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Ma S, Wei T, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Lai J, Qu J, Liu J, Yin P, Shang D. Integrated pharmacokinetic properties and tissue distribution of multiple active constituents in Qing-Yi Recipe: A comparison between granules and decoction. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155645. [PMID: 38643714 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Qing-Yi Recipe, a classic traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is widely used for treating acute diseases of the abdomen, especially pancreatitis, the efficacy of which has been demonstrated in more than thirty clinical trials. However, the in-vivo pharmacodynamic material basis for this formula remains unclear. METHODS A sensitive and accurate method for quantifying twenty-two potential bioactive constituents of Qing-Yi Recipe in biological samples was developed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and this method was fully validated. Then, the integrated pharmacokinetic properties of Qing-Yi Recipe and its major metabolites in rats were investigated using the post-listed granules at both dosages. Subsequently, tissue distributions of those constituents in nine organs (especially the pancreas) were determined, and the overall parameters between the two formulations were compared. RESULTS Though the chemical profiles of the formulas varied across formulations, the overall exposure level was very similar, and baicalin, wogonoside, geniposide, rhein, costunolide, and paeoniflorin were the top six bioactive compounds in the circulation. All twenty-two natural products reached their first peak within 2 h, and several of them exhibited bimodal or multimodal patterns under the complicated transformation of metabolic enzymes, and the parameters of these products markedly changed compared with those of monomers. Diverse metabolites of emodin and baicalin/baicalein were detected in circulation and tissues, augmenting the in vivo forms of these compounds. Finally, the enrichment of tetrahydropalmatine and corydaline in the pancreas were observed and most compounds remained in the gastrointestinal system, providing a foundation basis for their potential regulatory effects on the gut microbiota as well as the intestinal functions. CONCLUSION Herein, the pharmacokinetic properties and tissue distribution of multiple potential active constituents in Qing-Yi Recipe were investigated at two dosages, providing a pharmacodynamic material basis of Qing-Yi Recipe for the first time. This investigation is expected to provide a new perspective and reference for future studies on the physiological disposition and potential pharmacodynamic basis of traditional Chinese medicine to treat acute abdomen diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Ma
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Tianfu Wei
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Yunshu Zhang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Jinwen Lai
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Jialin Qu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China
| | - Peiyuan Yin
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China.
| | - Dong Shang
- Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China; Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, PR China.
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Qiu Q, Fu F, Wu Y, Han C, Pu W, Wen L, Xia Q, Du D. Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and its anthraquinone derivatives: Potential candidates for pancreatitis treatment. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 129:155708. [PMID: 38733906 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatitis is a common exocrine inflammatory disease of the pancreas and lacks specific medication currently. Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (RR) and its anthraquinone derivatives (AQs) have been successively reported for their pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms in experimental and clinical pancreatitis. However, an overview of the anti-pancreatitis potential of RR and its AQs is limited. PURPOSE To summarize and analyze the pharmacological effects of RR and its AQs on pancreatitis and the underlying mechanisms, and discuss their drug-like properties and future perspectives. METHODS The articles related to RR and its AQs were collected from the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang data, PubMed, and the Web of Science using relevant keywords from the study's inception until April first, 2024. Studies involving RR or its AQs in cell or animal pancreatitis models as well as structure-activity relationship, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and clinical trials were included. RESULTS Most experimental studies are based on severe acute pancreatitis rat models and a few on chronic pancreatitis. Several bioactive anthraquinone derivatives of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (RRAQs) exert local protective effects on the pancreas by maintaining pancreatic acinar cell homeostasis, inhibiting inflammatory signaling, and anti-fibrosis, and they improve systemic organ function by alleviating intestinal and lung injury. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies have revealed the low bioavailability and wide distribution of RRAQs, as well as hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. However, there is insufficient research on the clinical application of RRAQs in pancreatitis. Furthermore, we propose effective strategies for subsequent improvement in terms of balancing effectiveness and safety. CONCLUSION RRAQs can be developed as either candidate drugs or novel lead structures for pancreatitis treatment. The comprehensive review of RR and its AQs provides references for optimizing drugs, developing therapies, and conducting future studies on pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qiu
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fei Fu
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Yaling Wu
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Chenxia Han
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weiling Pu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Li Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Center for Biomarker Discovery and Validation, National Infrastructures for Translational Medicine (PUMCH), Institute of Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100073, China
| | - Qing Xia
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Dan Du
- West China Center of Excellence for Pancreatitis, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610213, China.
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Lan WP, Guo W, Zhou X, Li Z. Research trends on traditional Chinese medicine and acute pancreatitis: A bibliometric analysis from 2007 to mid-2023. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25659. [PMID: 38455538 PMCID: PMC10918020 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a unique medical system of historic significance, holding substantial influence within China and beyond. In recent years, the efficacy of TCM in treating acute pancreatitis has been substantiated. Despite over two decades of development in this domain, a bibliometric analysis illustrating TCM's role in acute pancreatitis remains scarce. OBJECTIVE This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of findings in the field of acute pancreatitis and TCM using machine learning and text-analyzing methodologies. The intent is to provide scientific and intuitive support to researchers and clinicians. METHODS We searched the Web of Science Core Collection database for publications and related literature from 2007 to mid-2023. Tools such as Excel, Citespace V, and Vosviewer were utilized for bibliometric analysis. That included assessing published and cited counts, co-authorship mapping, co-citation analysis, burst detection, and keyword analysis. RESULTS The study revealed a fluctuating growth trend in the number of publications and citations since 2007. As many as 147 institutions from 13 countries, with a total of 756 authors, have published 202 papers in 76 academic journals. Sichuan University in China and Tang Wenfu have been recognized as the most influential national institution and author. The most frequently published journal is "Pancreas", while the most cited is the "World Journal of Gastroenterology". Commonly used single herbs in this field include Baicalin, Emodin, Rhubarb, and Salvia miltiorrhizae. Frequently used herbal formulations include Da chengqi decoction, Chaiqin chengqi decoction, and Qing yi decoction. Current research hotspots primarily surround concepts like hmgb1, nf-kappab, nfr2, oxidative stress, exosomes, nlrp3, pyroptosis, etc. Potential future research themes could relate to pharmacology, reducing hmgb1, inflammatory response, cell activation, Qing Yi-decoction, etc. This review holds significant guiding importance for clinical and scientific research into TCM treatment for acute pancreatitis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-peng Lan
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Digestive System Diseases of Luzhou city, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, 646000, China
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Wen Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Digestive System Diseases of Luzhou city, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, 646000, China
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Digestive System Diseases of Luzhou city, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, 646000, China
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Zhi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Digestive System Diseases of Luzhou city, Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, 646000, China
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, the Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Lu zhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
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Hu Y, Yang L, Lai Y. Recent findings regarding the synergistic effects of emodin and its analogs with other bioactive compounds: Insights into new mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114585. [PMID: 36989724 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Emodin is a natural bioactive ingredient mainly extracted from traditional Chinese herbs. Increasing lines of evidence suggest that emodin and its analogs exert notable synergistic pharmacological effects with other bioactive compounds. OBJECTIVE This review provides an overview of the pharmacological activity of emodin and its analogs in combination with other physiologically active substances, describes the related molecular mechanisms, and discusses future prospects in this field. METHODS Information from multiple scientific databases, such as PubMed, the China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Baidu Scholar, was collected between January 2006 and August 2022. The subject terms used in the literature search were emodin, pharmaceutical activities, analogs, aloe emodin, rhein, and synergistic effects. RESULTS The comprehensive literature analysis suggested that combinations of emodin or its analogs with other bioactive compounds exert notable synergistic anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects and that such combinations improve glucose and lipid metabolism and central nervous system diseases. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Further assessments of the dose-effect relationship and the differences in the efficacy of emodin or its analogs with other bioactive compounds among various modes of administration are needed, and a drug safety evaluation of these combinations needs to be carefully performed. Future studies should also focus on determining the optimal drug combinations for specific diseases.
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Emodin Alleviates Sodium Taurocholate-Induced Pancreatic Ductal Cell Damage by Inhibiting the S100A9/VNN1 Signaling Pathway. Pancreas 2022; 51:739-746. [PMID: 36395397 PMCID: PMC9722379 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000002098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Because the pathogenesis of the disease is unclear, the treatment of patients with acute pancreatitis, especially severe acute pancreatitis, is still a major challenge for clinicians. Emodin is an anthraquinone compound extracted from rhubarb that can alleviate the damage to pancreatic ductal epithelial cells induced by adenosine triphosphate, but whether it has a similar protective effect on sodium taurocholate (STC)-stimulated pancreatic ductal cells and the underlying mechanism has not yet been reported. METHODS A model of STC-induced HPDE6-C7 human pancreatic ductal epithelial cell injury was established, and then apoptosis and the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and inflammatory cytokines were assessed in the presence or absence of emodin pretreatment. S100 calcium binding protein A9 (S100A9) and Vanin1 (VNN1) protein expression was also measured. RESULTS Emodin significantly increased HPDE6-C7 cell viability, inhibited apoptosis and ROS release, and elevated glutathione levels and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase activity. Furthermore, emodin downregulated S100A9 and VNN1 protein expression and inhibited the production of inflammatory factors, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18. CONCLUSIONS Emodin attenuates STC-induced pancreatic ductal cell injury possibly by inhibiting S100A9/VNN1-mediated ROS release. This finding provides evidence for the future development of emodin as a therapeutic agent.
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Yang X, Yao L, Yuan M, Zhang X, Jakubowska MA, Ferdek PE, Dai L, Yang J, Jin T, Deng L, Fu X, Du D, Liu T, Criddle DN, Sutton R, Huang W, Xia Q. Transcriptomics and Network Pharmacology Reveal the Protective Effect of Chaiqin Chengqi Decoction on Obesity-Related Alcohol-Induced Acute Pancreatitis via Oxidative Stress and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:896523. [PMID: 35754467 PMCID: PMC9213732 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.896523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related acute pancreatitis (AP) is characterized by increasing prevalence worldwide and worse clinical outcomes compared to AP of other etiologies. Chaiqin chengqi decoction (CQCQD), a Chinese herbal formula, has long been used for the clinical management of AP but its therapeutic actions and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This study has investigated the pharmacological mechanisms of CQCQD in a novel mouse model of obesity-related alcohol-induced AP (OA-AP). The mouse OA-AP model was induced by a high-fat diet for 12 weeks and subsequently two intraperitoneal injections of ethanol, CQCQD was administered 2 h after the first injection of ethanol. The severity of OA-AP was assessed and correlated with changes in transcriptomic profiles and network pharmacology in the pancreatic and adipose tissues, and further docking analysis modeled the interactions between compounds of CQCQD and their key targets. The results showed that CQCQD significantly reduced pancreatic necrosis, alleviated systemic inflammation, and decreased the parameters associated with multi-organ dysfunction. Transcriptomics and network pharmacology analysis, as well as further experimental validation, have shown that CQCQD induced Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant protein response and decreased Akt phosphorylation in the pancreatic and adipose tissues. In vitro, CQCQD protected freshly isolated pancreatic acinar cells from H2O2-elicited oxidative stress and necrotic cell death. The docking results of AKT1 and the active compounds related to AKT1 in CQCQD showed high binding affinity. In conclusion, CQCQD ameliorates the severity of OA-AP by activating of the antioxidant protein response and down-regulating of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the pancreas and visceral adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmin Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linbo Yao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Pawel E Ferdek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lihui Deng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianghui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Du
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Center, Research Core Facility, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - David N Criddle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Sutton
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Institutes for Systems Genetics & Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhang ZZ, Yu XH, Tan WH. Baicalein inhibits macrophage lipid accumulation and inflammatory response by activating the PPARγ/LXRα pathway. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:316-325. [PMID: 35749304 PMCID: PMC9521661 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid accumulation and inflammatory response are two major risk factors for atherosclerosis. Baicalein, a phenolic flavonoid widely used in East Asian countries, possesses a potential atheroprotective activity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. This study was performed to explore the impact of baicalein on lipid accumulation and inflammatory response in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. Our results showed that baicalein up-regulated the expression of ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), ABCG1, liver X receptor α (LXRα), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), promoted cholesterol efflux, and inhibited lipid accumulation. Administration of baicalein also reduced the expression and secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Knockdown of LXRα or PPARγ with siRNAs abrogated the effects of baicalein on ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression, cholesterol efflux, lipid accumulation as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine release. In summary, these findings suggest that baicalein exerts a beneficial effect on macrophage lipid accumulation and inflammatory response by activating the PPARγ/LXRα signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Zhen Zhang
- School of Medicine, Hunan Polytechnic of Environment and Biology, Hengyang Hunan, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Yu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wei-Hua Tan
- Correspondence: Wei-Hua Tan, Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001 Hunan, China.
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Wang X, Cai H, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Wu M, Xu X, Yang L. Baicalein alleviates pyroptosis and inflammation in hyperlipidemic pancreatitis by inhibiting NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway through the miR-192-5p/TXNIP axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108315. [PMID: 34785144 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperlipidemia is a main reason of pancreatitis. Baicalein can ameliorate the pathological manifestations of pancreatitis. This study evaluated underlying molecular mechanism of baicalein in hyperlipidemic pancreatitis (HP). METHODS HP rat model was successfully established and treated with baicalein. Amylase (AMY) activity and concentrations of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were detected. Levels of pyroptosis-related proteins (GSDMD, IL-1β, IL-18) were detected by Western blot. Expressions of inflammatory factors (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-4) were detected by ELISA. Toxicity of baicalein on pancreatic acinar cells (PACs) was detected by MTT assay. HP cell model was established by 0.1 mM palmitic acid and CCK-8 stimulation. Target relation of miR-192-5p and TXNIP was predicted and verified by RNA22 v2 database and dual-luciferase reporter assay. Expressions of miR-192-5p and TXNIP were detected by RT-qPCR. Pyroptosis and inflammation in PACs were detected after baicalein treatment combined with silencing miR-192-5p or TXNIP overexpression. Protein levels of NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway in vivo and vitro were detected. RESULTS Baicalein reduced concentrations of TG and TC, AMY activity, and pathological scores in HP rat model, reduced LDH activity, pyroptosis and alleviated inflammation in vivo and in vitro. Mechanically, miR-192-5p targeted TXNIP, and baicalein inhibited pyroptosis and inflammation by up-regulating miR-192-5p and down-regulating TXNIP. Silencing miR-192-5p or TXNIP overexpression partially abolished the anti-pyroptosis and anti-inflammatory effect of baicalein on PACs. Baicalein attenuated HP by inhibiting the NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway. CONCLUSION Baicalein alleviated pyroptosis and inflammation in HP by inhibiting the NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway through miR-192-5p upregulation and TXNIP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Hua Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Minghao Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410005, China.
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Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen A. Emodin - A natural anthraquinone derivative with diverse pharmacological activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112854. [PMID: 34311280 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl-anthraquinone) is a natural anthraquinone derivative that is present in numerous globally renowned herbal medicines. It is recognised as a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor and as an anticancer drug, active against various tumour cells, including lung, breast, liver, and ovarian cancer cells. Recently, its role in combination chemotherapy with various allopathic medicines, to minimize their toxicity and to enhance their efficacy, has been studied. The use of emodin in these therapies is gaining popularity, due to fewer associated side effects compared with standard anticancer drugs. Emodin has a broad therapeutic window, and in addition to its antineoplastic activity, it displays anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, muscle relaxant, immunosuppressive and antifibrotic activities, in both in vitro and in vivo models. Although reviews on the anticancer activity of emodin have been published, none coherently unite all the pharmacological properties of emodin, particularly the anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, immunosuppressive and hepatoprotective activities of the compound. Hence, in this review, all of the available data regarding the pharmacological properties of emodin are explored, with particular emphasis on the modes of action of the molecule. In addition, the manuscript details the occurrence, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of the compound, as well as its toxic effects on biotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Badoni Semwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Pt. Lalit Mohan Sharma Govt. Post Graduate College, Rishikesh, 249201, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Semwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun, 248001, India
| | - Sandra Combrinck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Alvaro Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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10
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Zhou Q, Xiang H, Liu H, Qi B, Shi X, Guo W, Zou J, Wan X, Wu W, Wang Z, Liu W, Xia S, Shang D. Emodin Alleviates Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Regulating the Immune Response in Severe Acute Pancreatitis. Pancreas 2021; 50:1202-1211. [PMID: 34714285 PMCID: PMC8565508 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intestinal barrier injury caused by severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) can induce enterogenous infection, further aggravating the inflammatory reactions and immune responses. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that emodin protects the intestinal function and is involved in the immune response in SAP. METHODS The network pharmacology was established using the Swiss target prediction and pathway enrichment analysis. The SAP mice model was induced by cerulein (50 μg/kg) and lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg) hyperstimulation. The pharmacological effect of emodin in treating SAP was evaluated at mRNA and protein levels by various methods. RESULTS The network analysis provided the connectivity between the targets of emodin and the intestinal barrier-associated proteins and predicted the BAX/Bcl-2/caspase 3 signaling pathway. Emodin alleviated the pathological damages to the pancreas and intestine and reduced the high concentrations of serum amylase and cytokines in vivo. Emodin increased the expression of intestinal barrier-related proteins and reversed the changes in the apoptosis-related proteins in the intestine. Simultaneously, emodin regulated the ratio of T helper type 1 (TH1), TH2, TH17, γδ T cells, and interferon γ/interleukin 17 producing γδ T cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings partly verified the mechanism underlying the regulation of the intestinal barrier and immune response by emodin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- From the Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine
| | - Hong Xiang
- From the Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Medical University
| | - Bing Qi
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xueying Shi
- From the Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine
| | - Wenhui Guo
- From the Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
| | - Jiacheng Zou
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Goleta, CA
| | - Xueting Wan
- From the Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
| | - Wenjing Wu
- From the Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
| | - Zhengpeng Wang
- From the Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
| | - Wenhui Liu
- From the Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
| | - Shilin Xia
- From the Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
| | - Dong Shang
- From the Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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11
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Tan Y, Zhang W, Wu HY, Xia J, Zhang HB, Liu MW, Qian CY. Effects of emodin on intestinal mucosal barrier by the upregulation of miR-218a-5p expression in rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 34:2058738420941765. [PMID: 32664763 PMCID: PMC7364802 DOI: 10.1177/2058738420941765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin is an effective component in rhubarb to cure intestinal dysfunction, but the specific mechanism remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of emodin on intestinal dysfunction caused by acute severe pancreatitis and reveal the functional mechanism of emodin in the treatment of this condition. An acute severe pancreatitis model was prepared using taurocholate. In the treatment group, 50 mg/kg emodin was injected intravenously 2 h before the induction of acute severe pancreatitis at an interval of 8 h. After 24 h, the gene expression and protein levels of miR-218a-5p, RhoA, ROCK1, Akt, Notch1, Bax, Bcl-2, Fas, FasL, caspase-3, and caspase-9 were determined through reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The protein levels of occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and E-cadherin in the intestinal tract were also determined through Western blot analysis. The effects of miR-218a-5p on the apoptosis of rat intestinal epithelial cell-18 were observed through flow cytometry. The effects of emodin on intestinal cell apoptosis induced by acute severe pancreatitis were observed via TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling). Pathological changes in the pancreas and intestine of rats in each group were observed through hematoxylin and eosin staining. After 24 h of acute severe pancreatitis induced by taurocholate, emodin reduced the expression of miR-218a-5p in the intestinal tract; increased the expression of Notch1 and Bcl-2; decreased the expression levels of RhoA, ROCK1, Akt, Bax, Fas, FasL, caspase-3, and caspase-9; inhibited the intestinal cell apoptosis caused by acute severe pancreatitis; increased the protein expression levels of occludin, zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and E-cadherin in the intestinal tract; and alleviated intestinal dysfunction caused by acute severe pancreatitis. Emodin could regulate Notch1 and RhoA/ROCK pathways by regulating the miR-218a-5p expression in the intestine. It could also inhibit intestinal cell apoptosis induced by acute severe pancreatitis and improve the intestinal dysfunction caused by severe acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Tan
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hai-Ying Wu
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Huang-Bo Zhang
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ming-Wei Liu
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Chuan-Yun Qian
- Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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12
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Zhou R, Zhang J, Bu W, Zhang W, Duan B, Wang X, Yao L, Li Z, Li J. A New Role for the Spleen: Aggravation of the Systemic Inflammatory Response in Rats with Severe Acute Pancreatitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2233-2245. [PMID: 31430464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of the spleen in mediating systemic inflammatory responses in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). We investigated the role played by the spleen in rats after SAP induction. Splenectomy was performed at designated time points after SAP induction. Pancreatic tissue and serum samples were collected and subjected to histologic, immunohistochemical, and immunologic analyses. After SAP induction, the splenic immune response was enhanced during SAP progression, as shown by the increased diameter of the splenic periarterial lymphatic sheath and the thickness of the splenic marginal zone. Rats with splenectomy developed acute pancreatitis more slowly than rats without splenectomy. In addition, pancreatic tissues of rats with splenectomy contained lower levels of serum amylase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6 and exhibited less acinar cell death, leukocyte infiltration, and interstitial edema than those of rats without splenectomy. Compared with splenectomy alone, cotreatment with splenectomy and the administration of splenic cells originating from a rat with SAP 12 hours after induction increased systemic inflammation in SAP rats. Splenic factors exacerbated SAP-associated liver and lung injury and accentuated intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction. Splenectomy altered the serum cytokine profile in rats with SAP. In a rat model of SAP, the spleen exacerbated the systematic inflammatory responses and injury to multiple organs, indicating a new role for the spleen in SAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhou
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangjun Bu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Weinan Central Hospital, Weinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Baojun Duan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Libo Yao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongfang Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China; Shaanxi Provincial Clinical Research Center for Hepatic & Splenic Diseases, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Pu WL, Bai RY, Zhou K, Peng YF, Zhang MY, Hottiger MO, Li WH, Gao XM, Sun LK. Baicalein attenuates pancreatic inflammatory injury through regulating MAPK, STAT 3 and NF-κB activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:204-210. [PMID: 30999210 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common acute abdominal disease with local or systemic inflammatory response, caused by abnormal activation of digestive enzymes. Baicalein has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects and to attenuate the pathological changes of AP. The aim of the research was to investigate the effects of baicalein on caerulein induced pancreatitis, and to elucidate the putative underlying mechanism. In this study, the therapeutic potential of baicalein and its mechanism were investigated in a caerulein-induced AP in vivo and in vitro model. The results indicate that baicalein treatment alleviates the caerulein-induced pathological damage in the pancreas. Baicalein decreased the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines of the pancreas in caerulein treated mice and of isolated pancreatic acinar cells. Moreover, baicalein inhibited the expression of NF-κB p65 and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) as well as STAT 3, which indicates that baicalein exerts its anti-inflammatory effects via dampening the NF-κB, MAPK and STAT 3 signaling pathways. Together, this study provides experimental evidence for the clinical application of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi or baicalein and indicates that baicalein may be a promising candidate for treatment of AP patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ling Pu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ru-Yu Bai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yan-Fei Peng
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Meng-Ying Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Micheal O Hottiger
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wen-Hua Li
- College of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University (Tibetan National University), Xianyang 712082, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Li-Kang Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmacology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China; School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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