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Sharma B, Twelker K, Nguyen C, Ellis S, Bhatia ND, Kuschner Z, Agriantonis A, Agriantonis G, Arnold M, Dave J, Mestre J, Shafaee Z, Arora S, Ghanta H, Whittington J. Bile Acids in Pancreatic Carcinogenesis. Metabolites 2024; 14:348. [PMID: 39057671 PMCID: PMC11278541 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a dangerous digestive tract tumor that is becoming increasingly common and fatal. The most common form of PC is pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Bile acids (BAs) are closely linked to the growth and progression of PC. They can change the intestinal flora, increasing intestinal permeability and allowing gut microbes to enter the bloodstream, leading to chronic inflammation. High dietary lipids can increase BA secretion into the duodenum and fecal BA levels. BAs can cause genetic mutations, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal activation of intracellular trypsin, cytoskeletal damage, activation of NF-κB, acute pancreatitis, cell injury, and cell necrosis. They can act on different types of pancreatic cells and receptors, altering Ca2+ and iron levels, and related signals. Elevated levels of Ca2+ and iron are associated with cell necrosis and ferroptosis. Bile reflux into the pancreatic ducts can speed up the kinetics of epithelial cells, promoting the development of pancreatic intraductal papillary carcinoma. BAs can cause the enormous secretion of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leading to the proliferation of pancreatic β-cells. Using Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) increases the risk of pancreatitis and PC. Therefore, our objective was to explore various studies and thoroughly examine the role of BAs in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Sharma
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Kate Twelker
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Cecilia Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Scott Ellis
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Navin D. Bhatia
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Zachary Kuschner
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Andrew Agriantonis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - George Agriantonis
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Monique Arnold
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Jasmine Dave
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Juan Mestre
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Zahra Shafaee
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Shalini Arora
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Hima Ghanta
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Jennifer Whittington
- Department of Surgery, NYC Health + Hospitals/Elmhurst, New York, NY 11373, USA; (K.T.); (C.N.); (S.E.); (N.D.B.); (Z.K.); (G.A.); (J.D.); (J.M.); (Z.S.); (S.A.); (H.G.); (J.W.)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.A.); (M.A.)
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Li W, Zou L, Huang S, Miao H, Liu K, Geng Y, Liu Y, Wu W. The anticancer activity of bile acids in drug discovery and development. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1362382. [PMID: 38444942 PMCID: PMC10912613 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1362382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) constitute essential components of cholesterol metabolites that are synthesized in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and excreted into the intestine through the biliary system. They play a crucial role in nutrient absorption, lipid and glucose regulation, and the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. In additional, BAs have demonstrated the ability to attenuate disease progression such as diabetes, metabolic disorders, heart disease, and respiratory ailments. Intriguingly, recent research has offered exciting evidence to unveil their potential antitumor properties against various cancer cell types including tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, gastric cancer, colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, prostate cancer, gallbladder cancer, neuroblastoma, and others. Up to date, multiple laboratories have synthesized novel BA derivatives to develop potential drug candidates. These derivatives have exhibited the capacity to induce cell death in individual cancer cell types and display promising anti-tumor activities. This review extensively elucidates the anticancer activity of natural BAs and synthetic derivatives in cancer cells, their associated signaling pathways, and therapeutic strategies. Understanding of BAs and their derivatives activities and action mechanisms will evidently assist anticancer drug discovery and devise novel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Li
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zou
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijie Miao
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajun Geng
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenguang Wu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center of Biliary Tract Disease, Shanghai, China
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Xu Z, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Sun H, Hinz U, Heger U, Loos M, Gonzalez FJ, Hackert T, Bergmann F, Fortunato F. Farnesoid X receptor activation inhibits pancreatic carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166811. [PMID: 37515840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that controls bile acid (BA) homeostasis, has also been proposed as a tumor suppressor for breast and liver cancer. However, its role in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumorigenesis remains controversial. We recently found that FXR attenuates acinar cell autophagy in chronic pancreatitis resulting in reduced autophagy and promotion of pancreatic carcinogenesis. Feeding Kras-p48-Cre (KC) mice with the BA chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), an FXR agonist, attenuated pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) progression, reduced cell proliferation, neoplastic cells and autophagic activity, and increased acinar cells, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, with a compensatory increase in the anti-inflammatory response. Surprisingly, FXR-deficient KC mice did not show any response to CDCA, suggesting that CDCA attenuates PanIN progression and decelerate tumorigenesis in KC mice through activating pancreatic FXR. FXR is activated in pancreatic cancer cell lines in response to CDCA in vitro. FXR levels were highly increased in adjuvant and neoadjuvant PDAC tissue compared to healthy pancreatic tissue, indicating that FXR is expressed and potentially activated in human PDAC. These results suggest that BA exposure activates inflammation and suppresses autophagy in KC mice, resulting in reduced PanIN lesion progression. These data suggest that activation of pancreatic FXR has a protective role by reducing the growth of pre-cancerous PDAC lesions in response to CDCA and possibly other FXR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhenhua Huang
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulf Hinz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Heger
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Loos
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, MD, Bethesda, USA
| | - Thilo Hackert
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franco Fortunato
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Section Surgical Research, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Malhotra P, Palanisamy R, Caparros-Martin JA, Falasca M. Bile Acids and Microbiota Interplay in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3573. [PMID: 37509236 PMCID: PMC10377396 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests the involvement of the microbiota, including oral, intra-tumoral and gut, in pancreatic cancer progression and response to therapy. The gut microbiota modulates the bile acid pool and is associated with maintaining host physiology. Studies have shown that the bile acid/gut microbiota axis is dysregulated in pancreatic cancer. Bile acid receptor expression and bile acid levels are dysregulated in pancreatic cancer as well. Studies have also shown that bile acids can cause pancreatic cell injury and facilitate cancer cell proliferation. The microbiota and its metabolites, including bile acids, are also altered in other conditions considered risk factors for pancreatic cancer development and can alter responses to chemotherapeutic treatments, thus affecting patient outcomes. Altogether, these findings suggest that the gut microbial and/or bile acid profiles could also serve as biomarkers for pancreatic cancer detection. This review will discuss the current knowledge on the interaction between gut microbiota interaction and bile acid metabolism in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Malhotra
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Ranjith Palanisamy
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | | | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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Mechanism of Bile Acid-Induced Programmed Cell Death and Drug Discovery against Cancer: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137184. [PMID: 35806184 PMCID: PMC9266679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are major signaling molecules that play a significant role as emulsifiers in the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids. Bile acids are amphiphilic molecules produced by the reaction of enzymes with cholesterol as a substrate, and they are the primary metabolites of cholesterol in the body. Bile acids were initially considered as tumor promoters, but many studies have deemed them to be tumor suppressors. The tumor-suppressive effect of bile acids is associated with programmed cell death. Moreover, based on this fact, several synthetic bile acid derivatives have also been used to induce programmed cell death in several types of human cancers. This review comprehensively summarizes the literature related to bile acid-induced programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis, and the status of drug development using synthetic bile acid derivatives against human cancers. We hope that this review will provide a reference for the future research and development of drugs against cancer.
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Gál E, Veréb Z, Kemény L, Rakk D, Szekeres A, Becskeházi E, Tiszlavicz L, Takács T, Czakó L, Hegyi P, Venglovecz V. Bile accelerates carcinogenic processes in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells through the overexpression of MUC4. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22088. [PMID: 33328627 PMCID: PMC7744548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the leading causes of mortality rate globally and is usually associated with obstructive jaundice (OJ). Up to date, there is no clear consensus on whether biliary decompression should be performed prior to surgery and how high levels of serum bile affects the outcome of PC. Therefore, our study aims were to characterise the effect of bile acids (BAs) on carcinogenic processes using pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the serum concentrations of BAs. The effects of BAs on tumour progression were investigated using different assays. Mucin expressions were studied in normal and PDAC cell lines and in human samples at gene and protein levels and results were validated with gene silencing. The levels of BAs were significantly higher in the PDAC + OJ group compared to the healthy control. Treating PDAC cells with different BAs or with human serum obtained from PDAC + OJ patients enhanced the rate of proliferation, migration, adhesion, colony forming, and the expression of MUC4. In PDAC + OJ patients, MUC4 expression was higher and the 4-year survival rate was lower compare to PDAC patients. Silencing of MUC4 decreased BAs-induced carcinogenic processes in PDAC cells. Our results show that BAs promote carcinogenic process in PDAC cells, in which the increased expression of MUC4 plays an important role. Based on these results, we assume that in PC patients, where the disease is associated with OJ, the early treatment of biliary obstruction improves life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonóra Gál
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Veréb
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- HCEMM SZTE Skin Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- HCEMM SZTE Skin Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dávid Rakk
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Szekeres
- Department of Microbiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Becskeházi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Takács
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Czakó
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Division of Gastroenterology, First Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Viktória Venglovecz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary.
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Shrader HR, Miller AM, Tomanek-Chalkley A, McCarthy A, Coleman KL, Ear PH, Mangalam AK, Salem AK, Chan CHF. Effect of bacterial contamination in bile on pancreatic cancer cell survival. Surgery 2020; 169:617-622. [PMID: 33268071 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Introduction of gut flora into the biliary system is common owing to biliary stenting in patients with obstructing pancreatic head cancer. We hypothesize that alteration of biliary microbiome modifies bile content that modulates pancreatic cancer cell survival. METHODS Human bile samples were collected during pancreaticoduodenectomy. Bacterial strains were isolated from contaminated (stented) bile and identified using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Human pancreatic cancer cells (AsPC1, CFPAC, Panc1) were treated for 24 hours with sterile (nonstented) bile, contaminated (stented) bile, and sterile bile preincubated with 106 colony forming unit of live bacteria isolated from contaminated bile or a panel of bile acids for 24 hours at 37°C, and evaluated using CellTiter-Blue Cell Viability Assay (Promega Corp. Madison, WI). Human bile (30-50 μl/mouse) was coinjected intraperitoneally with 105 Panc02 mouse pancreatic cancer cells in C57BL6/N mice to evaluate the impact of bile on peritoneal metastasis 3 to 4 weeks after tumor challenge. RESULTS While all bile samples significantly reduced peritoneal metastasis of Panc02 cells in mice, some contaminated bile samples had diminished antitumor effect. All sterile bile (n = 4) reduced pancreatic cancer cell survival in vitro. Only 40% (2/5) of contaminated bile samples had significant effect. Preincubation of sterile bile with live Enterococcus faecalis or Streptococcus oralis modified the antitumor effect of sterile bile. These changes were not observed with culture media preincubated with live bacteria, suggesting live gut bacteria can modify the antitumor components present in bile. Conjugated bile acids were more potent than unconjugated cholic acid in reducing pancreatic cancer cell survival. CONCLUSION Alteration of bile microbiome from biliary stenting has a direct impact on pancreatic cancer cell survival. Further study is warranted to determine if this microbiome shift alters tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann M Miller
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Ashley McCarthy
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Kristen L Coleman
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Po Hien Ear
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Ashutosh K Mangalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Carlos H F Chan
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.
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8
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Petrick JL, Castro-Webb N, Gerlovin H, Bethea TN, Li S, Ruiz-Narváez EA, Rosenberg L, Palmer JR. A Prospective Analysis of Intake of Red and Processed Meat in Relation to Pancreatic Cancer among African American Women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:1775-1783. [PMID: 32611583 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans have the highest incidence of pancreatic cancer of any racial/ethnic group in the United States. There is evidence that consumption of red or processed meat and foods containing saturated fats may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer, but there is limited evidence in African Americans. METHODS Utilizing the Black Women's Health Study (1995-2018), we prospectively investigated the associations of red and processed meat and saturated fats with incidence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n = 168). A food frequency questionnaire was completed by 52,706 participants in 1995 and 2001. Multivariable-adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. We observed interactions with age (P interaction = 0.01). Thus, results were stratified at age 50 (<50, ≥50). RESULTS Based on 148 cases among women aged ≥50 years, total red meat intake was associated with a 65% increased pancreatic cancer risk (HRQ4 vs. Q1 = 1.65; 95% CI, 0.98-2.78; P trend = 0.05), primarily due to unprocessed red meat. There was also a nonsignificant association between total saturated fat and pancreatic cancer (HRQ4 vs. Q1 = 1.85; 95% CI, 0.92-3.72; P trend = 0.08). Red meat and saturated fat intakes were not associated with pancreatic cancer risk in younger women, and there was no association with processed meat in either age group. CONCLUSIONS Red meat-specifically, unprocessed red meat-and saturated fat intakes were associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in African-American women aged 50 and older, but not among younger women. IMPACT The accumulating evidence-including now in African-American women-suggests that diet, a modifiable factor, plays a role in the etiology of pancreatic cancer, suggesting opportunities for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Petrick
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Nelsy Castro-Webb
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hanna Gerlovin
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Traci N Bethea
- School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Shanshan Li
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edward A Ruiz-Narváez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lynn Rosenberg
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julie R Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Riscal R, Skuli N, Simon MC. Even Cancer Cells Watch Their Cholesterol! Mol Cell 2019; 76:220-231. [PMID: 31586545 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated cell proliferation is an established feature of cancer, and altered tumor metabolism has witnessed renewed interest over the past decade, including the study of how cancer cells rewire metabolic pathways to renew energy sources and "building blocks" that sustain cell division. Microenvironmental oxygen, glucose, and glutamine are regarded as principal nutrients fueling tumor growth. However, hostile tumor microenvironments render O2/nutrient supplies chronically insufficient for increased proliferation rates, forcing cancer cells to develop strategies for opportunistic modes of nutrient acquisition. Recent work shows that cancer cells overcome this nutrient scarcity by scavenging other substrates, such as proteins and lipids, or utilizing adaptive metabolic pathways. As such, reprogramming lipid metabolism plays important roles in providing energy, macromolecules for membrane synthesis, and lipid-mediated signaling during cancer progression. In this review, we highlight more recently appreciated roles for lipids, particularly cholesterol and its derivatives, in cancer cell metabolism within intrinsically harsh tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Riscal
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicolas Skuli
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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10
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Alsaleh M, Barbera TA, Reeves HL, Cramp ME, Ryder S, Gabra H, Nash K, Shen YL, Holmes E, Williams R, Taylor-Robinson SD. Characterization of the urinary metabolic profile of cholangiocarcinoma in a United Kingdom population. Hepat Med 2019; 11:47-67. [PMID: 31118840 PMCID: PMC6507078 DOI: 10.2147/hmer.s193996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Outside South-East Asia, most cases of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) have an obscure etiology. There is often diagnostic uncertainty. Metabolomics using ultraperformance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) offers the portent to distinguish disease-specific metabolic signatures. We aimed to define such a urinary metabolic signature in a patient cohort with sporadic CCA and investigate whether there were characteristic differences from those in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), metastatic secondary liver cancer, pancreatic cancer and ovarian cancer (OCA). Methods: Spot urine specimens were obtained from 211 subjects in seven participating centers across the UK. Samples were collected from healthy controls and from patients with benign hepatic disease (gallstone, biliary strictures, sphincter of Oddi dysfunction and viral hepatitis) and patients with malignant conditions (HCC, pancreatic cancer, OCA and metastatic cancer in the liver). The spectral metabolite profiles were generated using a UPLC-MS detector and data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate statistical analyses. Results: The greatest class differences were seen between the metabolic profiles of disease-free controls compared to individuals with CCA with altered acylcarnitine, bile acid and purine levels. Individuals with benign strictures showed comparable urine profiles to patients with malignant bile duct lesions. The metabolic signatures of patients with bile duct tumors were distinguishable from patients with hepatocellular and ovarian tumors, but no difference was observed between CCA cases and patients with pancreatic cancer or hepatic secondary metastases. Conclusion: CCA causes subtle but detectable changes in the urine metabolic profiles. The findings point toward potential applications of metabonomics in early tumor detection. However, it is key to utilize both global and targeted metabonomics in a larger cohort for in-depth characterization of the urine metabolome in hepato-pancreato-biliary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munirah Alsaleh
- Division of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London
| | | | - Helen L Reeves
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Stephen Ryder
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hani Gabra
- Division of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London.,Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kathryn Nash
- Liver Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire, UK
| | - Yi-Liang Shen
- Division of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Division of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London
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11
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Phelan JP, Reen FJ, Caparros-Martin JA, O'Connor R, O'Gara F. Rethinking the bile acid/gut microbiome axis in cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:115736-115747. [PMID: 29383197 PMCID: PMC5777809 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary factors, probiotic agents, aging and antibiotics/medicines impact on gut microbiome composition leading to disturbances in localised microbial populations. The impact can be profound and underlies a plethora of human disorders, including the focus of this review; cancer. Compromised microbiome populations can alter bile acid signalling and produce distinct pathophysiological bile acid profiles. These in turn have been associated with cancer development and progression. Exposure to high levels of bile acids, combined with localised molecular/genome instability leads to the acquisition of bile mediated neoplastic alterations, generating apoptotic resistant proliferation phenotypes. However, in recent years, several studies have emerged advocating the therapeutic benefits of bile acid signalling in suppressing molecular and phenotypic hallmarks of cancer progression. These studies suggest that in some instances, bile acids may reduce cancer phenotypic effects, thereby limiting metastatic potential. In this review, we contextualise the current state of the art to propose that the bile acid/gut microbiome axis can influence cancer progression to the extent that classical in vitro cancer hallmarks of malignancy (cell invasion, cell migration, clonogenicity, and cell adhesion) are significantly reduced. We readily acknowledge the existence of a bile acid/gut microbiome axis in cancer initiation, however, in light of recent advances, we focus exclusively on the role of bile acids as potentially beneficial molecules in suppressing cancer progression. Finally, we theorise that suppressing aggressive malignant phenotypes through bile acid/gut microbiome axis modulation could uncover new and innovative disease management strategies for managing cancers in vulnerable cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Phelan
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - F Jerry Reen
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Jose A Caparros-Martin
- Human Microbiome Programme, School of Biomedical Science, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Rosemary O'Connor
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, School of Microbiology, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, T12 YN60, Ireland.,Human Microbiome Programme, School of Biomedical Science, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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12
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Di Gangi IM, Mazza T, Fontana A, Copetti M, Fusilli C, Ippolito A, Mattivi F, Latiano A, Andriulli A, Vrhovsek U, Pazienza V. Metabolomic profile in pancreatic cancer patients: a consensus-based approach to identify highly discriminating metabolites. Oncotarget 2016; 7:5815-29. [PMID: 26735340 PMCID: PMC4868723 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer related deaths due to its aggressive behavior and poor clinical outcome. There is a considerable variability in the frequency of serum tumor markers in cancer' patients. We performed a metabolomics screening in patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Experimental Design Two targeted metabolomic assays were conducted on 40 serum samples of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and 40 healthy controls. Multivariate methods and classification trees were performed. Materials and Methods Sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (SPLS-DA) was used to reduce the high dimensionality of a pancreatic cancer metabolomic dataset, differentiating between pancreatic cancer (PC) patients and healthy subjects. Using Random Forest analysis palmitic acid, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-glycerol, lanosterol, lignoceric acid, 1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol, cholesterol 5α,6α epoxide, erucic acid and taurolithocholic acid (T-LCA), oleoyl-L-carnitine, oleanolic acid were identified among 206 metabolites as highly discriminating between disease states. Comparison between Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves for palmitic acid and CA 19-9 showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of palmitic acid (AUC=1.000; 95% confidence interval) is significantly higher than CA 19-9 (AUC=0.963; 95% confidence interval: 0.896-1.000). Conclusion Mass spectrometry-based metabolomic profiling of sera from pancreatic cancer patients and normal subjects showed significant alterations in the profiles of the metabolome of PC patients as compared to controls. These findings offer an information-rich matrix for discovering novel candidate biomarkers with diagnostic or prognostic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iole Maria Di Gangi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- Unit of Bioinformatics, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Andrea Fontana
- Unit of Biostatistics I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Copetti
- Unit of Biostatistics I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Caterina Fusilli
- Unit of Bioinformatics, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Antonio Ippolito
- Gastroenterology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Fulvio Mattivi
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Anna Latiano
- Gastroenterology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Angelo Andriulli
- Gastroenterology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
| | - Urska Vrhovsek
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Valerio Pazienza
- Gastroenterology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza" Hospital, San Giovanni Rotondo, FG, Italy
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13
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Morais KLP, Pacheco MTF, Berra CM, Bosch RV, Sciani JM, Chammas R, de Freitas Saito R, Iqbal A, Chudzinski-Tavassi AM. Amblyomin-X induces ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and caspase activation in human melanoma and pancreatic tumor cell. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 415:119-31. [PMID: 27015684 PMCID: PMC4819916 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, new insights into proteasome function and its role in several human diseases made it a potential therapeutic target. In this context, Amblyomin-X is a Kunitz-type FXa inhibitor similar to endogenous tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and is a novel proteasome inhibitor. Herein, we have demonstrated Amblyomin-X cytotoxicity to different tumor cells lines such as pancreatic (Panc1, AsPC1BxPC3) and melanoma (SK-MEL-5 and SK-MEL-28). Of note, Amblyomin-X was not cytotoxic to normal human fibroblast cells. In addition, Amblyomin-X promoted accumulation of ER stress markers (GRP78 and GADD153) in sensitive (SK-MEL-28) and bortezomib-resistant (Mia-PaCa-2) tumor cells. The intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]i was slightly modulated in human tumor cells (SK-MEL-28 and Mia-PaCa-2) after 24 h of Amblyomin-X treatment. Furthermore, Amblyomin-X induced mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome-c release, PARP cleavage, and activation of caspase cascade in both human tumor (SK-MEL-28 and Mia-PaCa-2) cells. These investigations might help in further understanding of the antitumor properties of Amblyomin-X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia L P Morais
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Maria Berra
- Biochemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosemary V Bosch
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Mozer Sciani
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Experimental Oncology Medical Investigation Laboratory - LIM/24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata de Freitas Saito
- Experimental Oncology Medical Investigation Laboratory - LIM/24, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Asif Iqbal
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Laboratory, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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14
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of new ligustrazine derivatives as anti-tumor agents. Molecules 2012; 17:4972-85. [PMID: 22547319 PMCID: PMC6268357 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17054972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To discover new anti-cancer agents with multi-effect and low toxicity, a series of ligustrazine derivatives were synthesized using several effective anti-tumor ingredients of Shiquandabu Wan as starting materials. Our idea was enlightened by the “combination principle” in drug discovery. The ligustrazine derivatives’ anti-tumor activities were evaluated on the HCT-8, Bel-7402, BGC-823, A-549 and A2780 human cancer cell lines. In addition the angiogenesis activities were valued by the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. 1,7-bis(4-(3,5,6-Trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione (4) and 3 α,12 α-dihydroxy-5β-dholanic acid-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-methyl ester (5) not only displayed antiproliferative activities on these cancer cells, but also dramatically suppressed normal angiogenesis in CAM. The LD50 value of the compound 5 exceeded 3.0 g/kg by oral administration in mice.
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15
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Ha YH, Park DG. Effects of DCA on Cell Cycle Proteins in Colonocytes. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2010; 26:254-9. [PMID: 21152226 PMCID: PMC2998009 DOI: 10.3393/jksc.2010.26.4.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Evidence that indicates bile acid is a promoter of colon cancer exists. Deoxycholic acid (DCA) modifies apoptosis or proliferation by affecting intracellular signaling and gene expression. However, because previous studies have been based on studies on colon cancer cell lines, the effect of DCA on normal colonocytes is unknown. Methods Normal colonocytes and Caco-2 and HCT116 cells were treated with 20 µM and 250 µM of DCA, and the effect of different concentrations of DCA was measured based on the expression of cell-cycle-related proteins by using Western blots. Results The expressions of CDK2 and cyclin D1 for different concentrations of DCA in normal colonocytes and colon cancer cells were similar, but the expressions of cyclin E and A were significantly different. In HCT116 colon cancer cells, the expression of cyclin E increased regardless of the DCA concentration, but in normal colonocytes and Caco-2 cells, the expression of cyclin E was not changed or decreased. In HCT116 colon cancer cells, the expression of cyclin A was not changed or decreased regardless of the DCA concentration, but in normal colonocytes and Caco-2 cells, the expression of cyclin A was increased at a DCA concentration of 20 µM. Conclusion The effect of DCA on stimulating cell proliferation suggests that DNA synthesis is stimulated by an increased expression of cyclin E in colon cancer cells. Our results suggest that a low dose of DCA induces cellular proliferation through increased expression of cyclin A and that a high dose of DCA induces decreased expression of cyclin E and CDK2 in normal colonocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hyung Ha
- Department of Surgery, Dankook University School of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
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16
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Costarelli V. Bile acids as possible human carcinogens: new tricks from an old dog. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2009; 60 Suppl 6:116-25. [DOI: 10.1080/09637480902970967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Shao Y, Yao ZW, Li HX, Ding M, Wu WX, Wang KJ, Liao XG, Yi YF. Toxic effect of pregnancy intrahepatic cholestasis on liver and placenta in pregnant rats. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:1404-1407. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i12.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the toxic effect of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) on the liver and placenta in pregnant rats.
METHODS: The animal model of ICP was induced by 17-a-ethinylestradiol and progesterone. Pathohistological changes of the liver and placenta of the pregnant rats were observed under light and electronic microscope.
RESULTS: The levels of serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and total bile acid (TBA) were significantly higher in ICP rats than the control (AST: 3 784±155 vs 747±158; ALT: 7 076±220 vs 847±198; TBA: 78.5±4.5 vs 25.2±3.7; P<0.01 for all of the three). Granule- and vacuole-like cells were observed in liver of ICP rats under light microscope and Bile canaliculi were dilated and deposition of substances with high electronic density was found in bile canaliculi and hepatocytes of ICP rats by electronic microscopy. Granule- and vacuole-like changes were also found in some placenta syncytiotrophoblast of ICP rats by light microscopy.
CONCLUSION: ICP with hyperbileacidemia has marked toxicity to hepatocytes and placenta trophoblasts of pregnant rats.
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