing AFB1-associated mutations. These studies thus broaden the number of AFB1 resistance genes and have elucidated a mechanism of error-free bypass of AFB1-associated DNA adducts.
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Dal Bo M, De Mattia E, Baboci L, Mezzalira S, Cecchin E, Assaraf YG, Toffoli G. New insights into the pharmacological, immunological, and CAR-T-cell approaches in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 51:100702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mezzalira S, De Mattia E, Guardascione M, Dalle Fratte C, Cecchin E, Toffoli G. Circulating-Free DNA Analysis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Promising Strategy to Improve Patients' Management and Therapy Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5498. [PMID: 31694149 PMCID: PMC6861910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide, representing the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. HCC genetic characterization at the tumor level has been recently completed, highlighting how a number of genes are frequently mutated in this pathology. Actionable somatic mutations found in a HCC tumor may represent targets for innovative drugs as well as prognostic/predictive markers. Nonetheless, surgical or bioptic tissue is hardly accessible in HCC and a single tumor sample is poorly representative of the tumor genetic heterogeneity. In this context, analyzing the circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) and its tumor-derived fraction (ctDNA) could represent a promising strategy of liquid biopsy. Recent data suggested that the fluctuation of the ccfDNA quantity in the plasma of HCC patients could anticipate the detection of tumor progression. The presence of somatic mutations in p53 signaling, Wnt/β-catenin, chromatin remodeling, response to oxidative stress and telomerase maintenance pathways can also be studied in ccfDNA bypassing the need to perform a tumor biopsy. The profiling of ccfDNA fragmentation and the methylation pattern could further improve the clinical management of HCC patients. Performing a dynamic monitoring in the course of systemic treatment with sorafenib or regorafenib is a possible way to provide insights into the resistance mechanism, and to identify predictive and prognostic genetic alterations, helping the clinicians in terms of treatment decision making. This review will discuss the most recent literature data about the use of ccfDNA to monitor and improve the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena De Mattia
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, via Franco Gallini n. 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy; (S.M.); (M.G.); (C.D.F.); (E.C.); (G.T.)
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De Mattia E, Cecchin E, Guardascione M, Foltran L, Di Raimo T, Angelini F, D’Andrea M, Toffoli G. Pharmacogenetics of the systemic treatment in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3870-3896. [PMID: 31413525 PMCID: PMC6689804 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i29.3870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the majority of primary liver cancers. To date, most patients with HCC are diagnosed at an advanced tumor stage, excluding them from potentially curative therapies (i.e., resection, liver transplantation, percutaneous ablation). Treatments with palliative intent include chemoembolization and systemic therapy. Among systemic treatments, the small-molecule multikinase inhibitor sorafenib has been the only systemic treatment available for advanced HCC over 10 years. More recently, other small-molecule multikinase inhibitors (e.g., regorafenib, lenvatinib, cabozantinib) have been approved for HCC treatment. The promising immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., nivolumab, pembrolizumab) are still under investigation in Europe while in the US nivolumab has already been approved by FDA in sorafenib refractory or resistant patients. Other molecules, such as the selective CDK4/6inhibitors (e.g., palbociclib, ribociclib), are in earlier stages of clinical development, and the c-MET inhibitor tivantinib did not show positive results in a phase III study. However, even if the introduction of targeted agents has led to great advances in patient response and survival with an acceptable toxicity profile, a remarkable inter-individual heterogeneity in therapy outcome persists and constitutes a significant problem in disease management. Thus, the identification of biomarkers that predict which patients will benefit from a specific intervention could significantly affect decision-making and therapy planning. Germ-line variants have been suggested to play an important role in determining outcomes of HCC systemic therapy in terms of both toxicity and treatment efficacy. Particularly, a number of studies have focused on the role of genetic polymorphisms impacting the drug metabolic pathway and membrane translocation as well as the drug mechanism of action as predictive/prognostic markers of HCC treatment. The aim of this review is to summarize and critically discuss the pharmacogenetic literature evidences, with particular attention to sorafenib and regorafenib, which have been used longer than the others in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Mattia
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano (PN) 33081, Italy
| | - Erika Cecchin
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano (PN) 33081, Italy
| | - Michela Guardascione
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano (PN) 33081, Italy
| | - Luisa Foltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano (PN) 33081, Italy
| | - Tania Di Raimo
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano (PN) 33081, Italy
- Medical Oncology and Anatomic Pathology Unit, “San Filippo Neri Hospital”, Rome 00135, Italy
| | - Francesco Angelini
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano (PN) 33081, Italy
- Medical Oncology and Anatomic Pathology Unit, “San Filippo Neri Hospital”, Rome 00135, Italy
| | - Mario D’Andrea
- Department of Oncology, “San Filippo Neri Hospital”, Rome 00135, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Aviano (PN) 33081, Italy
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Zhong K, Zhang YQ, Chen H. Changes of serum vascular endothelial growth factor and perfusion parameters in hepatocellular carcinoma after anti-angiogenic therapy. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:786-790. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i12.786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular targeting drugs are one of the major advances in the treatment of liver tumors, especially for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which cannot be resected surgically. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is a non-invasive method for displaying perfusion. It can dynamically reflect microcirculation perfusion of tumor tissue in real time and provide hemodynamic information for clinical evaluation of anti-angiogenic effect on HCC.
AIM To investigate the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in evaluating the effect of anti-angiogenic therapy in HCC.
METHODS Seventy-two patients with HCC (72 lesions) confirmed by pathology were randomly divided into either group A (36 cases) or group B (36 cases). Group A received transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Group B received TACE combined with thalidomide. All patients were examined by contrast-enhanced ultrasound before treatment and 12 weeks after treatment. The parameters of blood perfusion including area under curve (AUC) and peak intensity (PI) were measured. Meanwhile, the levels of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured and compared.
RESULTS The AUC, PI, and serum levels of VEGF after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment in both groups A and B (P < 0.05), and these parameters after treatment were significantly lower in group B than in group A (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can quantitatively analyze the changes of blood flow perfusion after anti-angiogenic therapy of HCC and effectively evaluate the effect of anti-angiogenic therapy in this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhong
- Department of Laboratory, Hangzhou Yuhang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Hangzhou 311100, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Qing Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou 311200, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Laboratory, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou 311200, Zhejiang Province, China
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Chang Q, He ZL, Peng YC, Duan SG, Dai YX, Zhao XH. A meta-analysis of MDR1 polymorphisms rs1128503 and rs1045642 and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:2800-2809. [PMID: 31234681 PMCID: PMC6683882 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519855869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A relationship between polymorphisms rs1128503 and rs1045642 in the multidrug resistance 1 gene ( MDR1) and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported but is inconclusive. This study was performed to explore the significance of MDR1 polymorphisms rs1128503 and rs1045642 in screening and diagnosis of HCC. Methods Studies of association analyses between MDR1 gene polymorphisms rs1128503 and rs1045642 and HCC were selected from three foreign language databases (PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase) and three Chinese databases (Wanfang, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and China Knowledge Network) and subjected to meta-analysis. Results We found no significant relationship between the rs1128503 polymorphism and susceptibility to HCC in 4 cohorts and no significant relationship between the rs1045642 polymorphism and susceptibility to HCC in 3 cohorts. Conclusions There was no relationship between polymorphisms rs1128503 or rs1045642 of the MDR1 gene and susceptibility to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chang
- Department of General Surgery, 9th People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhong-Lin He
- Department of General Surgery, 9th People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Chong Peng
- Department of General Surgery, 9th People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Gang Duan
- Department of General Surgery, 9th People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Xin Dai
- Department of General Surgery, 9th People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, 9th People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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Azathioprine Biotransformation in Young Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Contribution of Glutathione-S Transferase M1 and A1 Variants. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10040277. [PMID: 30987408 PMCID: PMC6523194 DOI: 10.3390/genes10040277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of candidate genetic variants involved in azathioprine biotransformation on azathioprine efficacy and pharmacokinetics in 111 young patients with inflammatory bowel disease was evaluated. Azathioprine doses, metabolites thioguanine-nucleotides (TGN) and methylmercaptopurine-nucleotides (MMPN) and clinical effects were assessed after at least 3 months of therapy. Clinical efficacy was defined as disease activity score below 10. Candidate genetic variants (TPMT rs1142345, rs1800460, rs1800462, GSTA1 rs3957357, GSTM1, and GSTT1 deletion) were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and pyrosequencing. Statistical analysis was performed using linear mixed effects models for the association between the candidate variants and the pharmacological variables (azathioprine doses and metabolites). Azathioprine metabolites were measured in 257 samples (median 2 per patient, inter-quartile range IQR 1-3). Clinical efficacy at the first evaluation available resulted better in ulcerative colitis than in Crohn’s disease patients (88.0% versus 52.5% responders, p = 0.0003, linear mixed effect model, LME). TGN concentration and the ratio TGN/dose at the first evaluation were significantly higher in responder. TPMT rs1142345 variant (4.8% of patients) was associated with increased TGN (LME p = 0.0042), TGN/dose ratio (LME p < 0.0001), decreased azathioprine dose (LME p = 0.0087), and MMPN (LME p = 0.0011). GSTM1 deletion (58.1% of patients) was associated with a 18.5% decrease in TGN/dose ratio (LME p = 0.041) and 30% decrease in clinical efficacy (LME p = 0.0031). GSTA1 variant (12.8% of patients) showed a trend (p = 0.046, LME) for an association with decreased clinical efficacy; however, no significant effect on azathioprine pharmacokinetics could be detected. In conclusion, GSTs variants are associated with azathioprine efficacy and pharmacokinetics.
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The influence of genetic variability of DNA repair mechanisms on the risk of malignant mesothelioma. Radiol Oncol 2019; 53:206-212. [PMID: 30893058 PMCID: PMC6572492 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2019-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a rare aggressive tumour of mesothelium caused by asbestos exposure. It has been suggested that the genetic variability of proteins involved in DNA repair mechanisms affects the risk of MM. This study investigated the influence of functional polymorphisms in ERCC1 and XRCC1 genes, the interactions between these polymorphisms as well as the interactions between these polymorphisms and asbestos exposure on MM risk. Patients and methods In total, 237 cases with MM and 193 controls with no asbestos-related disease were genotyped for ERCC1 and XRCC1 polymorphisms. Results ERCC1 rs3212986 polymorphism was significantly associated with a decreased risk of MM (odds ratio [OR] = 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.41-0.91; p = 0.014). No associations were observed between other genetic polymorphisms and MM risk. Interactions between polymorphisms did not significantly influence MM risk. Interaction between ERCC1 rs11615 and asbestos exposure significantly influenced MM risk (OR = 3.61; 95% CI = 1.12-11.66; p = 0.032). Carriers of polymorphic ERCC1 rs11615 allele who were exposed to low level of asbestos had a decreased risk of MM (OR = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.19-0.84; p = 0.016). Interactions between other polymorphisms and asbestos exposure did not significantly influence MM risk. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the genetic variability of DNA repair mechanisms could contribute to the risk of developing MM.
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Ding F, Li JP, Zhang Y, Qi GH, Song ZC, Yu YH. Comprehensive Analysis of the Association Between the rs1138272 Polymorphism of the GSTP1 Gene and Cancer Susceptibility. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1897. [PMID: 30740061 PMCID: PMC6355699 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We obtained conflicting results regarding the relationship between the genetic role of the rs1138272 C/T polymorphism of the GSTP1 (Glutathione S-Transferase pi) gene and the risk of various cancers. Methods: Using the presently available data, a meta-analysis was conducted to comprehensively evaluate the genetic relationship between the GSTP1 rs1138272 polymorphism and cancer susceptibility. Results: A total of 43 studies including 15,688 cases and 17,143 controls were recruited into our quantitative synthesis. In the overall population, we observed an increased risk of overall cancer cases, compared with unrelated controls, in the genetic models of allele T vs. allele C (P-association = 0.007, OR = 1.17), carrier T vs. carrier C (P-association = 0.035, OR = 1.11), TT vs. CC (P-association = 0.002, OR = 1.45), TT vs. CC+CT (P-association = 0.009, OR = 1.42), and CT+TT vs. CC (P-association = 0.027, OR = 1.13). We detected similar positive results within the Asian population. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the incidence of cancer for Africans under all genetic models (all P-association < 0.05, OR > 1). When targeting the Caucasian population, we detected a positive association with the TT vs. CC and TT vs. CC+CT models in the “Colorectal cancer” (P-association < 0.05, OR < 1) and “Head and neck cancer” (P-association < 0.05, OR > 1) subgroups. For the “Lung cancer” subgroup, we observed a slightly increased risk in Caucasians under the models of allele T vs. allele C, carrier T vs. carrier C, CT vs. CC, and CT+TT vs. CC (P-association < 0.05, OR > 1). Conclusion: The TT genotype of the GSTP1 rs1138272 polymorphism is likely related to the susceptibility to overall cancer in the Asian and African populations and, specifically, “Colorectal” and “Head and neck” cancers in the Caucasian population. In addition, the CT genotype of the GSTP1 rs1138272 polymorphism may be linked to the risk of lung cancer in Caucasians. Additional evidence is required to confirm this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Second Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, China
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Public Health, The First Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Guang-Hui Qi
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Song
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, China
| | - Yong-Hua Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Association of BER and NER pathway polymorphism haplotypes and micronucleus frequencies with global DNA methylation in benzene-exposed workers of China: Effects of DNA repair genes polymorphisms on genetic damage. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2019; 839:13-20. [PMID: 30744808 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The base excision repair (BER) pathway and nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway play important roles in the repair of benzene-induced genetic damage, and the effects of polymorphisms in these pathways on genetic damage and global DNA methylation are of great interest. METHODS Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BER (XRCC1: rs25489, rs25487; APE1: rs1130409) and NER pathways (XPA: rs1800975; XPC: rs2228000, rs2228002; XPD: rs13181, rs1799793; XPG: rs17655; ERCC1: rs3212986) were analyzed by a Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) assay to find associations with cytokinesis-block micronucleus (MN) frequency and global DNA methylation in 294 shoe factory workers and 102 control participants. RESULTS Workers who possessed the following genotypes were associated with high MN frequency: rs25487 AA (FR (95% CI): 1.50 (1.16,1.9), p = 0.002, reference GG); rs1130409 GG (FR (95% CI): 1.28 (1.05,1.55), p = 0.010, reference TT); rs17655 GC (FR (95% CI): 1.18 (1.02,1.38), p = 0.038, reference GG); and rs3212986 TT (FR (95% CI): 1.55 (1.31,1.83), p < 0.001, reference GG). Workers with four and three mutant alleles showed 3.72-fold (OR (95% CI): 3.72 (1.34, 10.03), p = 0.009) and 2.48-fold (OR (95% CI): 2.48 (1.27, 4.88), p = 0.008) increased risk of genetic damage compared with workers with no or one mutant allele, and a dose-response relationship was found by the trend test (p = 0.006). The rs1130409 variant allele (GG+GT) was associated with low global DNA methylation (β=-0.20, 95% CI: -0.42, 0.03, p = 0.045). CONCLUSION In benzene-exposed workers, BER and NER pathway polymorphism haplotypes are associated with different levels of chromosome damage and had little effect on global DNA methylation.
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Wu C, Kan H, Hu M, Liu X, Boye A, Jiang Y, Wu J, Wang J, Yang X, Yang Y. Compound Astragalus and Salvia miltiorrhiza extract inhibits hepatocarcinogenesis via modulating TGF-β/TβR and Imp7/8. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1052-1060. [PMID: 30112050 PMCID: PMC6090435 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound Astragalus and Salvia miltiorrhiza extract (CASE) is a Chinese herbal formula consisting of astragalosides, astragalus polysaccharide and salvianolic acids extracted from Astragalus membranaceus and Salvia miltiorhiza. Previous studies by our group have demonstrated that CASE effectively suppresses diethylinitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats via modulating transforming growth factor β/Mothers against decapentaplegic (TGFβ/Smad) signaling. To further elucidate the mechanism of CASE, the effects of CASE on TGF-β1, the serine/threonine kinase receptors of TGF-β [TGF-β receptor type-I (TβRI) and TβRII] and karyopherins [Importin 7 (Imp7) and Imp8], which are crucial for TGF-β/Smad signaling in fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis, were assessed in the present study using in vivo (DEN-induced HCC in rats) and in vitro [TGF-β1-stimulated rat myofibroblasts (MFBs) and HepG2 cells] models of fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that CASE may suppress inflammatory reactions and fibrosis in HCC as well as increasing the differentiation of HCC cells. Positive TGF-β1 staining was increased in HCC nodule areas and in adjacent normal liver tissues in DEN-treated rats, while TβRI staining was increased only in normal adjacent liver tissues. The elevated expression of TGF-β1, TβRI and TβRII was suppressed by CASE. CASE treatment also reduced glutathione S-transferase P 1 and Imp7/8 protein expression in fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis. In vitro experiments confirmed that CASE was able to decrease the expression of TβRI and TβRII in TGF-β1-stimulated MFBs and HepG2 cells. These results indicate that the anti-HCC effect of CASE may be achieved by mediating TGF-β/TβR and Imp7/8 protein expression, suggesting that CASE has multiple targets in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Kan
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui University of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230038, P.R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Therapeutics Research Centre, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Alex Boye
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Jiyu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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