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Borragan M, Martin CD, de Bruin A, Duñabeitia JA. Exploring Different Types of Inhibition During Bilingual Language Production. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2256. [PMID: 30515123 PMCID: PMC6255976 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilinguals have to control their languages constantly to produce accurate verbal output. They have to inhibit possible lexical competitors not only from the target language, but also from non-target languages. Bilinguals' training in inhibiting incongruent or irrelevant information has been used to endorse the so-called bilingual advantage in executive functions, assuming a transfer effect from language inhibition to domain-general inhibitory skills. Recent studies have suggested that language control may rely on language-specific inhibitory control mechanisms. In the present study, unbalanced highly proficient bilinguals completed a rapid naming multi-inhibitory task in two languages. The task assessed three types of inhibitory processes: inhibition of the non-target language, inhibition of lexical competitors, and inhibition of erroneous auditory feedback. The results showed an interaction between lexical competition and erroneous auditory feedback, but no interactions with the inhibition of the non-target language. The results suggested that different subcomponents of language inhibition are involved during bilingual language production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Borragan
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Spain
| | - Clara D. Martin
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Angela de Bruin
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Spain
| | - Jon Andoni Duñabeitia
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Spain
- Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Korolczuk I, Burle B, Coull JT. The costs and benefits of temporal predictability: impaired inhibition of prepotent responses accompanies increased activation of task-relevant responses. Cognition 2018; 179:102-110. [PMID: 29935426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
While the benefit of temporal predictability on sensorimotor processing is well established, it is still unknown whether this is due to efficient execution of an appropriate response and/or inhibition of an inappropriate one. To answer this question, we examined the effects of temporal predictability in tasks that required selective (Simon task) or global (Stop-signal task) inhibitory control of prepotent responses. We manipulated temporal expectation by presenting cues that either predicted (temporal cues) or not (neutral cues) when the target would appear. In the Simon task, performance was better when target location (left/right) was compatible with the hand of response and performance was improved further still if targets were temporally cued. However, Conditional Accuracy Functions revealed that temporal predictability selectively increased the number of fast, impulsive errors. Temporal cueing had no effect on selective response inhibition, as measured by the dynamics of the interference effect (delta plots) in the Simon task. By contrast, in the Stop-signal task, Stop-signal reaction time, a covert measure of a more global form of response inhibition, was significantly longer in temporally predictive trials. Therefore, when the time of target onset could be predicted in advance, it was harder to stop the impulse to respond to the target. Collectively, our results indicate that temporal cueing compounded the interfering effects of a prepotent response on task performance. We suggest that although temporal predictability enhances activation of task-relevant responses, it impairs inhibition of prepotent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Korolczuk
- Institute of Applied Psychology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Lojasiewicza 4, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Boris Burle
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences Cognitives UMR 7291, Federation 3C, Aix-Marseille University & CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille cedex 3, France
| | - Jennifer T Coull
- Laboratoire des Neurosciences Cognitives UMR 7291, Federation 3C, Aix-Marseille University & CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille cedex 3, France
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3
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Hayward DA, Ristic J. Automated symbolic orienting is not modulated by explicit temporal attention. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2016; 171:93-98. [PMID: 27743523 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies show that spatial attention is uniquely engaged by the selection history of a stimulus. One example of this process is Automated Symbolic Orienting, which is thought to reflect overlearned spatial links between a behaviorally relevant stimulus and a target event. However, since automated symbolic effects have been found to vary with temporal expectancies about when a target might occur, it is possible that this spatial effect may also depend on processing resources associated with voluntary temporal attention. To test this idea, here we elicited automated symbolic orienting and voluntary temporal attention in isolation and in combination. Across all conditions, both types of orienting remained typical without interacting. Thus, typical automated symbolic orienting is not modulated by participants' explicit utilization of temporal information; however, and as we have shown previously, typical ASO does appear to require the presence of an implicit temporal structure within a task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana A Hayward
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Ave West, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Jelena Ristic
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
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4
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Rolke B, Festl F, Seibold VC. Toward the influence of temporal attention on the selection of targets in a visual search task: An ERP study. Psychophysiology 2016; 53:1690-1701. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Rolke
- Evolutionary Cognition, Department of Psychology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Freya Festl
- Evolutionary Cognition, Department of Psychology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Verena C. Seibold
- Evolutionary Cognition, Department of Psychology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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5
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Los SA, Kruijne W, Meeter M. Outlines of a multiple trace theory of temporal preparation. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1058. [PMID: 25285088 PMCID: PMC4168672 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We outline a new multiple trace theory of temporal preparation (MTP), which accounts for behavior in reaction time (RT) tasks in which the participant is presented with a warning stimulus (S1) followed by a target stimulus (S2) that requires a speeded response. The theory assumes that during the foreperiod (FP; the S1–S2 interval) inhibition is applied to prevent premature response, while a wave of activation occurs upon the presentation of S2. On each trial, these actions are stored in a separate memory trace, which, jointly with earlier formed memory traces, starts contributing to preparation on subsequent trials. We show that MTP accounts for classic effects in temporal preparation, including mean RT–FP functions observed under a variety of FP distributions and asymmetric sequential effects. We discuss the advantages of MTP over other accounts of these effects (trace-conditioning and hazard-based explanations) and suggest a critical experiment to empirically distinguish among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander A Los
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kruijne
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Meeter
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, VU University Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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6
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Seibold VC, Rolke B. Does temporal preparation facilitate visual processing in a selective manner? Evidence from attentional capture. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2014; 151:51-61. [PMID: 24950348 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study addressed the question of whether temporal preparation influences perceptual stimulus processing in a selective manner. In three visual search experiments, we examined whether temporal preparation aids spatial selection and thus reduces distraction caused by the onset of a task-irrelevant item. In each trial, participants had to detect a target amongst five non-targets and report a basic feature of the target. In some trials, an additional task-irrelevant singleton item (abrupt onset) appeared on the screen which distracted attention away from the target. To manipulate the degree of distraction, we varied the spatial distance and the stimulus-onset asynchrony between target and singleton. Temporal preparation for the target varied by means of constant foreperiods of different lengths. Though we observed overall faster responding in the case of high temporal preparation in all three experiments, temporal preparation did not reduce spatial distraction by the abrupt onset, even when the spatial position of the target was predictable. In sum, this pattern of results does not provide support for an influence of temporal preparation on spatial selection. Instead, it indicates that temporal preparation affects early visual processing in a non-selective manner.
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7
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The role of response inhibition in temporal preparation: evidence from a go/no-go task. Cognition 2013; 129:328-44. [PMID: 23969298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the foreperiod (FP) of a warned reaction task, participants engage in a process of temporal preparation to speed response to the impending target stimulus. Previous neurophysiological studies have shown that inhibition is applied during FP to prevent premature response. Previous behavioral studies have shown that the duration of FP on both the current and the preceding trial codetermine response time to the target. Integrating these findings, the present study tested the hypothesis that the behavioral effects find their origin in response inhibition on the preceding trial. In two experiments the variable-FP paradigm was combined with a go/no-go task, in which no-go stimuli required explicit response inhibition. The resulting data pattern revealed sequential effects of both FP (long or short) and response requirement (go or no-go), which could be jointly understood as expressions of response inhibition, consistent with the hypothesis.
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8
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The involvement of bottom-up saliency processing in endogenous inhibition of return. Atten Percept Psychophys 2012; 74:285-99. [PMID: 22038667 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-011-0234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Participants are faster at detecting a visual target when it appears at a cued, as compared with an uncued, location. In general, a reversal of this cost-benefit pattern is observed after exogenous cuing when the cue-target interval exceeds approximately 250 ms (inhibition of return [IOR]), and not after endogenous cuing. We suggest that, usually, no IOR is found with endogenous cues because no bottom-up saliency-based orienting processes are claimed. Therefore, we developed an endogenous feature-based split-cue task to allow for endogenous saliency-based orienting. IOR was observed in the saliency-driven endogenous cuing condition, and not in the control condition that prevented saliency-based orienting. These results suggest that usage of saliency-based orienting processes in either endogenous or exogenous orienting warrants the appearance of IOR.
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9
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Qian Q, Shinomori K, Song M. Sequence effects by non-predictive arrow cues. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 76:253-62. [PMID: 21562849 PMCID: PMC3325416 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-011-0339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that attention orienting is influenced by the orienting processes of previous trials in a spatial cueing paradigm. This study mainly investigated whether this sequence effect could happen for a non-predictive arrow cue and whether it was influenced by the cue-target SOAs in previous and current trials. A significant sequence effect was observed for arrow cues even when voluntary control was not required, and it was significantly influenced by the SOAs of previous trials. The present results support the automatic memory check hypothesis and may reflect some temporal characteristics of the memory mechanism in sequential processes. In addition, contrary to the previous findings, we found an overall response facilitation following a catch trial, suggesting that the influence of preceding catch trials may be sensitive to experimental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qian
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada-town, Kami-city, Kochi 782-8502 Japan
| | - Keizo Shinomori
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada-town, Kami-city, Kochi 782-8502 Japan
| | - Miao Song
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kochi University of Technology, Tosayamada-town, Kami-city, Kochi 782-8502 Japan
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10
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García-Pérez MA, Alcalá-Quintana R. Testing equivalence with repeated measures: tests of the difference model of two-alternative forced-choice performance. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2011; 14:1023-49. [PMID: 22059346 DOI: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2011.v14.n2.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Solving theoretical or empirical issues sometimes involves establishing the equality of two variables with repeated measures. This defies the logic of null hypothesis significance testing, which aims at assessing evidence against the null hypothesis of equality, not for it. In some contexts, equivalence is assessed through regression analysis by testing for zero intercept and unit slope (or simply for unit slope in case that regression is forced through the origin). This paper shows that this approach renders highly inflated Type I error rates under the most common sampling models implied in studies of equivalence. We propose an alternative approach based on omnibus tests of equality of means and variances and in subject-by-subject analyses (where applicable), and we show that these tests have adequate Type I error rates and power. The approach is illustrated with a re-analysis of published data from a signal detection theory experiment with which several hypotheses of equivalence had been tested using only regression analysis. Some further errors and inadequacies of the original analyses are described, and further scrutiny of the data contradict the conclusions raised through inadequate application of regression analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A García-Pérez
- Departamento de Metodología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense, Campus de Somosaguas, 28223 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Narayanan NS, Laubach M. Delay activity in rodent frontal cortex during a simple reaction time task. J Neurophysiol 2009; 101:2859-71. [PMID: 19339463 DOI: 10.1152/jn.90615.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how different parts of the frontal cortex control the timing of action, we characterized the firing patterns of single neurons in two areas of rodent frontal cortex-dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and motor cortex-during a simple reaction time task. Principal component analysis was used to identify major patterns of delay-related activity in frontal cortex: ramping activity and sustained delay activity. These patterns were similar in dmPFC and motor cortex and did not change as animals learned to respond at novel delays. Many neurons in both areas were modulated early in the delay period. Other neurons were modulated in a persistent manner over the duration of the delay period. Delay-related modulations started earlier in motor cortex than in dmPFC and terminated around different task events (at the time of release in dmPFC, just before release of the lever in motor cortex). A subpopulation of neurons was found in dmPFC, but not motor cortex, that fired in response to the trigger stimulus. These results suggest that populations of neurons in rodent frontal cortex are coordinated during delay periods to enable proactive inhibitory control of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandakumar S Narayanan
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
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12
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Sequential effects within a short foreperiod context: evidence for the conditioning account of temporal preparation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2008; 129:297-307. [PMID: 18804193 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Responses to an imperative stimulus (IS) are especially fast when they are preceded by a warning signal (WS). When the interval between WS and IS (the foreperiod, FP) is variable, reaction time (RT) is not only influenced by the current FP but also by the FP of the preceding trial. These sequential effects have recently been proposed to originate from a trace conditioning process, in which the individuals learn the temporal WS-IS relationship in a trial-by-trial manner. Research has shown that trace conditioning is maximal when the temporal interval between the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus is between 0.25 and 0.60s. Consequently, one would predict that sequential effects occur especially within short FP contexts. However, this prediction is contradicted by Karlin [Karlin, L. (1959). Reaction time as a function of foreperiod duration and variability. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 185-191] who did not observe the typical sequential effects with short FPs. To investigate temporal preparation for short FPs, three experiments were conducted, examining the sequential FP effect comparably for short and long FP-sets (Experiment 1), assessing the influence of catch trials (Experiment 2) and the case of a very dense FP-range (Experiment 3) on sequential FP effects. The results provide strong evidence for sequential effects within a short FP context and thus support the trace conditioning account of temporal preparation.
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13
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Boulinguez P, Jaffard M, Granjon L, Benraiss A. Warning Signals Induce Automatic EMG Activations and Proactive Volitional Inhibition: Evidence From Analysis of Error Distribution in Simple RT. J Neurophysiol 2008; 99:1572-8. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.01198.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Typical simple reaction-time (RT) paradigms usually include a warning signal followed by a variable foreperiod before the presentation of a reaction stimulus. Most current interpretations suggest that the warning stimulus alerts the organism and so results in faster processing of either the sensory or motor components of the task. In this study, electromyography (EMG) was used to detect both covert and overt motor errors in a simple warned RT task. Results show that warning signals may trigger automatic motor activations that are likely to cause false alarms. Distribution analysis reveals that 77% of all errors detected with EMG are erroneous responses to the warning signal. Accordingly, we propose that movement triggering needs to be temporarily inhibited before the stimulus to prevent premature responses during the foreperiod. This proactive inhibition would be responsible for a paradoxical increase in RT for conditions with short foreperiods compared with control conditions in which no warning signal is presented. These results call for a reassessment of the theoretical framework used to interpret the effects of warning signals.
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14
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Gabay S, Henik A. The effects of expectancy on inhibition of return. Cognition 2008; 106:1478-86. [PMID: 17586483 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Revised: 05/13/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This research examined the influence of cue temporal predictability on inhibition of return (IOR). In exogenous attention experiments, the cue that summons attention is non-informative as to where the target will appear. However, it is predictive as to when it will appear. Because in most experiments there are equal numbers of trials for each cue-target interval (SOA--stimulus onset asynchrony), as time passes from the appearance of the cue, the probability of target presentation increases. Predictability was manipulated by using three SOA distributions: non-aging, aging and accelerated-aging. A robust IOR was found that was not modulated by temporal information within a trial. These results show that reflexive effects are relatively protected against modulation by higher volitional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Gabay
- Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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15
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Jongen EMM, Smulders FTY. Sequence effects in a spatial cueing task: Endogenous orienting is sensitive to orienting in the preceding trial. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2006; 71:516-23. [PMID: 16710720 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-006-0065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In a spatial cueing paradigm it was investigated whether endogenous orienting is sensitive to orienting processes in the previous trial. Specifically, the effect of the previous cue direction, the previous trial type (valid, invalid, neutral, catch) and target alternation effects were studied. Strategic effects were shown as attentional costs and benefits were larger after a valid than after an invalid trial. Following catch trials, an overall response slowing was observed, but costs and benefits were unaffected. This was interpreted as a reduction in alertness and as support for the dissociation between spatial and temporal attentional mechanisms. Repetition of target position per se had no effect, but in neutral trials responses were slower to targets appearing at the location that was cued in the previous trial, independent of validity of the preceding trial. This suggests that long-term inhibition-of-return can occur between trials when attention is controlled endogenously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen M M Jongen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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16
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Los SA, Agter F. Reweighting sequential effects across different distributions of foreperiods: Segregating elementary contributions to nonspecific preparation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 67:1161-70. [PMID: 16502838 DOI: 10.3758/bf03193549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the study of nonspecific preparation, the response time (RT) to an imperative stimulus is analyzed as a function of the foreperiod (FP), the interval between a warning stimulus and the imperative stimulus. When FP is varied within blocks of trials, a downward sloping FP-RT function is usually observed. The slope of this function depends on the distribution of FPs (the more negative the skewness, the steeper the slope) and on intertrial sequences of FP (the longer the FP on the preceding trial, the steeper the slope). Because these determinants are confounded, we examined whether FP-RT functions, observed under three different FP distributions (i.e., uniform, exponential, and peaked) can be predicted, one from the other, by reweighting sequential effects. It turned out that reweighting explained very little variance of the difference between the FP-RT functions, suggesting a dominant role of temporal orienting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander A Los
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Los SA, Heslenfeld DJ. Intentional and Unintentional Contributions to Nonspecific Preparation: Electrophysiological Evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 134:52-72. [PMID: 15702963 DOI: 10.1037/0096-3445.134.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors hypothesized that there are distinct intentional and unintentional influences on nonspecific preparation for a future event. In 2 experiments, participants responded to an imperative stimulus (S-sub-2) that was presented equiprobably either 400 ms or 1,200 ms after the offset of a warning stimulus (S-sub-1). During the S-sub-1-S-sub-2 interval, the authors measured the contingent negative variation (CNV), an event-related brain potential reflecting nonspecific preparation. S-sub-1 provided either no information or reliable information about the duration of the impending S-sub-1-S-sub-2 interval, thereby allowing an intentional influence on the state of preparation. The effect of S-sub-1 information on the CNV was approximately additive to the effect of the S-sub-1-S-sub-2 interval that was used on the preceding trial. This supports the view that the preceding S-sub-1-S-sub-2 interval contributes unintentionally to the state of nonspecific preparation guided by a process of trace conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander A Los
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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