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Gardin A, Ruiz M, Beime J, Cananzi M, Rathert M, Rohmer B, Grabhorn E, Almes M, Logarajah V, Peña-Quintana L, Casswall T, Darmellah-Remil A, Reyes-Domínguez A, Barkaoui E, Hierro L, Baquero-Montoya C, Baumann U, Fischler B, Gonzales E, Davit-Spraul A, Laplanche S, Jacquemin E. ∆ 4-3-oxo-5β-reductase deficiency: favorable outcome in 16 patients treated with cholic acid. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:383. [PMID: 38062451 PMCID: PMC10704681 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02984-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cholic acid therapy is an effective therapy in children with primary bile acid synthesis deficiencies. Most reported patients with this treatment have 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-C27-steroid oxidoreductase deficiency. The aim of the study was the evaluation of cholic acid therapy in a cohort of patients with the rarer Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase (Δ4-3-oxo-R) deficiency. METHODS Sixteen patients with Δ4-3-oxo-R deficiency confirmed by AKR1D1 gene sequencing who received oral cholic acid were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS First symptoms were reported early in life (median 2 months of age), with 14 and 3 patients having cholestatic jaundice and severe bleeding respectively. Fifteen patients received ursodeoxycholic acid before diagnosis, with partial improvement in 8 patients. Four patients had liver failure at the time of cholic acid initiation. All 16 patients received cholic acid from a median age of 8.1 months (range 3.1-159) and serum liver tests normalized in all within 6-12 months of treatment. After a median cholic acid therapy of 4.5 years (range 1.1-24), all patients were alive with their native liver. Median daily cholic acid dose at last follow-up was 8.3 mg/kg of body weight. All patients, but one, had normal physical examination and all had normal serum liver tests. Fibrosis, evaluated using liver biopsy (n = 4) or liver elastography (n = 9), had stabilized or improved. Cholic acid therapy enabled a 12-fold decrease of 3-oxo-∆4 derivatives in urine. Patients had normal growth and quality of life. The treatment was well tolerated without serious adverse events and signs of hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS Oral cholic acid therapy is a safe and effective treatment for patients with Δ4-3-oxo-R deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gardin
- Pediatric Hepatology and Pediatric Liver Transplantation Unit, National Reference Centre for Biliary Atresia and Genetic Cholestasis, FSMR Filfoie, ERN RARE LIVER, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculty of Medicine Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; INSERM UMR-S1193, Hepatinov, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Mathias Ruiz
- Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Reference Centre for Biliary Atresia and Genetic Cholestasis, Hospices Civils de Lyon - Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, France
| | - Jan Beime
- Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, University Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mara Cananzi
- Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy, Hepatology and Care of the Child with Liver Transplantation, Dpt. For Women's and Children's Health, University Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Margarete Rathert
- Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, MHH Hannover/University Magdeburg, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara Rohmer
- Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Reference Centre for Biliary Atresia and Genetic Cholestasis, Hospices Civils de Lyon - Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, France
| | - Enke Grabhorn
- Pediatric Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, University Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marion Almes
- Pediatric Hepatology and Pediatric Liver Transplantation Unit, National Reference Centre for Biliary Atresia and Genetic Cholestasis, FSMR Filfoie, ERN RARE LIVER, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculty of Medicine Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; INSERM UMR-S1193, Hepatinov, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Veena Logarajah
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Luis Peña-Quintana
- Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Thomas Casswall
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Astrid Lindgren's Children's Hospital, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amaria Darmellah-Remil
- Pediatric Hepatology and Pediatric Liver Transplantation Unit, National Reference Centre for Biliary Atresia and Genetic Cholestasis, FSMR Filfoie, ERN RARE LIVER, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculty of Medicine Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; INSERM UMR-S1193, Hepatinov, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Ana Reyes-Domínguez
- Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit. Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular Materno-Infantil, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Emna Barkaoui
- Department of Pediatrics, Tunis Children Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Loreto Hierro
- Pediatric Hepatology Unit, University Hospital La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ulrich Baumann
- Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, MHH Hannover/University Magdeburg, Hannover, Germany
| | - Björn Fischler
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Astrid Lindgren's Children's Hospital, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emmanuel Gonzales
- Pediatric Hepatology and Pediatric Liver Transplantation Unit, National Reference Centre for Biliary Atresia and Genetic Cholestasis, FSMR Filfoie, ERN RARE LIVER, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculty of Medicine Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; INSERM UMR-S1193, Hepatinov, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Anne Davit-Spraul
- Biochemistry Department, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sophie Laplanche
- Biology Unit, Groupe Hospitalier Paris - Saint Joseph, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Jacquemin
- Pediatric Hepatology and Pediatric Liver Transplantation Unit, National Reference Centre for Biliary Atresia and Genetic Cholestasis, FSMR Filfoie, ERN RARE LIVER, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Faculty of Medicine Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre; INSERM UMR-S1193, Hepatinov, University Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
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Kimura A, Mori J, Pham AHN, Thi KOB, Takei H, Murai T, Hayashi H, Nittono H. Healthy Patients With AKR1D1 Mutation Not Requiring Primary Bile Acid Therapy: A Case Series. JPGN REPORTS 2023; 4:e372. [PMID: 38034430 PMCID: PMC10684241 DOI: 10.1097/pg9.0000000000000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Δ4-3-Oxosteroid 5β-reductase (AKR1D1) deficiency typically causes severe cholestasis occurs in newborns, leading to death unless patients are treated with primary bile acids. However, we encountered an AKR1D1 deficiency patient treated with only ursodeoxycholic acid who had cholestasis until about 1 year of age but then grew up healthy without further treatment. We also have been following other healthy patients with AKR1D1 mutation who have never developed cholestasis and have not been treated. However, reports are few, involving 3 patients. To better understand and clinically manage a diverse group of patients with AKR1D1 mutation who do not develop potentially fatal cholestasis in the neonatal period, ongoing accumulation and study of informative cases is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kimura
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto-Ashikita Medical Center for the Severely Disabled, Kumamoto, Japan
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Kim-Oanh Bui Thi
- Hepatology Department, National Children’s Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Hayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Zhao J, Qiu YL, Wang L, Li ZD, Xie XB, Lu Y, Setchell KDR, Cheng Y, Xing QH, Wang JS. Recurrent AKR1D1 c.580-13T>A Variant: A Cause of Δ 4-3-Oxosteroid-5β-Reductase Deficiency. J Mol Diagn 2023; 25:227-233. [PMID: 36739965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase (AKR1D1) deficiency presents with neonatal cholestasis and liver failure in early infancy and features high levels of 3-oxo-Δ4-bile acids in urine. Genetic analysis is needed for definitive diagnosis, because in the neonatal period it can be difficult to distinguish a primary from a secondary enzyme deficiency. By re-analysis of the gene-sequencing data, one AKR1D1 noncanonical splice-site variant (NM_005989.4: c.580-13T>A) with controversial pathogenicity was discovered to be enriched in eight families with clinical and biochemically confirmed AKR1D1 deficiency. Further RNA sequencing of liver tissue suggested this variant causes complete degradation of mRNA. An in vitro minigene experiment indicated that this variant led to partial intron retention or exon jumping, which then leads to coding sequence frameshift and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Thus, AKR1D1 variant c.580-13T>A was considered pathogenic and, therefore, should be screened during genetic studies in infants with a suspicion of a congenital bile acid synthetic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ling Qiu
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Die Li
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Bao Xie
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ye Cheng
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-He Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-She Wang
- The Center for Pediatric Liver Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defect, Shanghai, China.
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Fat Malabsorption and Ursodeoxycholic Acid Treatment in Children With Reduced Organic Solute Transporter-α (SLC51A) Expression. JPGN REPORTS 2022; 3. [PMID: 36148443 PMCID: PMC9491403 DOI: 10.1097/pg9.0000000000000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pham AHN, Thi KOB, Thi MHN, Ngo DN, Naritaka N, Nittono H, Hayashi H, Dao TT, Nguyen KHT, Nguyen HN, Giang H, Tang HS, Nguyen TT, Truong DK, Tran MD. Clinical and genetic features of congenital bile acid synthesis defect with a novel mutation in AKR1D1 gene sequencing: Case reports. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29476. [PMID: 35758383 PMCID: PMC9276355 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Congenital bile acid synthesis defect (BASD) is a rare disease caused by mutations in the aldo-keto reductase 1D1 gene, which encodes the primary Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase enzyme. Early disease diagnosis is critical for early treatment with bile acid replacement therapy, with an excellent chance for recovery. In contrast, protracted diagnosis and treatment may lead to poor outcomes, including decompensated hepatic cirrhosis, liver transplant, and even death. PATIENT CONCERNS Three clinical congenital bile acid synthesis defect cases in the Vietnamese population are herein reported. These pediatric patients presented with symptoms of prolonged postpartum jaundice and abnormal loose stool (mucus, lipids, and white). The clinical examinations showed hepatosplenomegaly. Urinalysis showed a very low fraction of primary bile acids and atypical 3-oxo-Δ4- bile acids in all three patients. DIAGNOSES The patients were diagnosed with primary Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase deficiency. Next-generation gene sequencing revealed two homozygous mutations in the aldo-keto reductase family 1 member D1 gene. The first is a documented variant, c.797G>A (p.Arg266Gln), and the second is a novel mutation at c.155T>C (p.Ile52Thr). INTERVENTIONS Immediately after diagnosis, patients were treated with oral chenodeoxycholate 5 mg/kg/d. OUTCOMES The patients' symptoms, signs, and primary bile acids levels improved significantly. LESSONS Clinicians should consider genetic disorders related to cholestasis for effective and life-saving treatment. A prompt genetic analysis by next-generation gene sequencing enables patients to access bile acid replacement therapy earlier, significantly improving short- and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim-Oanh Bui Thi
- Hepatology Department, National Children's Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Diem-Ngoc Ngo
- Human Genetics Department, National Children's Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Hiroshi Nittono
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Hayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Trang Thi Dao
- Gene Solutions, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Medical Genetics Institutes, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Kim-Huong Thi Nguyen
- Gene Solutions, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Medical Genetics Institutes, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoai-Nghia Nguyen
- Medical Genetics Institutes, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hoa Giang
- Gene Solutions, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Medical Genetics Institutes, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hung-Sang Tang
- Gene Solutions, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Medical Genetics Institutes, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tat-Thanh Nguyen
- Gene Solutions, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Medical Genetics Institutes, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Minh-Dien Tran
- Hepatology Department, National Children's Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Human Genetics Department, National Children's Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Kimura A, Mizuochi T, Takei H, Ohtake A, Mori J, Shinoda K, Hashimoto T, Kasahara M, Togawa T, Murai T, Iida T, Nittono H. Bile Acid Synthesis Disorders in Japan: Long-Term Outcome and Chenodeoxycholic Acid Treatment. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:3885-3892. [PMID: 33385262 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We encountered 7 Japanese patients with bile acid synthesis disorders (BASD) including 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-C27-steroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3β-HSD) deficiency (n = 3), Δ4-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase (5β-reductase) deficiency (n = 3), and oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase deficiency (n = 1) over 21 years between 1996 and 2017. AIM We aimed to clarify long-term outcome in the 7 patients with BASD as well as long-term efficacy of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) treatment in the 5 patients with 3β-HSD deficiency or 5β-reductase deficiency. METHODS Diagnoses were made from bile acid and genetic analyses. Bile acid analysis in serum and urine was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Clinical and laboratory findings and bile acid profiles at diagnosis and most recent visit were retrospectively obtained from medical records. Long-term outcome included follow-up duration, treatments, growth, education/employment, complications of treatment, and other problems. RESULTS Medians with ranges of current patient ages and duration of CDCA treatment are 10 years (8 to 43) and 10 years (8 to 21), respectively. All 7 patients, who had homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the HSD3B7, SRD5B1, or CYP7B1 gene, are currently in good health without liver dysfunction. In the 5 patients with CDCA treatment, hepatic function gradually improved following initiation. No adverse effects were noted. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that CDCA treatment is effective in 3β-HSD deficiency and 5β-reductase deficiency, as cholic acid has been in other countries. BASD carry a good prognosis following early diagnosis and initiation of long-term CDCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kimura
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan
- Kumamoto-Ashikita Medical Center for the Severely Disabled, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Mizuochi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume, 830-0011, Japan.
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ohtake
- Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Takuji Hashimoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mureo Kasahara
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Togawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Iida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Science, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
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Stellaard F, Lütjohann D. Dynamics of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G55-G66. [PMID: 33978477 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00476.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of bile acid metabolism is normally discussed as the regulation of bile acid synthesis, which serves to compensate for intestinal loss in order to maintain a constant pool size. After a meal, bile acids start cycling in the enterohepatic circulation. Farnesoid X receptor-dependent ileal and hepatic processes lead to negative feedback inhibition of bile acid synthesis. When the intestinal bile acid flux decreases, the inhibition of synthesis is released. The degree of inhibition of synthesis and the mechanism and degree of activation are still unknown. Moreover, in humans, a biphasic diurnal expression pattern of bile acid synthesis has been documented, indicating maximal synthesis around 3 PM and 9 PM. Quantitative data on the hourly synthesis schedule as compensation for intestinal loss are lacking. In this review, we describe the classical view on bile acid metabolism and present alternative concepts that are based on the overlooked feature that bile acids transit through the enterohepatic circulation very rapidly. A daily profile of the cycling and total bile acid pool sizes and potential controlled and uncontrolled mechanisms for synthesis are predicted. It remains to be elucidated by which mechanism clock genes interact with the Farnesoid X receptor-controlled regulation of bile acid synthesis. This mechanism could become an attractive target to enhance bile acid synthesis at night, when cholesterol synthesis is high, thus lowering serum LDL-cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frans Stellaard
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, Bonn, Germany
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