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Tanaka R, Zhou B, Agrochao M, Badwan BA, Au B, Matos NCB, Clark DA. Neural mechanisms to incorporate visual counterevidence in self-movement estimation. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4960-4979.e7. [PMID: 37918398 PMCID: PMC10848174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
In selecting appropriate behaviors, animals should weigh sensory evidence both for and against specific beliefs about the world. For instance, animals measure optic flow to estimate and control their own rotation. However, existing models of flow detection can be spuriously triggered by visual motion created by objects moving in the world. Here, we show that stationary patterns on the retina, which constitute evidence against observer rotation, suppress inappropriate stabilizing rotational behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila. In silico experiments show that artificial neural networks (ANNs) that are optimized to distinguish observer movement from external object motion similarly detect stationarity and incorporate negative evidence. Employing neural measurements and genetic manipulations, we identified components of the circuitry for stationary pattern detection, which runs parallel to the fly's local motion and optic-flow detectors. Our results show how the fly brain incorporates negative evidence to improve heading stability, exemplifying how a compact brain exploits geometrical constraints of the visual world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tanaka
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Baohua Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Margarida Agrochao
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Bara A Badwan
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Braedyn Au
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Natalia C B Matos
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Damon A Clark
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Quantitative Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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Tanaka R, Zhou B, Agrochao M, Badwan BA, Au B, Matos NCB, Clark DA. Neural mechanisms to incorporate visual counterevidence in self motion estimation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.04.522814. [PMID: 36711843 PMCID: PMC9881891 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.04.522814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In selecting appropriate behaviors, animals should weigh sensory evidence both for and against specific beliefs about the world. For instance, animals measure optic flow to estimate and control their own rotation. However, existing models of flow detection can confuse the movement of external objects with genuine self motion. Here, we show that stationary patterns on the retina, which constitute negative evidence against self rotation, are used by the fruit fly Drosophila to suppress inappropriate stabilizing rotational behavior. In silico experiments show that artificial neural networks optimized to distinguish self and world motion similarly detect stationarity and incorporate negative evidence. Employing neural measurements and genetic manipulations, we identified components of the circuitry for stationary pattern detection, which runs parallel to the fly's motion- and optic flow-detectors. Our results exemplify how the compact brain of the fly incorporates negative evidence to improve heading stability, exploiting geometrical constraints of the visual world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tanaka
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Present Address: Institute of Neuroscience, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80802, Germany
| | - Baohua Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Margarida Agrochao
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Bara A. Badwan
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Braedyn Au
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Natalia C. B. Matos
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Damon A. Clark
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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Souto D, Kerzel D. Ocular tracking responses to background motion gated by feature-based attention. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:1074-81. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00810.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Involuntary ocular tracking responses to background motion offer a window on the dynamics of motion computations. In contrast to spatial attention, we know little about the role of feature-based attention in determining this ocular response. To probe feature-based effects of background motion on involuntary eye movements, we presented human observers with a balanced background perturbation. Two clouds of dots moved in opposite vertical directions while observers tracked a target moving in horizontal direction. Additionally, they had to discriminate a change in the direction of motion (±10° from vertical) of one of the clouds. A vertical ocular following response occurred in response to the motion of the attended cloud. When motion selection was based on motion direction and color of the dots, the peak velocity of the tracking response was 30% of the tracking response elicited in a single task with only one direction of background motion. In two other experiments, we tested the effect of the perturbation when motion selection was based on color, by having motion direction vary unpredictably, or on motion direction alone. Although the gain of pursuit in the horizontal direction was significantly reduced in all experiments, indicating a trade-off between perceptual and oculomotor tasks, ocular responses to perturbations were only observed when selection was based on both motion direction and color. It appears that selection by motion direction can only be effective for driving ocular tracking when the relevant elements can be segregated before motion onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Souto
- School of Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; and
| | - Dirk Kerzel
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
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Masson GS, Perrinet LU. The behavioral receptive field underlying motion integration for primate tracking eye movements. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 36:1-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Spillmann L, Anstis S, Kurtenbach A, Howard I. Reversed visual motion and self-sustaining eye oscillations. Perception 1998; 26:823-30. [PMID: 9509136 DOI: 10.1068/p260823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A random-dot field undergoing counterphase flicker paradoxically appears to move in the same direction as head and eye movements, i.e. opposite to the optic-flow field. The effect is robust and occurs over a wide range of flicker rates and pixel sizes. The phenomenon can be explained by reversed phi motion caused by apparent pixel movement between successive retinal images. The reversed motion provides a positive feedback control of the display, whereas under normal conditions retinal signals provide a negative feedback. This altered polarity invokes self-sustaining eye movements akin to involuntary optokinetic nystagmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Spillmann
- Institute of Biophysics, University of Freiburg, Germany.
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Timney B, Symons LA, Wilcox LM, O'Shea RP. The effect of dark and equiluminant occlusion on the interocular transfer of visual aftereffects. Vision Res 1996; 36:707-15. [PMID: 8762301 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(95)00156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Lehmkuhle and Fox [(1976) Vision Research, 16, 428-430] reported that interocular transfer (IOT) of a translational motion aftereffect (MAE) was greater if the non-adapting eye viewed an equiluminant field than if it viewed a dark field. They recommended equiluminant occlusion of the non-adapted eye when measuring IOT of aftereffects. We tested this proposal in three experiments. First, we assessed IOT with equiluminant and dark occlusion for three different classes of aftereffects. Although transfer was greater with equiluminant occlusion for the translational MAE, there was no significant difference in the amount of transfer for the tilt aftereffect or the contrast threshold elevation effect. Second, we tested the hypothesis that spuriously large IOT could be the result of an aftereffect from tracking eye movements in the non-adapting eye. When potential tracking movements were reduced by using rotating spokes, a rotating spiral or contracting concentric circles, there was a corresponding reduction in the occlusion-dependent transfer. Third, we found that luminance shifts had no influence on the amount of transfer when all contours were eliminated from the non-adapting eye. We conclude that the type of occlusion used for measuring IOT of the translational MAE is important only when visible contours in the non-adapting eye contribute to the adapting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Timney
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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Abstract
Inspection of a visual scene rotating about the vertical body axis induces a compelling sense of self rotation, or circular vection. Circular vection is suppressed by stationary objects seen beyond the moving display but not by stationary objects in the foreground. We hypothesised that stationary objects in the foreground facilitate vection because they introduce a relative-motion signal into what would otherwise be an absolute-motion signal. Vection latency and magnitude were measured with a full-field moving display and with stationary objects of various sizes and at various positions in the visual field. The results confirmed the hypothesis. Vection latency was longer when there were no stationary objects in view than when stationary objects were in view. The effect of stationary objects was particularly evident at low stimulus velocities. At low velocities a small stationary point significantly increased vection magnitude in spite of the fact that, at higher stimulus velocities and with other stationary objects in view, fixation on a stationary point, if anything, reduced vection. Changing the position of the stationary objects in the field of view did not affect vection latencies or magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Howard
- Human Performance in Space Laboratory, York University, Ontario, Canada
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Pola J, Wyatt HJ, Lustgarten M. Suppression of optokinesis by a stabilized target: effects of instruction and stimulus frequency. PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 1992; 52:186-200. [PMID: 1508626 DOI: 10.3758/bf03206772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Subjects viewed a foveally stabilized target presented against a background field of dots moving sinusoidally. Several different modes of viewing the target were used (subjects were instructed to gaze, look, or hold), and the frequency of sinusoidal field motion was varied from 1/32 to 2 Hz. In line with previous findings, the presence of a stabilized target resulted in substantial suppression of optokinesis. The characteristics of this suppression (gain and phase of slow residual eye movements) were dependent on both the mode of viewing the target and the frequency of field motion. When subjects used an imaginary target, little suppression occurred. These findings provide an overall profile of dynamic characteristics of mechanisms involved in the suppression of optokinesis. They support the view that this suppression is significantly determined by the presence of a target against a moving background (even without retinal slip), and by the mode of attending to the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pola
- Schnurmacher Institute for Vision Research, State University of New York, State College of Optometry, NY 10010
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Reinhardt-Rutland AH. Does intermittence in induced rotary movement have any explanatory significance? PERCEPTION & PSYCHOPHYSICS 1991; 49:579-82. [PMID: 1857633 DOI: 10.3758/bf03212196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Induced rotary movement has been reported to start and stop repeatedly during 1 min of observation. This has been taken as evidence for the involvement either of cyclorotational optokinetic nystagmus or of roll vection. Both assertions are dubious. Regarding cyclorotational optokinetic nystagmus, available evidence shows that it is too weak to be important in induced rotary movement. Also, induced rotary movement and cyclorotational optokinetic nystagmus are affected differently by the velocity of eliciting stimulation. Regarding roll vection, the conditions for its intermittence do not match those for induced rotary movement. Also, although aftereffects for induced rotary movement are negative, those for roll vection are positive and negative. Intermittence in induced rotary movement may be parsimoniously explained as characteristic of a weak effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Reinhardt-Rutland
- Department of Psychology, University of Ulster at Jordanstown, Newtownabbey, Co., Antrim, Northern Ireland
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Reinhardt-Rutland AH. On the salience of the inducer's displacement in induced rotary movement. Perception 1991; 20:337-43. [PMID: 1762875 DOI: 10.1068/p200337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that an annulus patterned with two equally-spaced radial lines elicits slower induced rotary movement than an annulus patterned with sixteen equally-spaced radial lines. This has been attributed to the quantity of inducing stimulation. However, the number of pattern elements also affects the time course of induced rotary movement: it can be intermittent with two-radii inducers, but persistent with sixteen-radii inducers. Displacement of a two-radii inducer may be more salient to the subject than displacement of a sixteen-radii inducer: from time to time the displacement of the former may come to dominate perception, suppressing induced movement. Hypotheses invoking quantity of stimulation and salience of inducer displacement were tested by way of inducers with different numbers and spacings of pattern elements. Subjects timed induced rotary movement (experiment 1) and a subsequent aftereffect (experiment 2). The results were consistent with both the quantity of stimulation (experiments 1 and 2) and the salience of inducer displacement (experiment 2) having an effect. This suggests that at least two mechanisms may be involved in induced rotary movement.
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