1
|
Yin H, Zhou Y, Li Z. Contradictory findings in the study of emotional false memory: a review on the inadvisability of controlling valence and arousal. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1380742. [PMID: 38863666 PMCID: PMC11165708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1380742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotional false memories are the erroneous recollection of events accompanied by an emotional experience. In high-risk domains like psychotherapy and the legal system, emotional false memories are of particular importance. Despite the systematic research conducted on emotional false memories in recent years, findings remain contradictory. Some studies have suggested that negative emotion reduces false memories, while others have suggested that negative emotion increases false memories. Research has mainly employed words and pictures as experimental stimuli, and studies using both types of memory stimuli are reviewed here. From this examination, it emerged that the main reasons for contradictory findings are as follows: (1) different materials have varying effects on inducing false memories, with pictures demonstrating a memory advantage compared to words; (2) recall and recognition tests have been used interchangeably, leading to different false-memory effects depending on the memory test employed; and (3) different studies have adopted different levels of control over valence and arousal when manipulating emotional variables. Future studies should distinguish between the use of different memory materials, examine specific differences in recall and recognition tests, and measure the impact of specific emotions on false memory beyond the dimensions of valence and arousal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Yin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yizhou Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuoshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- School of Teacher Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
Meade ME, Klein MD, Fernandes MA. The benefit (and cost) of drawing as an encoding strategy. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2019; 73:199-210. [PMID: 31342856 DOI: 10.1177/1747021819869188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drawing, as an encoding strategy for to-be-remembered words, has previously been shown to provide robust memory benefits. In the current study, we investigated the effect of drawing on false memory endorsements during a recognition test. We found that while drawing led to higher hit rates relative to writing (Experiment 1) and creating visual mental imagery (Experiment 2), it also led to higher false alarm (FA) rates to critical lures in a variant of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. When compared with an encoding strategy requiring listing of object features (Experiment 3), drawing led to a lower FA rate. We suggest that drawing enhances memory by promoting recollection of rich visual contextual information during retrieval, and this leads to the unintended side effect of increasing FA rates to related information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Meade
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Klein
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Myra A Fernandes
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brainerd CJ, Reyna VF. Replication, Registration, and Scientific Creativity. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2019; 13:428-432. [PMID: 29961417 DOI: 10.1177/1745691617739421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The bureaucratization of psychological science exacts intellectual costs that go beyond the sheer amount of time that is drained away from creative scientific activity. Additional administrative hurdles are now being generated in an attempt to ensure the replicability of psychological effects. A cognitive analysis of those hurdles shows that impairment of scientific creativity is a foreseeable consequence, owing to their frequent verbatim-processing focus and the negative emotional context in which they are embedded. We consider whether it is possible to enhance replicability without increasing bureaucratic obstacles and to enhance scientific creativity in the presence of such obstacles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Brainerd
- Department of Human Development and Institute for Human Neuroscience, Cornell University
| | - Valerie F Reyna
- Department of Human Development and Institute for Human Neuroscience, Cornell University
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Positive and negative effects of gender expertise on episodic memory. Mem Cognit 2018; 47:257-265. [PMID: 30267285 DOI: 10.3758/s13421-018-0863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In two experiments, we examined the role of differential levels of knowledge between the genders in different domains, which we term gender expertise, in accounting for differences in episodic memory performance. In Experiment 1, we validated the assumption of differential gender expertise among men and women and selected the categories for the subsequent experiments. In Experiment 2, participants from both genders studied exemplars from these female-oriented, male-oriented, and gender-neutral categories and were tested after 24 hours on studied items, critical lures, and unrelated lures. A gender-congruity effect was found in terms of the recognition rates of both studied items and critical lures: Participants from each gender recognized more studied items and more critical lures from gender-congruent categories than from gender-incongruent categories. A parallel pattern of results was found for subjective confidence, supporting the notion that gender congruity enhanced the phenomenological experience that an item was studied. Our findings highlight the unique role of gender expertise in accounting for gender-congruity effects in episodic memory performance, using a well-defined operationalization of gender expertise. These findings show that in addition to benefits in terms of enhancing true memory, gender expertise also has a "dark side" of increasing false memories.
Collapse
|
6
|
Sleep and mindfulness meditation as they relate to false memory. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 84:1084-1111. [PMID: 30244286 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
By a systematic analysis of the current literature, we compare two states of sleep and meditation in terms of their role in the formation or suppression of Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory. We aim to suggest that the occurrence of false memory under these two states is a result of reinforcing some abilities and changes in cognitive systems which can ultimately improve some aspects of cognitive functions. In our analogy, we propose that: (1) both sleep and meditation may improve source monitoring ability whose failure is one of the most important mechanisms in producing false memories, and (2) despite improvement in source monitoring ability, adaptive cognitive processes, as mechanisms which are common in sleep and meditation, can still produce false memories. In conclusion, we propose that in spite of their contribution to false memory through adaptive processes, the beneficial role of sleep and meditation in cognition may be more prominent than their harmful role.
Collapse
|
7
|
Soliman AM, Elfar RM. False Memory in Adults With ADHD: A Comparison Between Subtypes and Normal Controls. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:986-996. [PMID: 25416465 DOI: 10.1177/1087054714556814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the performance on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott task of adults divided into ADHD subtypes and compares their performance to that of healthy controls to examine whether adults with ADHD are more susceptible to the production of false memories under experimental conditions. METHOD A total of 128 adults with ADHD (50% females), classified into three Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV-TR) subtypes, were compared with 48 controls. RESULTS The results indicated that the ADHD participants recalled and recognized fewer studied words than the controls, the ADHD groups produced more false memories than the control group, no differences in either the false positives or the false negatives. The ADHD-combined (ADHD-CT) group recognized significantly more critical words than the control, ADHD-predominantly inattentive (ADHD-IA), and ADHD-predominantly hyperactive-impulsive (ADHD-HI) groups. The ADHD groups recalled and recognized more false positives, were more confident in their false responses, and displayed more knowledge corruption than the controls. The ADHD-CT group recalled and recognized more false positives than the other ADHD groups. CONCLUSION The adults with ADHD have more false memories than the controls and that false memory formation varied with the ADHD subtypes.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mukai A. False Recall for People's Names in the Deese-Roediger-Mcdermott Paradigm: Conspicuousness and Semantic Encoding of the Critical Lure. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 99:1123-35. [PMID: 15739835 DOI: 10.2466/pms.99.3f.1123-1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm for studying false recall uses people's names as critical lures. In this study the contextual organization of list structure was manipulated in an effort to make the critical lure's absence inconspicuous and consequently increase the likelihood of false recall of the critical lures. Following Brédart's 2000 work, a list structure that appears to make the critical lure inconspicuous was constructed (Inconspicuous lure structure), according to the characteristics of two lists that previously induced a number of false memories. The rate of false recall for this structure was compared with Conspicuous lure structure, which was similar to his other lists that rarely induced false recall. 80 participants (age range 18–28 years, M age = 21.5 yr.) were presented eight 10-item lists, composed of four lists from each list structure. Contrary to expectations, the Inconspicuous lure structure produced less false recall than the Conspicuous lure structure. Moreover, better recall of list items was found in the Inconspicuous lure structure. These results were discussed in terms of semantic encoding related to contextual organization of the lists' structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mukai
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Benmergui SR, McKelvie SJ, Standing LG. Beneficial Effect of Pictures on False Memory in the DRMRS Procedure. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-015-9394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
11
|
Prohaska V, DelValle D, Toglia MP, Pittman AE. Reported serial positions of true and illusory memories in the Deese/Roediger/McDermott paradigm. Memory 2015; 24:865-83. [PMID: 26275167 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1059455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the easiest ways to induce illusory memories in the laboratory is to use the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) word-list paradigm. Researchers have used this paradigm not only to study people's memories of stimuli that were not actually presented, but also to study the phenomenological qualities of these illusions. In four experiments, the current investigation explored a phenomenological quality of illusory memories that has received almost no attention, specifically, temporality. A serial position task was incorporated into the DRM paradigm to examine temporal attributes of participants' true and false memories. Effects of list strength, presentation order, and types of warnings were examined. Results showed consistent serial position responses for true and false memories. However, only responses for illusory memories were affected by manipulations at study. The current findings thus lend support to encoding-based explanations of false recollections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Prohaska
- a Department of Psychology , Lehman College, The City University of New York , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Debbie DelValle
- b Office of Sponsored Programs , Stevens Institute of Technology , Hoboken , NJ , USA
| | - Michael P Toglia
- c Department of Psychology , University of North Florida , Jacksonville , FL , USA
| | - Anna E Pittman
- c Department of Psychology , University of North Florida , Jacksonville , FL , USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rackie JM, Brandt KR, Eysenck MW. Interaction between mode of learning and subjective experience: Translation effects in long-term memory. Memory 2014; 23:318-28. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2014.886701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
Goodwin. Reducing False Memories via Context Reinstatement: The Roles of Encoding and Retrieval Contexts. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 126:213-25. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.126.2.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
15
|
Hunt RR, Smith RE, Dunlap KR. How Does Distinctive Processing Reduce False Recall? JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 2011; 65:378-389. [PMID: 22003267 PMCID: PMC3190239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
False memories arising from associatively related lists are a robust phenomenon that resists many efforts to prevent it. However, a few variables have been shown to reduce this form of false memory. Explanations for how the reduction is accomplished have focused on either output monitoring processes or constraints on access, but neither idea alone is sufficient to explain extant data. Our research was driven by a framework that distinguishes item-based and event-based distinctive processing to account for the effects of different variables on both correct recall of study list items and false recall. We report the results of three experiments examining the effect of a deep orienting task and the effect of visual presentation of study items, both of which have been shown to reduce false recall. The experiments replicate those previous findings and add important new information about the effect of the variables on a recall test that eliminates the need for monitoring. The results clearly indicate that both post-access monitoring and constraints on access contribute to reductions in false memories. The results also showed that the manipulations of study modality and orienting task had different effects on correct and false recall, a pattern that was predicted by the item-based/event-based distinctive processing framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Reed Hunt
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
False memories occur when individuals mistakenly report an event as having taken place when that event did not in fact occur. The DRM (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995) paradigm provides an effective technique for creating and investigating false memories. In this paradigm participants study a list of words (e.g., SOUR, CANDY,…) that are highly associated to a non-presented critical item (e.g., SWEET). The study phase is followed by a test of memory for the study list words. Researchers typically find very high levels of false recall of the critical non-presented item. However, the likelihood of falsely remembering the non-presented critical items can be reduced by presenting studied associates visually rather than auditorally (e.g., Smith & Hunt, 1998). This is referred to as the modality effect in false memory. The current study investigated the role of resource availability in the expression of this modality effect in false recall. In Experiment 1 false recall was reduced in the visual study presentation condition relative to the auditory condition for participants with higher working memory capacity, but not for participants with lower working memory capacity. In Experiment 2 the effect of study modality on false recall was eliminated by the addition of a divided attention task at encoding. Both studies support the proposal that resource availability plays a role in the expression of the modality effect in the DRM paradigm (Smith, Lozito, & Bayen, 2005).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah E Smith
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Smith TS, Isaak MI, Senette CG, Abadie BG. Effects of Cell-Phone and Text-Message Distractions on True and False Recognition. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2011; 14:351-8. [DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S. Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana
- Department of Psychology and Special Education, Texas A & M University in Commerce, Commerce, Texas
| | - Matthew I. Isaak
- Department of Psychology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana
| | - Christian G. Senette
- Department of Psychology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana
| | - Brenton G. Abadie
- Department of Psychology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, Louisiana
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Anastasi JS, Rhodes MG, Marquez S, Velino V. The incidence of false memories in native and non-native speakers. Memory 2010; 13:815-28. [PMID: 16298890 DOI: 10.1080/09658210444000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current study consisted of four experiments that utilised a novel approach to investigating false memories. Each of the experiments in the current study investigated individuals with varying experience with different languages. Experiment 1 tested participants in both their native and secondary languages as well as monolingual English speakers, while Experiment 2 assessed native Spanish speakers using both English and Spanish associative lists. Experiment 3 examined the illusory memories in monolingual Spanish speakers in both English and Spanish, while Experiment 4 investigated false memories in monolingual English speakers in both English and Spanish. Results indicated that memory for list items and critical lures was greatest when the lists were presented in the participants' primary language. Results can be explained by either activation-based or fuzzy-trace theories.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wimmer MC, Howe ML. Are children's memory illusions created differently from those of adults? Evidence from levels-of-processing and divided attention paradigms. J Exp Child Psychol 2010; 107:31-49. [PMID: 20417937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In two experiments, we investigated the robustness and automaticity of adults' and children's generation of false memories by using a levels-of-processing paradigm (Experiment 1) and a divided attention paradigm (Experiment 2). The first experiment revealed that when information was encoded at a shallow level, true recognition rates decreased for all ages. For false recognition, when information was encoded on a shallow level, we found a different pattern for young children compared with that for older children and adults. False recognition rates were related to the overall amount of correctly remembered information for 7-year-olds, whereas no such association was found for the other age groups. In the second experiment, divided attention decreased true recognition for all ages. In contrast, children's (7- and 11-year-olds) false recognition rates were again dependent on the overall amount of correctly remembered information, whereas adults' false recognition was left unaffected. Overall, children's false recognition rates changed when levels of processing or divided attention was manipulated in comparison with adults. Together, these results suggest that there may be both quantitative and qualitative changes in false memory rates with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Wimmer
- Centre for Research in Human Development, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YF, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sanford LC, Fisk JE. How does the extraversion personality trait influence false recall with the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigm? JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2009.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
22
|
Peters MJV, Jelicic M, Gorski B, Sijstermans K, Giesbrecht T, Merckelbach H. The corrective effects of warning on false memories in the DRM paradigm are limited to full attention conditions. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2008; 129:308-14. [PMID: 18804192 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of attention control and forewarning on the activation and monitoring of experimentally induced false memories in the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm were investigated in a young adult sample (N=77). We found that reducing the degree of attention during encoding led to a decrease in veridical recall and an increase in non-presented critical lure intrusions. This effect could not be counteracted by a forewarning instruction. However, these findings did not emerge in a (retrieval supportive) recognition task. It seems that divided attention increases false recall when attention control and forewarning have to compete for limited cognitive resources in a generative free recall as opposed to a retrieval supportive recognition task. Forewarning instructions do not always protect young adults against experimentally induced false memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten J V Peters
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Roberts KP, Powell MB. The roles of prior experience and the timing of misinformation presentation on young children's event memories. Child Dev 2007; 78:1137-52. [PMID: 17650130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study addressed how the timing of interviews affected children's memories of unique and repeated events. Five- to six-year-olds (N=125) participated in activities 1 or 4 times and were misinformed either 3 or 21 days after the only or last event. Although single-experience children were subsequently less accurate in the 21- versus 3-day condition, the timing of the misinformation session did not affect memories of repeated-experience children regarding invariant details. Children were more suggestible in the 21- versus 3-day condition for variable details when the test occurred soon after misinformation presentation. Thus, timing differentially affected memories of single and repeated events and depended on the combination of event-misinformation and misinformation-test delays rather than the overall retention interval.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim P Roberts
- Wilfrid Laurier University, Department of Psychology, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dewhurst SA, Barry C, Swannell ER, Holmes SJ, Bathurst GL. The effect of divided attention on false memory depends on how memory is tested. Mem Cognit 2007; 35:660-7. [PMID: 17848024 DOI: 10.3758/bf03193304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In three experiments, we investigated the effects of divided attention on false memory, using the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants studied six DRM lists with full attention and six in one of two divided-attention conditions (random number generation or digit monitoring). Both divided-attention conditions increased false recall of related words (Experiment 1) but reduced false recognition (Experiment 2). These results were confirmed in Experiment 3, in which the type of secondary task was manipulated within groups. We argue that the increase in false recall with divided attention reflects a change in participants' response criterion, whereas the decrease in false recognition occurs because the secondary tasks prevent participants from generating associates of the words presented at study.
Collapse
|
25
|
Guntre RW, Bodner GE, Azad T. Generation and mnemonic encoding induce a mirror effect in the DRM paradigm. Mem Cognit 2007; 35:1083-92. [PMID: 17910191 DOI: 10.3758/bf03193480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Encoding tasks that increase memory accuracy are appealing from both practical and theoretical perspectives. Within the Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, we found that generating list words from anagrams (relative to reading) produced a mirror effect: enhanced recognition of studied words coupled with a reduction in false recognition. Signal detection analyses suggest that the increase in correct recognition was due to enhanced item-specific encoding of the list words, whereas the reduction in false recognition was due to enhanced strategic monitoring at test (i.e., a distinctiveness heuristic), rather than to reduced relational encoding at study. Further support for a distinctiveness heuristic account was obtained using both "theme judgment" instructions and within-group conditions. In our final experiment, we replicated this mirror effect using a purely mnemonic (self-referential) encoding task, showing that extra perceptual cues are not necessary to induce participants to adopt a successful memory-improvement strategy at test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond W Guntre
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dehon H. Variations in processing resources and resistance to false memories in younger and older adults. Memory 2007; 14:692-711. [PMID: 16829487 DOI: 10.1080/09658210600648456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The influence of available processing resources on the resistance to false memories (FMs) for lists of semantically related items associated with a non-presented critical lure was examined in younger and older adults. Reducing the available resources at encoding in younger adults (Experiments 1 and 2) led to a performance similar to that of older adults (i.e., higher rates of FMs in addition to reduced rates of correct recall). However, increasing the available resources (Experiments 2 and 3) led to improvements in the rates of correct recall in both age groups and decreased the probability of FMs in younger adults, although warnings had to be added in older adults to obtain similar effects on FMs. Parallel influences on a post-recall test asking participants to report items that they had thought of but did not recall were also found. The influence of available cognitive resources for memory accuracy is also discussed with respect to activation-monitoring (e.g., McDermott & Watson, 2001) and fuzzy-trace (e.g., Brainerd & Reyna, 2002) accounts of age-related increased in false memories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedwige Dehon
- Department of Cognitive Science (B-32), Cognitive Psychology Unit, University of Liège, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sahlin BH, Harding MG, Seamon JG. When do false memories cross language boundaries in English-Spanish bilinguals? Mem Cognit 2006; 33:1414-21. [PMID: 16615389 DOI: 10.3758/bf03193374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether false memories cross language boundaries, we presented English-Spanish bilinguals with conceptually related word lists for five study-test trials. Some lists were heard in English, some in Spanish, and they were then followed by a recognition memory test composed of studied words, conceptually related nonstudied critical words, and unrelated words presented in the same language used at study or in a different language. Even though participants were instructed to recognize only previously heard words, they falsely recognized both same-language and different-language critical words. With practice, participants increased their accurate recognition of list words and decreased their false recognition of critical words when the study-test language was the same, and they decreased their false recognition of list words and critical words when the language differed. False memories can cross language boundaries when participants rely on conceptual representations from the word lists, but these errors decrease over trials as participants increasingly rely on language-specific lexical representations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke H Sahlin
- Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459-0408, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dodson CS, Hege ACG. Speeded retrieval abolishes the false-memory suppression effect: evidence for the distinctiveness heuristic. Psychon Bull Rev 2006; 12:726-31. [PMID: 16447388 DOI: 10.3758/bf03196764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We examined two different accounts of why studying distinctive information reduces false memories within the DRM paradigm. The impoverished relational encoding account predicts that less memorial information, such as overall familiarity, is elicited by the critical lure after distinctive encoding than after nondistinctive encoding. By contrast, the distinctiveness heuristic predicts that participants use a deliberate retrieval strategy to withhold responding to the critical lures. This retrieval strategy refers to a decision rule whereby the absence of memory for expected distinctive information is taken as evidence for an event's nonoccurrence. We show that the typical false-recognition suppression effect only occurs when the recognition test is self paced. This suppression effect is abolished when participants make recognition decisions under time pressure, such as within 1 second of seeing the test item. These results are consistent with the distinctiveness heuristic that a time-consuming retrieval strategy is used to reduce false-recognition responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad S Dodson
- Department of Psychology, P.O. Box 400400, 102 Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
McKelvie SJ. False recognition with the Deese-Roediger-McDermott-Reid-Solso procedure: a quantitative summary. Percept Mot Skills 2004; 98:1387-408. [PMID: 15291231 DOI: 10.2466/pms.98.3c.1387-1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In the Deese-Roediger-McDermott-Read-Solso (DRMRS) procedure, participants study lists of words associated with central concepts (critical themes) that are not on the lists, then their memory is tested. Based on 224 estimates, the rate of False Recognition of the nonstudied critical themes was .59 (95% confidence interval of .56 to .61), which is smaller than the Hit rate of .75 for correct recognition of studied items (95% confidence interval of .73 to .77) but greater than various rates of False Alarms for other nonstudied items (ranging from .13 to .19). Ratings of subjective confidence were similar on Hits and on False Recognitions but higher than on False Alarms, confirming that false recognition was more like correct recognition than like other errors. The results from judgments of feeling of remembering or knowing, from the effects of intervening activities (particularly recall) between study and test, and from the effects of age suggest that False Recognition occurs because the critical theme is activated along with studied items during list presentation and perhaps also during recall. Invoking fuzzy trace theory, it is argued Hits are based on verbatim traces whereas False Recognition is based on gist traces and a failure of source memory. Proposals are made for research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J McKelvie
- Bishop's University, Department of Psychology, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
DePrince AP, Allard CB, Oh H, Freyd JJ. What's in a Name for Memory Errors? Implications and Ethical Issues Arising From the Use of the Term "False Memory" for Errors in Memory for Details. ETHICS & BEHAVIOR 2004; 14:201-33. [PMID: 15875322 DOI: 10.1207/s15327019eb1403_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The term "false memories" has been used to refer to suggestibility experiments in which whole events are apparently confabulated and in media accounts of contested memories of childhood abuse. Since 1992 psychologists have increasingly used the term "false memory" when discussing memory errors for details, such as specific words within lists. Use of the term to refer to errors in details is a shift in language away from other terms used historically (e.g., "memory intrusions"). We empirically examine this shift in language and discuss implications of the new use of the term "false memories." Use of the term presents serious ethical challenges to the data-interpretation process by encouraging over-generalization and misapplication of research findings on word memory to social issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne P DePrince
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race Street, Denver, CO 80208, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gallo DA, Seamon JG. Are nonconscious processes sufficient to produce false memories? Conscious Cogn 2004; 13:158-68; author reply 169-72. [PMID: 14990250 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Seamon, Luo, and Gallo (1998) reported evidence that nonconscious processes could produce false recognition in a converging-associates task, whereby subjects falsely remember a nonstudied lure (e.g., sleep) after studying a list of related words (bed, rest, awake...). Zeelenberg, Plomp, and Raaijmakers (2003) failed to observe this false recognition effect when list word recognition was at chance. We critically evaluate the evidence for nonsconscious processing and report the results of a new experiment designed to overcome previous methodological limitations. Consistent with Seamon et al., we found that conscious activation of a related lure during study was not necessary for its subsequent recognition; consistent with Zeelenberg et al., we found no evidence for recognition of related lures under conditions where there was no memory for studied words. It is currently unknown whether conscious recollection of the studied items is necessary for false recognition or if nonconscious activation of the lure is sufficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Gallo
- Psychology Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
McKELVIE STUARTJ. FALSE RECOGNITION WITH THE DEESE-ROEDIGER-McDERMOTT-REID-SOLSO PROCEDURE: A QUANTITATIVE SUMMARY. Percept Mot Skills 2004. [DOI: 10.2466/pms.98.3.1387-1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
33
|
Hege ACG, Dodson CS. Why Distinctive Information Reduces False Memories: Evidence for Both Impoverished Relational-Encoding and Distinctiveness Heuristic Accounts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 30:787-95. [PMID: 15238023 DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.30.4.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two accounts explain why studying pictures reduces false memories within the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (J. Deese, 1959; H. L. Roediger & K. B. McDermott, 1995). The impoverished relational-encoding account suggests that studying pictures interferes with the encoding of relational information, which is the primary basis for false memories in this paradigm. Alternatively, the distinctiveness heuristic assumes that critical lures are actively withheld by the use of a retrieval strategy. When participants were given inclusion recall instructions to report studied items as well as related items, they still reported critical lures less often after picture encoding than they did after word encoding. As the impoverished relational-encoding account suggests, critical lures appear less likely to come to mind after picture encoding than they do after word encoding. However, the results from a postrecall recognition test provide evidence in favor of the distinctiveness heuristic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C G Hege
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, 102 Gilmer Hall, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
MUKAI AKIRA. FALSE RECALL FOR PEOPLE'S NAMES IN THE DEESE-ROEDIGER-McDERMOTT PARADIGM: CONSPICUOUSNESS AND SEMANTIC ENCODING OF THE CRITICAL LURE. Percept Mot Skills 2004. [DOI: 10.2466/pms.99.7.1123-1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|