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Fels U, Gevaert K, Van Damme P. Bacterial Genetic Engineering by Means of Recombineering for Reverse Genetics. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:548410. [PMID: 33013782 PMCID: PMC7516269 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.548410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serving a robust platform for reverse genetics enabling the in vivo study of gene functions primarily in enterobacteriaceae, recombineering -or recombination-mediated genetic engineering-represents a powerful and relative straightforward genetic engineering tool. Catalyzed by components of bacteriophage-encoded homologous recombination systems and only requiring short ∼40–50 base homologies, the targeted and precise introduction of modifications (e.g., deletions, knockouts, insertions and point mutations) into the chromosome and other episomal replicons is empowered. Furthermore, by its ability to make use of both double- and single-stranded linear DNA editing substrates (e.g., PCR products or oligonucleotides, respectively), lengthy subcloning of specific DNA sequences is circumvented. Further, the more recent implementation of CRISPR-associated endonucleases has allowed for more efficient screening of successful recombinants by the selective purging of non-edited cells, as well as the creation of markerless and scarless mutants. In this review we discuss various recombineering strategies to promote different types of gene modifications, how they are best applied, and their possible pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Fels
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Van Damme
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Liao SW, Lee JJ, Ptak CP, Wu YC, Hsuan SL, Kuo CJ, Chen TH. Effects of L-arabinose efflux on λ Red recombination-mediated gene knockout in multiple-antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:219-225. [PMID: 28975374 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, six swine-derived multiple-antimicrobial-resistant (MAR) strains of Salmonella Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis) were demonstrated to possess higher efflux pump activity than the wild-type (WT). L-Arabinose, a common inducer for gene expression, modulated S. Choleraesuis efflux pump activity in a dose-dependent manner. At low L-arabinose concentrations, increasing L-arabinose led to a corresponding increase in fluorophore efflux, while at higher L-arabinose concentrations, increasing L-arabinose decreased fluorophore efflux activity. The WT S. Choleraesuis that lacks TolC (ΔtolC), an efflux protein associated with bacterial antibiotic resistance and virulence, was demonstrated to possess a significantly reduced ability to extrude L-arabinose. Further, due to the rapid export of L-arabinose, an efficient method for recombination-mediated gene knockout, the L-arabinose-inducible bacteriophage λ Red recombinase system, has a reduced recombination frequency (~ 12.5%) in clinically isolated MAR Salmonella strains. An increased recombination frequency (up to 60%) can be achieved using a higher concentration of L-arabinose (fivefold) for genetic manipulation and functional analysis for MAR Salmonella using the λ Red system. The study suggests that L-arabinose serves not only as an inducer of the TolC-dependent efflux system but also acts as a competitive substrate of the efflux system. In addition, understanding the TolC-dependent efflux of L-arabinose should facilitate the optimization of L-arabinose induction in strains with high efflux activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wei Liao
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Jie Lee
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Christopher P Ptak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ying-Chen Wu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ling Hsuan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jung Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ter-Hsin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Oh DY, Doi T, Shirao K, Lee KW, Park SR, Chen Y, Yang L, Valota O, Bang YJ. Phase I Study of Axitinib in Combination with Cisplatin and Capecitabine in Patients with Previously Untreated Advanced Gastric Cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2015; 47:687-96. [PMID: 25687867 PMCID: PMC4614203 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2014.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I trial evaluated the question of whether the standard starting dose of axitinib could be administered in combination with therapeutic doses of cisplatin/capecitabine in patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer, and assessed overall safety, pharmacokinetics, and preliminary antitumor activity of this combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients in dose level (DL) 1 received axitinib 5 mg twice a day (days 1 to 21) with cisplatin 80 mg/m(2) (day 1) and capecitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) twice a day (days 1 to 14) in 21-day cycles. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was the highest dose at which ≤ 30% of the first 12 patients experienced a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) during cycle 1. Ten additional patients were enrolled and treated at the MTD in order to obtain additional safety and pharmacokinetic data. RESULTS Three DLTs occurred during cycle 1 in three (25%) of the first 12 patients: ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, acute renal failure, and > 5 consecutive days of missed axitinib due to thrombocytopenia. DL1 was established as the MTD, since higher DL cohorts were not planned. Common grade 3/4 non-hematologic adverse events in 22 patients treated at DL1 included hypertension (36.4%) and decreased appetite and stomatitis (18.2% each). Cisplatin/capecitabine slightly increased axitinib exposure; axitinib decreased capecitabine and 5-fluorouracil exposure. Eight patients (36.4%) each had partial response or stable disease. Median response duration was 9.1 months; median progression-free survival was 3.8 months. CONCLUSION In patients with advanced gastric cancer, standard doses of axitinib plus therapeutic doses of cisplatin and capecitabine could be administered in combination. Adverse events were manageable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Youn Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Toshihiko Doi
- Division of Gastroenterology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Shirao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Japan
| | - Keun-Wook Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sook Ryun Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | | | | | | | - Yung-Jue Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Liu L, Wu N, Li J. Novel targeted agents for gastric cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2012; 5:31. [PMID: 22709792 PMCID: PMC3411478 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-5-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary advancements have had little impact on the treatment of gastric cancer (GC), the world’s second highest cause of cancer death. Agents targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor mediated pathways have been a common topic of contemporary cancer research, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Trastuzumab is the first target agent evidencing improvements in overall survival in HER2-positive (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) gastric cancer patients. Agents targeting vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and other biological pathways are also undergoing clinical trials, with some marginally positive results. Effective targeted therapy requires patient selection based on predictive molecular biomarkers. Most phase III clinical trials are carried out without patient selection; therefore, it is hard to achieve personalized treatment and to monitor patient outcome individually. The trend for future clinical trials requires patient selection methods based on current understanding of GC biology with the application of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
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Zhao G, Zhu L, Feng E, Cao X, Shang N, Liu X, Liao X, Ying T, Wang J, Chen H, Wang H. A novel anti-virulence gene revealed by proteomic analysis in Shigella flexneri 2a. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:30. [PMID: 20540790 PMCID: PMC2904734 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shigella flexneri is a gram-negative, facultative pathogen that causes the majority of communicable bacterial dysenteries in developing countries. The virulence factors of S. flexneri have been shown to be produced at 37 degrees C but not at 30 degrees C. To discover potential, novel virulence-related proteins of S. flexneri, we performed differential in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE) analysis to measure changes in the expression profile that are induced by a temperature increase. Results The ArgT protein was dramatically down-regulated at 37 degrees C. In contrast, the ArgT from the non-pathogenic E. coli did not show this differential expression as in S. flexneri, which suggested that argT might be a potential anti-virulence gene. Competitive invasion assays in HeLa cells and in BALB/c mice with argT mutants were performed, and the results indicated that the over-expression of ArgTY225D would attenuate the virulence of S. flexneri. A comparative proteomic analysis was subsequently performed to investigate the effects of ArgT in S. flexneri at the molecular level. We show that HtrA is differentially expressed among different derivative strains. Conclusion Gene argT is a novel anti-virulence gene that may interfere with the virulence of S. flexneri via the transport of specific amino acids or by affecting the expression of the virulence factor, HtrA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China.,Shandong Eye Institute, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Erling Feng
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Na Shang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiankai Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tianyi Ying
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Huipeng Chen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hengliang Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing 100071, China
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Katashkina JI, Hara Y, Golubeva LI, Andreeva IG, Kuvaeva TM, Mashko SV. Use of the lambda Red-recombineering method for genetic engineering of Pantoea ananatis. BMC Mol Biol 2009; 10:34. [PMID: 19389224 PMCID: PMC2682490 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-10-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pantoea ananatis, a member of the Enterobacteriacea family, is a new and promising subject for biotechnological research. Over recent years, impressive progress in its application to L-glutamate production has been achieved. Nevertheless, genetic and biotechnological studies of Pantoea ananatis have been impeded because of the absence of genetic tools for rapid construction of direct mutations in this bacterium. The λ Red-recombineering technique previously developed in E. coli and used for gene inactivation in several other bacteria is a high-performance tool for rapid construction of precise genome modifications. Results In this study, the expression of λ Red genes in P. ananatis was found to be highly toxic. A screening was performed to select mutants of P. ananatis that were resistant to the toxic affects of λ Red. A mutant strain, SC17(0) was identified that grew well under conditions of simultaneous expression of λ gam, bet, and exo genes. Using this strain, procedures for fast introduction of multiple rearrangements to the Pantoea ananatis genome based on the λ Red-dependent integration of the PCR-generated DNA fragments with as short as 40 bp flanking homologies have been demonstrated. Conclusion The λ Red-recombineering technology was successfully used for rapid generation of chromosomal modifications in the specially selected P. ananatis recipient strain. The procedure of electro-transformation with chromosomal DNA has been developed for transfer of the marked mutation between different P. ananatis strains. Combination of these techniques with λ Int/Xis-dependent excision of selective markers significantly accelerates basic research and construction of producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna I Katashkina
- Closed Joint-Stock Company Ajinomoto-Genetika Research Institute, Moscow, Russia.
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Rediers H, Rainey PB, Vanderleyden J, De Mot R. Unraveling the secret lives of bacteria: use of in vivo expression technology and differential fluorescence induction promoter traps as tools for exploring niche-specific gene expression. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2005; 69:217-61. [PMID: 15944455 PMCID: PMC1197422 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.69.2.217-261.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for microbiologists is to elucidate the strategies deployed by microorganisms to adapt to and thrive in highly complex and dynamic environments. In vitro studies, including those monitoring genomewide changes, have proven their value, but they can, at best, mimic only a subset of the ensemble of abiotic and biotic stimuli that microorganisms experience in their natural habitats. The widely used gene-to-phenotype approach involves the identification of altered niche-related phenotypes on the basis of gene inactivation. However, many traits contributing to ecological performance that, upon inactivation, result in only subtle or difficult to score phenotypic changes are likely to be overlooked by this otherwise powerful approach. Based on the premise that many, if not most, of the corresponding genes will be induced or upregulated in the environment under study, ecologically significant genes can alternatively be traced using the promoter trap techniques differential fluorescence induction and in vivo expression technology (IVET). The potential and limitations are discussed for the different IVET selection strategies and system-specific variants thereof. Based on a compendium of genes that have emerged from these promoter-trapping studies, several functional groups have been distinguished, and their physiological relevance is illustrated with follow-up studies of selected genes. In addition to confirming results from largely complementary approaches such as signature-tagged mutagenesis, some unexpected parallels as well as distinguishing features of microbial phenotypic acclimation in diverse environmental niches have surfaced. On the other hand, by the identification of a large proportion of genes with unknown function, these promoter-trapping studies underscore how little we know about the secret lives of bacteria and other microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Rediers
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Heverlee, Belgium
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Cai XK, Lin JS, Liu ZZ, Zhou HJ, Liang KH. Construction of two vectors harboring PNP gene under control of two different promoters and their expression. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:2036-2040. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i9.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct two expression vectors carrying PNP gene under a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter and a hybrid a-fetoprotein (AFP) tissue-specific promoter, and to detect and analyze their expression in different cell lines.
METHODS: [HRE]AF promoter was inserted into pcDNA3.0 vector, and a recombinant vector controlled by the hybrid AFP promoter, p[HRE]AF, was constructed. Inserting PNP gene into pcDNA3.0 and p[HRE]AF vectors separately, two PNP gene expression vectors driven by two different promoters, pcDNA3.0/PNP and p[HRE]AF /PNP, were constructed by using recombinant DNA techniques. The recombinants were analyzed and identified by restriction enzymes, PCR and sequencing. pcDNA3.0/PNP and p[HRE]AF/PNP were transfected into human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines by liposome-mediated method. The expression of PNP gene in four different cell lines was detected by RT-PCR method.
RESULTS: All target fragments were separately cloned into corresponding vectors. We detected the expression of PNP gene under the control of CMV promoter in all cell lines, and the tissue-specific expression of PNP gene under the control of [HRE]AF promoter in AFP positive and negative hepatocellular carcinoma cell line was positive.
CONCLUSION: Two expression vectors harboring PNP gene are novel effective vectors for human hepatocellular carcinoma gene therapy, and p[HRE]AF/PNP is a target-expressing vector in AFP positive, especially in AFP negative hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
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