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Cai YL, Nan F, Tang GT, Ma Y, Ren Y, Xiong XZ, Zhou RX, Li FY, Cheng NS, Jiang X. Fabrication of 3D printed PCL/PEG artificial bile ducts as supportive scaffolds to promote regeneration of extrahepatic bile ducts in a canine biliary defect model. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9443-9458. [PMID: 37727116 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01250f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a 3D porous poly(ε-caprolactone)/polyethylene glycol (PCL/PEG) composite artificial tubular bile duct was fabricated for extrahepatic bile duct regeneration. PCL/PEG composite scaffolds were fabricated by 3D printing, and the molecular structure, mechanical properties, thermal properties, morphology, and in vitro biocompatibility were characterized for further application as artificial bile ducts. A bile duct defect model was established in beagle dogs for in vivo implantation. The results demonstrated that the implanted PE1 ABD, serving as a supportive scaffold, effectively stimulated the regeneration of a new bile duct comprising CK19-positive and CK7-positive epithelial cells within 30 days. Remarkably, after 8 months, the newly formed bile duct exhibited an epithelial layer resembling the normal structure. Furthermore, the study revealed collagen deposition, biliary muscular formation, and the involvement of microvessels and fibroblasts in the regenerative process. In contrast, the anastomotic area without ABD implantation displayed only partial restoration of the epithelial layer, accompanied by fibroblast proliferation and subsequent bile duct fibrosis. These findings underscore the limited inherent repair capacity of the bile duct and underscore the beneficial role of the PE1 ABD artificial tubular bile duct in promoting biliary regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Cai
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fang Nan
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Guo-Tao Tang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yuan Ma
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi Ren
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xian-Ze Xiong
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Rong-Xing Zhou
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Fu-Yu Li
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Nan-Sheng Cheng
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Research Center for Biliary Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Klabukov ID, Baranovskii DS, Shegay PV, Kaprin AD. Pitfalls and promises of bile duct alternatives: There is plenty of room in the regenerative surgery. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4701-4705. [PMID: 37662863 PMCID: PMC10472900 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i30.4701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Current abdominal surgery has several approaches for biliary reconstruction. However, the creation of functional and clinically applicable bile duct substitutes still represents an unmet need. In the paper by Miyazawa and colleagues, approaches to the creation of bile duct alternatives were summarized, and the reasons for the lack of development in this area were explained. The history of bile duct surgery since the nineteenth century was also traced, leading to the conclusion that the use of bioabsorbable materials holds promise for the creation of bile duct substitutes in the future. We suggest three ideas that may stimulate progress in the field of bile duct substitute creation. First, a systematic analysis of the causative factors leading to failure or success in the creation of bile duct substitutes may help to develop more effective approaches. Second, the regeneration of a bile duct is delicately balanced between epithelialization and subsequent submucosal maturation within limited time frames, which may be more apparent when using quantitative models to estimate outcomes. Third, the utilization of the organism's endogenous regeneration abilities may enhance the creation of bile duct substitutes. We are convinced that an interdisciplinary approach, including quantitative methods, machine learning, and deep retrospective analysis of the causes that led to success and failure in studies on the creation of bile duct substitutes, holds great value. Additionally, more attention should be directed towards the balance of epithelialization and submucosal maturation rates, as well as induced angiogenesis. These ideas deserve further investigation to pave the way for bile duct restoration with physiologically relevant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya D Klabukov
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk 249036, Russia
| | - Denis S Baranovskii
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk 249036, Russia
| | - Peter V Shegay
- Center for Innovative Radiological and Regenerative Technologies, National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk 249036, Russia
| | - Andrey D Kaprin
- Center for Innovative Radiological and Regenerative Technologies, National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Obninsk 249036, Russia
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Klabukov I, Tenchurin T, Shepelev A, Baranovskii D, Mamagulashvili V, Dyuzheva T, Krasilnikova O, Balyasin M, Lyundup A, Krasheninnikov M, Sulina Y, Gomzyak V, Krasheninnikov S, Buzin A, Zayratyants G, Yakimova A, Demchenko A, Ivanov S, Shegay P, Kaprin A, Chvalun S. Biomechanical Behaviors and Degradation Properties of Multilayered Polymer Scaffolds: The Phase Space Method for Bile Duct Design and Bioengineering. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030745. [PMID: 36979723 PMCID: PMC10044742 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reports the electrospinning technique for the manufacturing of multilayered scaffolds for bile duct tissue engineering based on an inner layer of polycaprolactone (PCL) and an outer layer either of a copolymer of D,L-lactide and glycolide (PLGA) or a copolymer of L-lactide and ε-caprolactone (PLCL). A study of the degradation properties of separate polymers showed that flat PCL samples exhibited the highest resistance to hydrolysis in comparison with PLGA and PLCL. Irrespective of the liquid-phase nature, no significant mass loss of PCL samples was found in 140 days of incubation. The PLCL- and PLGA-based flat samples were more prone to hydrolysis within the same period of time, which was confirmed by the increased loss of mass and a significant reduction of weight-average molecular mass. The study of the mechanical properties of developed multi-layered tubular scaffolds revealed that their strength in the longitudinal and transverse directions was comparable with the values measured for a decellularized bile duct. The strength of three-layered scaffolds declined significantly because of the active degradation of the outer layer made of PLGA. The strength of scaffolds with the PLCL outer layer deteriorated much less with time, both in the axial (p-value = 0.0016) and radial (p-value = 0.0022) directions. A novel method for assessment of the physiological relevance of synthetic scaffolds was developed and named the phase space approach for assessment of physiological relevance. Two-dimensional phase space (elongation modulus and tensile strength) was used for the assessment and visualization of the physiological relevance of scaffolds for bile duct bioengineering. In conclusion, the design of scaffolds for the creation of physiologically relevant tissue-engineered bile ducts should be based not only on biodegradation properties but also on the biomechanical time-related behavior of various compositions of polymers and copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Klabukov
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 249031 Obninsk, Russia
- Department of Urology and Operative Nephrology, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, 115409 Obninsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Timur Tenchurin
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Akademika Kurchatova pl., 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Shepelev
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Akademika Kurchatova pl., 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Baranovskii
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 249031 Obninsk, Russia
- Department of Urology and Operative Nephrology, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vissarion Mamagulashvili
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Akademika Kurchatova pl., 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Dyuzheva
- Department of Hospital Surgery, Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Krasilnikova
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 249031 Obninsk, Russia
| | - Maksim Balyasin
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Cellular Technologies, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Lyundup
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Cellular Technologies, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
- N.P. Bochkov Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Krasheninnikov
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Cellular Technologies, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, Russian Technological University MIREA, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana Sulina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaly Gomzyak
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Akademika Kurchatova pl., 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Krasheninnikov
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Akademika Kurchatova pl., 123182 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Buzin
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Akademika Kurchatova pl., 123182 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of the Structure of Polymer Materials, Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials RAS, 117393 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgiy Zayratyants
- Department of Pathology, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Delegatskaya st., 20, p. 1, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Yakimova
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 249031 Obninsk, Russia
| | - Anna Demchenko
- N.P. Bochkov Research Centre for Medical Genetics, 115478 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Ivanov
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 249031 Obninsk, Russia
| | - Peter Shegay
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 249031 Obninsk, Russia
- Department of Urology and Operative Nephrology, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Kaprin
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, National Medical Research Radiological Centre of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 249031 Obninsk, Russia
- Department of Urology and Operative Nephrology, Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei Chvalun
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 1, Akademika Kurchatova pl., 123182 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of the Structure of Polymer Materials, Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymer Materials RAS, 117393 Moscow, Russia
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